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Patrick Hong
Patrick Hong
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MODUL SCORE A : SET SATU BAHAGIAN A SOALAN 1. A) Takrifkan berkenaan dengan konsep Ekosistem. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan dua peringkat asas yang membentuk sesebuah komponen biotik. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Takrifkan maksud Kitar Nutrien. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Huraikan tiga kesan penyahutanan terhadap kitaran hidrologi. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 1
SOALAN 2. A) Jelaskan maksud Hujan Asid. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Nyatakan dua jenis asid yang terkandung dalam Hujan Asid. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan bagaimana sistem geomorfologi mempengaruhi fenomena Hujan Asid. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Jelaskan tiga kesan fenomena Hujan Asid ke atas alam sekitar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2
BAHAGIAN B SOALAN 3. A) Takrifkan fenomena Pemanasan Global dan kaitkannya dengan tindakan manusia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan aktiviti manusia yang menyumbang kepada Pemanasan Global. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga kesan utama Pemanasan Global terhadap alam sekitar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Bincangkan, mengapa penyahutanan perlu dikawal? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 3
SOALAN 4. A) Jelaskan interaksi manusia dengan alam sekitar terhadap alam sekitar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Terangkan dua faktor yang menyumbang kepada berlakunya pencemaran udara dan jerebu. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga punca utama pencemaran udara akibat tindakan manusia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ “Genggam Bara Api, Biar Sampai Menjadi Arang” 4
MODUL SCORE A : SET DUA BAHAGIAN A SOALAN 1. A) Takrifkan maksud Ekologi. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan dua komponen ekosistem berasaskan pendekatan struktur. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga ciri piramid ekologi. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ SOALAN 2. A) Jelaskan maksud Pemanasan Global. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 5
B) Nyatakan dua faktor yang mempengaruhi Pemanasan Global. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Jelaskan tiga kesan Pemanasan Global terhadap alam sekitar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ BAHAGIAN B SOALAN 3. A) Terangkan maksud kemerosotan kualiti sumber air. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan dua punca yang menyebabkan kualiti sumber air di Malaysia merosot. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 6
C) Huraikan tiga kesan penyahutanan terhadap iklim mikro sesuatu tempat. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ SOALAN 4. A) Jelaskan tiga kesan perkembangan sektor perindustrian terhadap alam sekitar fizikal. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Terangkan dua impak sosial pencemaran udara dan jerebu terhadap manusia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 7
C) Jelaskan bagaimana aktiviti pembandaran boleh menjejaskan simpanan sumber air di sesuatu kawasan. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Huraikan tiga aktiviti pembangunan ekonomi yang boleh menyebabkan kemerosotan kualiti sumber air. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ “Alang-alamg Peluk Pekasam, Biar Sampai Ke Pangkal Lengan” 8
MODUL SCORE A : SET TIGA BAHAGIAN A SOALAN 1. A) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan pengguna herbivor? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Berdasarkan rajah berikut, labelkan X dan Y X - __________________________________________________________________ Y - __________________________________________________________________ Rajah 1 : Rantai Makanan dalam sebuah ekosistem C) Terangkan satu kepentingan Kitar Nitrogen dalam pertanian. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Cadangkan dua langkah bukan perundangan bagi mengawal sumber kepelbagaian biologi . _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 9 X Y Z
SOALAN 2. A) Jelaskan maksud Tsunami. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Terangkan hubungan antara kejadian Tsunami dengan kejadian gempa bumi dasar laut. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga impak Tsunami ke atas manusia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Jelaskan satu kempen kesedaran alam sekitar yang dijalankan di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 10
BAHAGIAN B SOALAN 3. A) Terangkan maksud Pembangunan Lestari. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan tiga Akta yang terdapat dalam pengurusan alam sekitar di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Langkah perundangan penting bagi mengatasi masalah pencemaran udara, jelaskan? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Bincangkan langkah amalan pengurusan strategik yang dapat dilaksanakan bagi mengawal masalah hakisan tanah di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 11
