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Data 
MODULE 1.2
TOPICS TO BE COVERED 
Students Survey 
What is Data? 
Types of Data
Student Survey
Sample Student Survey Form 
Name of the Student:______________________________ 
1. What is your age?______________________ (in years) 
2. Specify your Gender. 
Male Female 
3. Which city you prefer in MP. 
Indore Bhopal Gwalior 
4. How many chocolates you eat in a day.______________(Units) 
5. Rate Chennai “BOL BACHAAN” Express Movie: 
Haven’t Seen 1 Star 2 Stars 3 Stars 4 Stars 5 Stars 
6. How many movies you watch in a month.______________(Units)
WHAT YOU ARE SUPPOSE TO 
DO?Ch?oo?se one question and summarize the results. 
 Analyze the difference between the questions and 
response.
What is Data?????
DATA 
 Data are the observed values of a variables. 
 Variables are any characteristics of our objects or 
observation. 
 An object can be: 
People Laptops Mobiles Class Room
DATA 
 For example, Students in this class are Objects 
 Their characteristics can be age, gender, height 
etc 
 These are the variables, because this would vary 
from person to person. 
 And if we put this data into a table or a 
spreadsheet, then
What is Data? in Statistics
DATA 
 The data can be obtained by: 
 Measuring (height or weight) 
 Counting 
 Asking (marital status or graduation) 
 Observing (gender or skin color) 
 Computing (BMI)
Types of Data
TYPES OF 
DATA 
 The type of data determines which: 
 Summary Statistics 
 Graphs 
 Analysis 
 Are possible and sensible to be applied on the 
object?
TYPES OF 
DATA 
CATEGORICAL 
DATA 
 This kind of data deals with the QUALITATIVE 
options of the objects. 
 For example, gender, marital status. 
 Usually questions about categorical data are 
answered with words.
MALE-FEMALE V/S CHENNAI 
EXYPou say that both these data are qualitative 
or categorical. 
 Then is there any difference between the two. 
Gender 
 Objective Kind 
 Its not ranking, its just word 
or labels with no rank or 
order. 
 There is no such logic put 
in. 
Movie Rating 
 Subjective Kind 
 Ranking is carried out, from 
lowest to highest in a order. 
 Logic of rating may differ 
from person to person.
CATEGORICAL DATA 
 As there can be different kind of qualitative 
data, thus we need a different kind of scale to 
measure them.
TYPES OF 
DATA 
CATEGORICAL 
DATA 
NOMINAL 
LEVEL  It is the most basic level of 
measurement of the variable. 
 These are descriptions or labels 
with no sense of sequence.
NOMINAL LEVEL 
GENDERS 
PREFERED 
CITY IN MP 
COLORS 
 These are descriptions or labels. 
 With no sense of sequence or 
order. 
 These can stored as word or text 
or can be given a numerical 
code. 
•MALE 
•Indore •FEMALE 
•Bhopal 
•Gwalior 
•RED 
•BLUE 
•YELLOW 
•WHITE 
1. MALE 
1. Indore 2. FEMALE 
2. Bhopal 
3. Gwalior 
1. RED 
2. BLUE 
3. YELLOW 
4. WHITE 
 To summarize a nominal 
data we use frequency or 
percentage. 
 We cannot calculate mean 
or average value of nominal 
data.
TYPES OF 
DATA 
CATEGORICAL 
DATA 
NOMINAL 
LEVEL 
ORDINAL 
LEVEL
ORDINAL LEVEL 
•Ecstasy 
•Delight 
•Satisfied 
•Not Satisfied 
•1st Rank 
•2nd Rank 
•Rank 
•1st Rank (98.3%) 
•2nd Rank (97.2%) 
•3rd Rank (92.3%) 
SATISFACTION RANK 
 They have meaningful order. 
 But the intervals between the values in this 
scale may not be equal. 
 Like nominal data, ordinal data can be given 
as frequencies or percentages.
TYPES OF 
DATA 
NUMERICAL 
DATA 
CATEGORICAL 
DATA 
NOMINAL 
LEVEL 
ORDINAL 
LEVEL 
 This kind of data deals 
with the 
QUANTITATIVE options 
of the objects. 
 This includes things, 
which can be measured 
rather which can be 
classified or ordered.
AGE V/S CHOCOLATE 
COYoNuS saUyM thPatT bIoOthN these data are quantitative 
or numeric. 
 Then is there any difference between these 
two. 
Age 
 Measurement or Calculation is 
done 
 Its kind of a continuous data, 
and the accuracy of exact age 
may typically depend on the 
units used. 
 It can be in fractions. 
Chocolates 
 Counting 
 Its kind of fixed numbers. 
 It will generally be in a whole 
number.
TYPES OF 
DATA 
NUMERICAL 
DATA 
CATEGORICAL 
DATA 
NOMINAL 
LEVEL 
ORDINAL 
LEVEL 
DISCRETE 
DATA
DISCRETE DATA 
Number of 
questions in a 
paper 
Number of 
students in 
the class 
 These are quantitative data with whole numbers. 
