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Cassandra Virtual Node talk
1.
V is for
vnodes Patrick McFadin, Sr Solution Architect DataStax ©2012 DataStax 1 Friday, February 15, 13
2.
Agenda for today
• What is a node? • How vnodes work • Converting your cluster • Benefits ©2012 DataStax 2 Friday, February 15, 13
3.
Since the beginning...
Cassandra has had... Clusters, which have... Keyspaces, which have... Column Families, which have... ©2012 DataStax 3 Friday, February 15, 13
4.
Row Keys
Unique in a column family Can be up to 64k in size Can be sorted in the cluster Byte Ordered Partitioner OR... Can be randomly placed in cluster Random Partitioner ©2012 DataStax 4 Friday, February 15, 13
5.
Row Keys
How do you... • Create a random number? • Make sure the number is big enough? • Make it reproducible? MD5 does the job Input a Row Key MD5 Get a 128 bit number ©2012 DataStax 5 Friday, February 15, 13
6.
Row Keys
Input Get @PatrickMcFadin MD5 0xcfc2d0610aaa712a8c36711d08a2550a Input Get 8675309 MD5 0x6cc0d36686e6a433aa76f96773852d35 The number produced is a range between: 0 and 2128-1... but Cassandra uses 2127-1 2128 = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 ...otherwise known as a HUGE number. ©2012 DataStax 6 Friday, February 15, 13
7.
©2012 DataStax
7 Friday, February 15, 13
8.
Token Assignment
• Each Cassandra node is assigned a token • Each token is a number inside the huge range • Tokens mark the ownership range of Row Keys From: Token = 0 To: Token = 56713727820156410577229101238628035242 From: To: Token = 113427455640312821154458202477256070484 ©2012 DataStax 8 Friday, February 15, 13
9.
Row Key to
Token Input Get @PatrickMcFadin MD5 276161727147663567581939045564154008842 Token = 0 I’ll Token = 56713727820156410577229101238628035242 take it! Token = 113427455640312821154458202477256070484 ©2012 DataStax 9 Friday, February 15, 13
10.
Row Key to
Token Input Get @PatrickMcFadin MD5 276161727147663567581939045564154008842 Token = 0 I’ll Token = 56713727820156410577229101238628035242 take it! Token = 113427455640312821154458202477256070484 ©2012 DataStax 9 Friday, February 15, 13
11.
Row Key to
Token Input Get @PatrickMcFadin MD5 276161727147663567581939045564154008842 Token = 0 I’ll Token = 56713727820156410577229101238628035242 take it! Token = 113427455640312821154458202477256070484 ©2012 DataStax 9 Friday, February 15, 13
12.
Cassandra 1.1 Node
• Responsible for a single range of keys • Range determined by single token • One server = One token = One node ©2012 DataStax 10 Friday, February 15, 13
13.
Cassandra 1.1 Node
• Responsible for a single range of keys • Range determined by single token • One server = One token = One node ©2012 DataStax 10 Friday, February 15, 13
14.
Cassandra 1.1 Node
• Responsible for a single range of keys • Range determined by single token • One server = One token = One node Commodity node? ©2012 DataStax 10 Friday, February 15, 13
15.
Cassandra 1.1 Node
• Responsible for a single range of keys • Range determined by single token • One server = One token = One node Commodity node? ©2012 DataStax 10 Friday, February 15, 13
16.
Cassandra 1.1 Node
• Responsible for a single range of keys • Range determined by single token • One server = One token = One node Commodity node? What you really want. ©2012 DataStax 10 Friday, February 15, 13
17.
Cassandra 1.1 Node
• Responsible for a single range of keys • Range determined by single token • One server = One token = One node Commodity node? What you really want. ©2012 DataStax 10 Friday, February 15, 13
18.
Time for a
new plan • Hardware is only getting bigger • One node is responsible for more data • Token assignments are a pain ©2012 DataStax 11 Friday, February 15, 13
19.
Token assignment (sucks)
• Tokens need to be evenly spread • Growing a ring... not good options • Shrinking a ring... not good options • Tokens have to be added to each server config ©2012 DataStax 12 Friday, February 15, 13
20.
Enter Virtual Nodes
• One server should have many nodes • Each node should be small • Tokens should be automatic Version 1.1 Version 1.2 Server 1 Server 1 1 2 1-4 4 3 ©2012 DataStax 13 Friday, February 15, 13
21.
Virtual Node Features
• Default 256 Nodes per server • Auto assign tokens • Faster rebuilds of servers • Faster server add to cluster • New partitioner (More later) ©2012 DataStax 14 Friday, February 15, 13
22.
Transitioning to vnodes
Super easy! Find these lines in your cassandra.yaml file: #num_tokens: initial_token: <some big number> Change to: num_tokens: 256 initial_token: and restart. Repeat on all nodes in cluster ©2012 DataStax 15 Friday, February 15, 13
23.
Transitioning to vnodes
After all Cassandra instances have been reset Initialize a shuffle operation [patrick@cassandra0 ~]$ cassandra-shuffle create Enable shuffling [patrick@cassandra0 ~]$ cassandra-shuffle enable List pending relocations* [patrick@cassandra0 ~]$ cassandra-shuffle ls Let’s walk through it... *This is a slow op. Be patient. ©2012 DataStax 16 Friday, February 15, 13
24.
Existing 1.1 cluster
Server 1 Server 2 1-4 4-8 Server 4 Server 3 13-16 9-12 ©2012 DataStax Friday, February 15, 13
25.
Set num_tokens and
restart Server 1 Server 2 1-4 1-4 4-8 4-8 1-4 1-4 4-8 4-8 Server 4 Server 3 13-16 13-16 9-12 9-12 13-16 13-16 9-12 9-12 ©2012 DataStax 18 Friday, February 15, 13
26.
Set num_tokens and
restart Server 1 Server 2 1 2 5 6 3 4 7 8 Server 4 Server 3 13 14 9 10 15 16 11 12 ©2012 DataStax Initialize and Enable shuffling... 19 Friday, February 15, 13
27.
Shuffle enable
Server 1 Server 2 1 5 2 6 13 9 14 10 Server 4 Server 3 3 7 4 8 16 12 15 11 ©2012 DataStax 20 Friday, February 15, 13
28.
Shuffle complete
Server 1 Server 2 1 5 2 6 13 9 14 10 Server 4 Server 3 3 7 4 8 16 12 15 11 ©2012 DataStax 21 Friday, February 15, 13
29.
Ops life with
vnodes • Add any number of nodes • No token assignments! • Bigger server? Larger num_tokens • Decommission any number of nodes • New nodetool command: status One more time now! ©2012 DataStax 22 Friday, February 15, 13
30.
Bonus new thing
• New Partitioner: Murmur3Partitoner • Murmur3 replaces MD5 • Slightly faster than MD5 in certain cases • Go forward partitioner for NEW clusters • No need to convert More details here: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-3772 ©2012 DataStax 23 Friday, February 15, 13
31.
In conclusion...
Go out and try some vnode love today! Download Cassandra 1.2 now http://www.datastax.com/download/community http://cassandra.apache.org/download/ ©2012 DataStax 24 Friday, February 15, 13
32.
Some handy references
http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/virtual-nodes-in-cassandra-1-2 http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/upgrading-an-existing-cluster-to-vnodes Follow me on Twitter for more: @PatrickMcFadin ©2012 DataStax 25 Friday, February 15, 13
33.
We power the
apps that transform business. ©2012 DataStax 26 Friday, February 15, 13
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