SOALAN 4. A) Cadangkan dua langkah perundangan dan dua langkah bukan perundangan dalam pengurusan sumber air yang dilaksanakan di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Terangkan dua langkah untuk memelihara kepelbagaian biologi hutan di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan dua kesan penyahutanan terhadap aspek kepelbagaian biologi. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ “Hendak Seribu Daya, Tak Hendak Seribu Dalih” 12
MODUL SCORE A : SET EMPAT BAHAGIAN A SOALAN 1. A) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan Abiotik. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan tiga komponen abiotik yang terdapat dalam Ekosistem Hutan Hujan Tropika. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan dua proses pemindahan tenaga dalam rantaian makanan Ekosistem Hutan Hujan Tropika. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 13
SOALAN 2. A) Jelaskan maksud kemerosotan kualiti sumber air. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Nyatakan dua langkah bagi mengatasi masalah kemerosotan kualiti sumber air. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga impak negatif interaksi manusia ke atas sumber air. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ BAHAGIAN B SOALAN 3. A) Jelaskan dua kesan aktiviti perindustrian terhadap alam sekitar bandar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 14
B) Bagaimanakah cara konsep Pembangunan Lestari dapat dilaksanakan dalam sektor perindustrian di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan dua langkah bukan perundangan yang boleh diambil bagi mengatasi masalah kemerosotan kualiti sumber udara dan sumber air. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ SOALAN 4. A) Jelaskan keadaan semasa kualiti sumber air di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Apakah cadangan anda untuk mengurangkan kadar pencemaran udara yang berpunca daripada penggunaan kereta dam motosikal di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 15
C) Huraikan dua langkah yang boleh dijalankan bagi memelihara sumber marin di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Selain dua impak alam sekitar yang kerap berlaku di kawasan perindustrian yang pesat ialah pencemaran udara dan jerebu, terutama kilang-kilang memproses yang banyak menggunakan bahan api fosil sebagai bahan-bahannya. Jelaskan impak lain yang bakal wujud? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ “Alah Bisa, Tegal Biasa” 16
MODUL SCORE A : SET LIMA BAHAGIAN A SOALAN 1. A) Takrifkan maksud Keseimbangan Ekologi. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan bagaimana cara sesebuah ekosistem hutan yang terganggu boleh mencapai keseimbangan? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan dua kesan gangguan ekosistem terhadap spesies flora dan fauna. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Terangkan dua faktor yang mempengaruhi keseimbangan ekosistem hutan. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 17
SOALAN 2. A) Jelaskan maksud fenomena El-Nino. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Terangkan bagaimana cara sistem atmosfera mempengaruhi fenomena El-Nino. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Jelaskan tiga kesan fenomena El-Nino. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 18
BAHAGIAN B SOALAN 3. A) Terangkan maksud Penyahutanan. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan bagaimana cara penyahutanan boleh menjejaskan cuaca dunia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan dua punca yang menyebabkan berlakunya pencemaran air di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Sejauhmanakah, kejadian tumpahan minyak mampu mencemarkan air dan menjejaskan ekosistem akuatik.? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 19
SOALAN 4. A) Jelaskan maksud Pemeliharaan dan Pemuliharaan sumber alam. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Terangkan dua langkah perundangan bagi mewujudkan Pembangunan Lestari dalam sektor perhutanan di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Jelaskan bagaimana langkah bukan perundangan dapat melestarikan sektor perhutanan Negara? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ “Sikit-sikit, Lama-lama Jadi Bukit” 20
MODUL SCORE A : SET ENAM BAHAGIAN A SOALAN 1. A) Takrifkan berkenaan dengan konsep Ekosistem Tasik. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan dua aliran tenaga dalam siratan makanan pada peringkat pengeluar dan pengguna primer. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga kepentingan ekosistem akuatik terhadap alam sekitar manusia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 21
SOALAN 2. A) Jelaskan maksud Banjir Kilat. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan bagaimana cara sistem sungai melalui tindak balas Homeostasis memastikan keseimbangannya? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan dua kesan lebihan air ke atas alam sekitar manusia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Jelaskan dua langkah perundangan untuk mengatasi lebihan air. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 22
BAHAGIAN B SOALAN 3. A) Terangkan tiga amalan pertanian yang dijalankan di Malaysia yang menjejaskan alam sekitar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan tiga impak alam sekitar akibat kegiatan pertanian yang pesat di Tanah Tinggi Cameron. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga langkah pengurusan alam sekitar yang dapat dijalankan bagi menangani masalah alam sekitar fizikal di kawasan pertanian di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 23
_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Bincangkan cara kegiatan pertanian yang intensif yang boleh menjejaskan kepelbagaian biologi? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ SOALAN 4. A) Jelaskan tiga interaksi manusia yang menyebabkan status kualiti udara di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Terangkan dua kesan pencemaran udara terhadap kesihatan manusia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 24
C) Jelaskan maksud pencemaran air. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Apakah aktiviti penerokaan yang boleh menjejaskan kualiti sumber air. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ “Sehari selembar benang, lama-lama menjadi kain” 25
MODUL SCORE A : SET TUJUH BAHAGIAN A SOALAN 1. A) Namakan organisma Saprofit dan terangkan fungsinya. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Takrifkan maksud Kitaran Nutrien. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Jelaskan proses kitaran oksigen yang berlaku dalam Kitaran Nutrien. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Huraikan dua aktiviti pertanian yang menganggu proses Kitaran Nitrogen. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 26
SOALAN 2. A) Jelaskan maksud pemeliharaan alam sekitar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Nyatakan tiga gas utama yang mencemarkan udara. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga tindakan manusia yang menyumbang kepada pencemaran udara. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Jelaskan tiga langkah pemeliharaan udara daripada tercemar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 27
BAHAGIAN B SOALAN 3. A) Takrifkan maksud pencemaran bunyi. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan tiga punca pencemaran bunyi di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga langkah bukan perundangan yang dapat dilakukan bagi mengurangkan kesan pencemaran bunyi. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 28
SOALAN 4. A) Jelaskan maksud pencemaran udara. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Langkah bukan perundangan penting bagi mengatasi masalah pencemaran udara, jelaskan. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Bincangkan tiga langkah untuk meningkatkan kempen kesedaran dan pendidikan alam sekitar dalam kalangan rakyat. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ “Berakit-rakit ke hulu, berenang-renang ke tepian, bersakit-sakit dulu, bersenang-senang kemudian” 29
MODUL SCORE A : SET LAPAN BAHAGIAN A SOALAN 1. A) Jelaskan maksud aras trofik. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan perbezaan antara siratan makanan dan rantaian makanan. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga cara manusia mengganggu aktiviti siratan makanan. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 30
SOALAN 2. A) Jelaskan maksud Saling Kebergantungan Antara Sistem. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Nyatakan dua cara kebergantungan sistem secara fizikal. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Jelaskan tiga kesan interaksi manusia terhadap alam sekitar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 31
BAHAGIAN B SOALAN 3. A) Terangkan tiga kepentingan hutan kepada alam sekitar manusia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan dua kesan aktiviti perhutanan yang dijalankan di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga kesan penyahutanan terhadap alam sekitar manusia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 32
D) Jelaskan maksud konsep kelestarian hutan? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ SOALAN 4. A) Jelaskan dua kesan terhadap alam sekitar fizikal akibat penjanaan dan pengeluaran tenaga elektrik hidro di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Terangkan maksud pemeliharaan dan pemuliharaan sumber alam. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan mengapa sumber alam yang boleh diperbaharui memerlukan pemeliharaan dan pemuliharaan? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 33
MODUL SCORE A : SET SEMBILAN BAHAGIAN A SOALAN 1. A) Takrifkan maksud Autotrof. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan dua aktiviti manusia yang mengganggu keeimbangan ekosistem. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga peranan tumbuh-tumbuhan dalam sebuah ekosistem. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 34
SOALAN 2. A) Jelaskan maksud Jerebu. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Nyatakan empat gas yang menyebabkan berlakunya penipisan lapisan ozon. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan dua kesan rumah hijau terhadap sistem ekologi. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Jelaskan dua langkah pengurusan untuk mengatasi kesan rumah hijau. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 35
BAHAGIAN B SOALAN 3. A) Takrifkan maksud pengurusan alam sekitar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan tiga langkah perundangan alam sekitar yang dijalankan di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Bincangkan tiga peranan masyarakat dalam usaha memelihara alam sekitar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 36
SOALAN 4. A) Jelaskan maksud Pembangunan Lestari. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Terangkan tiga Prinsip Pembangunan Lestari . _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga kerjasama antarabangsa dalam konteks pembangunan lestari yang disertai oleh Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 37
D) Jelaskan maksud Penilaian Impak Alam Sekitar (EIA) _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ “Di Mana Ada Kemahuan, Di Situ Ada Jalan” Sematkan Dalam Hati… Geografi Senang… Pasti Dapat A. 38
MODUL SCORE A : SET SEPULUH BAHAGIAN A SOALAN 1. A) Nyatakan dua komponen asas yang membentuk Ekosistem Bakau. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan dua ciri tumbuhan bakau. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Terangkan dua cara bagaimana manusia mengganggu ekosistem. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Huraikan tiga kepentingan hutan bakau terhadap alam sekitar manusia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 39
SOALAN 2. A) Jelaskan maksud Penyahutanan. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Terangkan bagaimana fenomena atmosfera mempengaruhi proses penyahutanan secara semulajadi. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga langkah pengurusan hutan secara lestari yang dijalankan di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 40
BAHAGIAN B SOALAN 3. A) Terangkan dua kesan urbanisasi terhadap fenomena peningkatan suhu di Bandar bandar utama di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan dua impak alam sekitar akibat proses urbanisasi yang pesat di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga aktiviti manusia di bandar yang menyebabkan berlakunya kemerosotan kualiti alam sekitar di bandar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 41
SOALAN 4. A) Jelaskan tiga cara bagaimana sektor perkilangan menyebabkan pencemaran air. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Bagaimanakah konsep Pembangunan Lestari dapat dijalankan dalam sektor perindustrian di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga kesan negatif terhadap manusia akibat kegiatan perindustrian yang pesat di Bandar-bandar utama di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 42

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Modul score a

  • 1. MODUL SCORE A : SET SATU BAHAGIAN A SOALAN 1. A) Takrifkan berkenaan dengan konsep Ekosistem. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan dua peringkat asas yang membentuk sesebuah komponen biotik. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Takrifkan maksud Kitar Nutrien. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Huraikan tiga kesan penyahutanan terhadap kitaran hidrologi. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 1
  • 2. SOALAN 2. A) Jelaskan maksud Hujan Asid. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Nyatakan dua jenis asid yang terkandung dalam Hujan Asid. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan bagaimana sistem geomorfologi mempengaruhi fenomena Hujan Asid. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Jelaskan tiga kesan fenomena Hujan Asid ke atas alam sekitar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2
  • 3. BAHAGIAN B SOALAN 3. A) Takrifkan fenomena Pemanasan Global dan kaitkannya dengan tindakan manusia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan aktiviti manusia yang menyumbang kepada Pemanasan Global. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga kesan utama Pemanasan Global terhadap alam sekitar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Bincangkan, mengapa penyahutanan perlu dikawal? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 3
  • 4. SOALAN 4. A) Jelaskan interaksi manusia dengan alam sekitar terhadap alam sekitar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Terangkan dua faktor yang menyumbang kepada berlakunya pencemaran udara dan jerebu. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga punca utama pencemaran udara akibat tindakan manusia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ “Genggam Bara Api, Biar Sampai Menjadi Arang” 4
  • 5. MODUL SCORE A : SET DUA BAHAGIAN A SOALAN 1. A) Takrifkan maksud Ekologi. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan dua komponen ekosistem berasaskan pendekatan struktur. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga ciri piramid ekologi. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ SOALAN 2. A) Jelaskan maksud Pemanasan Global. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 5
  • 6. B) Nyatakan dua faktor yang mempengaruhi Pemanasan Global. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Jelaskan tiga kesan Pemanasan Global terhadap alam sekitar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ BAHAGIAN B SOALAN 3. A) Terangkan maksud kemerosotan kualiti sumber air. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan dua punca yang menyebabkan kualiti sumber air di Malaysia merosot. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 6
  • 7. C) Huraikan tiga kesan penyahutanan terhadap iklim mikro sesuatu tempat. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ SOALAN 4. A) Jelaskan tiga kesan perkembangan sektor perindustrian terhadap alam sekitar fizikal. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Terangkan dua impak sosial pencemaran udara dan jerebu terhadap manusia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 7
  • 8. C) Jelaskan bagaimana aktiviti pembandaran boleh menjejaskan simpanan sumber air di sesuatu kawasan. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Huraikan tiga aktiviti pembangunan ekonomi yang boleh menyebabkan kemerosotan kualiti sumber air. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ “Alang-alamg Peluk Pekasam, Biar Sampai Ke Pangkal Lengan” 8
  • 9. MODUL SCORE A : SET TIGA BAHAGIAN A SOALAN 1. A) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan pengguna herbivor? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Berdasarkan rajah berikut, labelkan X dan Y X - __________________________________________________________________ Y - __________________________________________________________________ Rajah 1 : Rantai Makanan dalam sebuah ekosistem C) Terangkan satu kepentingan Kitar Nitrogen dalam pertanian. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Cadangkan dua langkah bukan perundangan bagi mengawal sumber kepelbagaian biologi . _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 9 X Y Z
  • 10. SOALAN 2. A) Jelaskan maksud Tsunami. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Terangkan hubungan antara kejadian Tsunami dengan kejadian gempa bumi dasar laut. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga impak Tsunami ke atas manusia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Jelaskan satu kempen kesedaran alam sekitar yang dijalankan di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 10
  • 11. BAHAGIAN B SOALAN 3. A) Terangkan maksud Pembangunan Lestari. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan tiga Akta yang terdapat dalam pengurusan alam sekitar di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Langkah perundangan penting bagi mengatasi masalah pencemaran udara, jelaskan? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Bincangkan langkah amalan pengurusan strategik yang dapat dilaksanakan bagi mengawal masalah hakisan tanah di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 11
  • 12. SOALAN 4. A) Cadangkan dua langkah perundangan dan dua langkah bukan perundangan dalam pengurusan sumber air yang dilaksanakan di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Terangkan dua langkah untuk memelihara kepelbagaian biologi hutan di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan dua kesan penyahutanan terhadap aspek kepelbagaian biologi. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ “Hendak Seribu Daya, Tak Hendak Seribu Dalih” 12
  • 13. MODUL SCORE A : SET EMPAT BAHAGIAN A SOALAN 1. A) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan Abiotik. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan tiga komponen abiotik yang terdapat dalam Ekosistem Hutan Hujan Tropika. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan dua proses pemindahan tenaga dalam rantaian makanan Ekosistem Hutan Hujan Tropika. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 13
  • 14. SOALAN 2. A) Jelaskan maksud kemerosotan kualiti sumber air. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Nyatakan dua langkah bagi mengatasi masalah kemerosotan kualiti sumber air. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga impak negatif interaksi manusia ke atas sumber air. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ BAHAGIAN B SOALAN 3. A) Jelaskan dua kesan aktiviti perindustrian terhadap alam sekitar bandar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 14
  • 15. B) Bagaimanakah cara konsep Pembangunan Lestari dapat dilaksanakan dalam sektor perindustrian di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan dua langkah bukan perundangan yang boleh diambil bagi mengatasi masalah kemerosotan kualiti sumber udara dan sumber air. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ SOALAN 4. A) Jelaskan keadaan semasa kualiti sumber air di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Apakah cadangan anda untuk mengurangkan kadar pencemaran udara yang berpunca daripada penggunaan kereta dam motosikal di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 15
  • 16. C) Huraikan dua langkah yang boleh dijalankan bagi memelihara sumber marin di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Selain dua impak alam sekitar yang kerap berlaku di kawasan perindustrian yang pesat ialah pencemaran udara dan jerebu, terutama kilang-kilang memproses yang banyak menggunakan bahan api fosil sebagai bahan-bahannya. Jelaskan impak lain yang bakal wujud? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ “Alah Bisa, Tegal Biasa” 16
  • 17. MODUL SCORE A : SET LIMA BAHAGIAN A SOALAN 1. A) Takrifkan maksud Keseimbangan Ekologi. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan bagaimana cara sesebuah ekosistem hutan yang terganggu boleh mencapai keseimbangan? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan dua kesan gangguan ekosistem terhadap spesies flora dan fauna. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Terangkan dua faktor yang mempengaruhi keseimbangan ekosistem hutan. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 17
  • 18. SOALAN 2. A) Jelaskan maksud fenomena El-Nino. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Terangkan bagaimana cara sistem atmosfera mempengaruhi fenomena El-Nino. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Jelaskan tiga kesan fenomena El-Nino. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 18
  • 19. BAHAGIAN B SOALAN 3. A) Terangkan maksud Penyahutanan. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan bagaimana cara penyahutanan boleh menjejaskan cuaca dunia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan dua punca yang menyebabkan berlakunya pencemaran air di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Sejauhmanakah, kejadian tumpahan minyak mampu mencemarkan air dan menjejaskan ekosistem akuatik.? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 19
  • 20. SOALAN 4. A) Jelaskan maksud Pemeliharaan dan Pemuliharaan sumber alam. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Terangkan dua langkah perundangan bagi mewujudkan Pembangunan Lestari dalam sektor perhutanan di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Jelaskan bagaimana langkah bukan perundangan dapat melestarikan sektor perhutanan Negara? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ “Sikit-sikit, Lama-lama Jadi Bukit” 20
  • 21. MODUL SCORE A : SET ENAM BAHAGIAN A SOALAN 1. A) Takrifkan berkenaan dengan konsep Ekosistem Tasik. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan dua aliran tenaga dalam siratan makanan pada peringkat pengeluar dan pengguna primer. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga kepentingan ekosistem akuatik terhadap alam sekitar manusia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 21
  • 22. SOALAN 2. A) Jelaskan maksud Banjir Kilat. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan bagaimana cara sistem sungai melalui tindak balas Homeostasis memastikan keseimbangannya? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan dua kesan lebihan air ke atas alam sekitar manusia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Jelaskan dua langkah perundangan untuk mengatasi lebihan air. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 22
  • 23. BAHAGIAN B SOALAN 3. A) Terangkan tiga amalan pertanian yang dijalankan di Malaysia yang menjejaskan alam sekitar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan tiga impak alam sekitar akibat kegiatan pertanian yang pesat di Tanah Tinggi Cameron. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga langkah pengurusan alam sekitar yang dapat dijalankan bagi menangani masalah alam sekitar fizikal di kawasan pertanian di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 23
  • 24. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Bincangkan cara kegiatan pertanian yang intensif yang boleh menjejaskan kepelbagaian biologi? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ SOALAN 4. A) Jelaskan tiga interaksi manusia yang menyebabkan status kualiti udara di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Terangkan dua kesan pencemaran udara terhadap kesihatan manusia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 24
  • 25. C) Jelaskan maksud pencemaran air. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Apakah aktiviti penerokaan yang boleh menjejaskan kualiti sumber air. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ “Sehari selembar benang, lama-lama menjadi kain” 25
  • 26. MODUL SCORE A : SET TUJUH BAHAGIAN A SOALAN 1. A) Namakan organisma Saprofit dan terangkan fungsinya. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Takrifkan maksud Kitaran Nutrien. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Jelaskan proses kitaran oksigen yang berlaku dalam Kitaran Nutrien. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Huraikan dua aktiviti pertanian yang menganggu proses Kitaran Nitrogen. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 26
  • 27. SOALAN 2. A) Jelaskan maksud pemeliharaan alam sekitar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Nyatakan tiga gas utama yang mencemarkan udara. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga tindakan manusia yang menyumbang kepada pencemaran udara. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Jelaskan tiga langkah pemeliharaan udara daripada tercemar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 27
  • 28. BAHAGIAN B SOALAN 3. A) Takrifkan maksud pencemaran bunyi. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan tiga punca pencemaran bunyi di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga langkah bukan perundangan yang dapat dilakukan bagi mengurangkan kesan pencemaran bunyi. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 28
  • 29. SOALAN 4. A) Jelaskan maksud pencemaran udara. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Langkah bukan perundangan penting bagi mengatasi masalah pencemaran udara, jelaskan. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Bincangkan tiga langkah untuk meningkatkan kempen kesedaran dan pendidikan alam sekitar dalam kalangan rakyat. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ “Berakit-rakit ke hulu, berenang-renang ke tepian, bersakit-sakit dulu, bersenang-senang kemudian” 29
  • 30. MODUL SCORE A : SET LAPAN BAHAGIAN A SOALAN 1. A) Jelaskan maksud aras trofik. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan perbezaan antara siratan makanan dan rantaian makanan. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga cara manusia mengganggu aktiviti siratan makanan. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 30
  • 31. SOALAN 2. A) Jelaskan maksud Saling Kebergantungan Antara Sistem. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Nyatakan dua cara kebergantungan sistem secara fizikal. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Jelaskan tiga kesan interaksi manusia terhadap alam sekitar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 31
  • 32. BAHAGIAN B SOALAN 3. A) Terangkan tiga kepentingan hutan kepada alam sekitar manusia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan dua kesan aktiviti perhutanan yang dijalankan di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga kesan penyahutanan terhadap alam sekitar manusia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 32
  • 33. D) Jelaskan maksud konsep kelestarian hutan? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ SOALAN 4. A) Jelaskan dua kesan terhadap alam sekitar fizikal akibat penjanaan dan pengeluaran tenaga elektrik hidro di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Terangkan maksud pemeliharaan dan pemuliharaan sumber alam. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan mengapa sumber alam yang boleh diperbaharui memerlukan pemeliharaan dan pemuliharaan? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 33
  • 34. MODUL SCORE A : SET SEMBILAN BAHAGIAN A SOALAN 1. A) Takrifkan maksud Autotrof. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan dua aktiviti manusia yang mengganggu keeimbangan ekosistem. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga peranan tumbuh-tumbuhan dalam sebuah ekosistem. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 34
  • 35. SOALAN 2. A) Jelaskan maksud Jerebu. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Nyatakan empat gas yang menyebabkan berlakunya penipisan lapisan ozon. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan dua kesan rumah hijau terhadap sistem ekologi. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Jelaskan dua langkah pengurusan untuk mengatasi kesan rumah hijau. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 35
  • 36. BAHAGIAN B SOALAN 3. A) Takrifkan maksud pengurusan alam sekitar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan tiga langkah perundangan alam sekitar yang dijalankan di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Bincangkan tiga peranan masyarakat dalam usaha memelihara alam sekitar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 36
  • 37. SOALAN 4. A) Jelaskan maksud Pembangunan Lestari. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Terangkan tiga Prinsip Pembangunan Lestari . _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga kerjasama antarabangsa dalam konteks pembangunan lestari yang disertai oleh Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 37
  • 38. D) Jelaskan maksud Penilaian Impak Alam Sekitar (EIA) _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ “Di Mana Ada Kemahuan, Di Situ Ada Jalan” Sematkan Dalam Hati… Geografi Senang… Pasti Dapat A. 38
  • 39. MODUL SCORE A : SET SEPULUH BAHAGIAN A SOALAN 1. A) Nyatakan dua komponen asas yang membentuk Ekosistem Bakau. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan dua ciri tumbuhan bakau. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Terangkan dua cara bagaimana manusia mengganggu ekosistem. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ D) Huraikan tiga kepentingan hutan bakau terhadap alam sekitar manusia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 39
  • 40. SOALAN 2. A) Jelaskan maksud Penyahutanan. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Terangkan bagaimana fenomena atmosfera mempengaruhi proses penyahutanan secara semulajadi. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga langkah pengurusan hutan secara lestari yang dijalankan di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 40
  • 41. BAHAGIAN B SOALAN 3. A) Terangkan dua kesan urbanisasi terhadap fenomena peningkatan suhu di Bandar bandar utama di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Jelaskan dua impak alam sekitar akibat proses urbanisasi yang pesat di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga aktiviti manusia di bandar yang menyebabkan berlakunya kemerosotan kualiti alam sekitar di bandar. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 41
  • 42. SOALAN 4. A) Jelaskan tiga cara bagaimana sektor perkilangan menyebabkan pencemaran air. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B) Bagaimanakah konsep Pembangunan Lestari dapat dijalankan dalam sektor perindustrian di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C) Huraikan tiga kesan negatif terhadap manusia akibat kegiatan perindustrian yang pesat di Bandar-bandar utama di Malaysia. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 42