 A type of data is discrete if there are only a finite number of 
values possible. 
 Discrete data usually occurs in a case where there are only 
a certain number of values, or when we are counting 
something.
TYPES OF 
DATA 
NUMERICAL 
DATA 
CATEGORICAL 
DATA 
NOMINAL 
LEVEL 
ORDINAL 
LEVEL 
DISCRETE 
DATA 
CONTINUOUS 
DATA
CONTINUOUS DATA 
Weight 
Height 
 These are quantitative data with fractional numbers. 
 Continuous data makes up the rest of numerical data. This is a 
type of data that is usually associated with some sort of physical 
measurement. 
 Continuous data usually occurs in a case where we are measuring 
or calculating something. 
 One general way to tell if data is continuous is to ask yourself if it 
is possible for the data to take on values that are fractions or 
decimals. If your answer is yes, this is usually continuous data.
What is Data? in Statistics
TYPES OF 
DATA 
NUMERICAL 
DATA 
CATEGORICAL 
DATA 
NOMINAL 
LEVEL 
ORDINAL 
LEVEL 
DISCRETE 
DATA 
CONTINUOUS 
DATA

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What is Data? in Statistics

  • 2. TOPICS TO BE COVERED Students Survey What is Data? Types of Data
  • 4. Sample Student Survey Form Name of the Student:______________________________ 1. What is your age?______________________ (in years) 2. Specify your Gender. Male Female 3. Which city you prefer in MP. Indore Bhopal Gwalior 4. How many chocolates you eat in a day.______________(Units) 5. Rate Chennai “BOL BACHAAN” Express Movie: Haven’t Seen 1 Star 2 Stars 3 Stars 4 Stars 5 Stars 6. How many movies you watch in a month.______________(Units)
  • 5. WHAT YOU ARE SUPPOSE TO DO?Ch?oo?se one question and summarize the results.  Analyze the difference between the questions and response.
  • 7. DATA  Data are the observed values of a variables.  Variables are any characteristics of our objects or observation.  An object can be: People Laptops Mobiles Class Room
  • 8. DATA  For example, Students in this class are Objects  Their characteristics can be age, gender, height etc  These are the variables, because this would vary from person to person.  And if we put this data into a table or a spreadsheet, then
  • 10. DATA  The data can be obtained by:  Measuring (height or weight)  Counting  Asking (marital status or graduation)  Observing (gender or skin color)  Computing (BMI)
  • 12. TYPES OF DATA  The type of data determines which:  Summary Statistics  Graphs  Analysis  Are possible and sensible to be applied on the object?
  • 13. TYPES OF DATA CATEGORICAL DATA  This kind of data deals with the QUALITATIVE options of the objects.  For example, gender, marital status.  Usually questions about categorical data are answered with words.
  • 14. MALE-FEMALE V/S CHENNAI EXYPou say that both these data are qualitative or categorical.  Then is there any difference between the two. Gender  Objective Kind  Its not ranking, its just word or labels with no rank or order.  There is no such logic put in. Movie Rating  Subjective Kind  Ranking is carried out, from lowest to highest in a order.  Logic of rating may differ from person to person.
  • 15. CATEGORICAL DATA  As there can be different kind of qualitative data, thus we need a different kind of scale to measure them.
  • 16. TYPES OF DATA CATEGORICAL DATA NOMINAL LEVEL  It is the most basic level of measurement of the variable.  These are descriptions or labels with no sense of sequence.
  • 17. NOMINAL LEVEL GENDERS PREFERED CITY IN MP COLORS  These are descriptions or labels.  With no sense of sequence or order.  These can stored as word or text or can be given a numerical code. •MALE •Indore •FEMALE •Bhopal •Gwalior •RED •BLUE •YELLOW •WHITE 1. MALE 1. Indore 2. FEMALE 2. Bhopal 3. Gwalior 1. RED 2. BLUE 3. YELLOW 4. WHITE  To summarize a nominal data we use frequency or percentage.  We cannot calculate mean or average value of nominal data.
  • 18. TYPES OF DATA CATEGORICAL DATA NOMINAL LEVEL ORDINAL LEVEL
  • 19. ORDINAL LEVEL •Ecstasy •Delight •Satisfied •Not Satisfied •1st Rank •2nd Rank •Rank •1st Rank (98.3%) •2nd Rank (97.2%) •3rd Rank (92.3%) SATISFACTION RANK  They have meaningful order.  But the intervals between the values in this scale may not be equal.  Like nominal data, ordinal data can be given as frequencies or percentages.
  • 20. TYPES OF DATA NUMERICAL DATA CATEGORICAL DATA NOMINAL LEVEL ORDINAL LEVEL  This kind of data deals with the QUANTITATIVE options of the objects.  This includes things, which can be measured rather which can be classified or ordered.
  • 21. AGE V/S CHOCOLATE COYoNuS saUyM thPatT bIoOthN these data are quantitative or numeric.  Then is there any difference between these two. Age  Measurement or Calculation is done  Its kind of a continuous data, and the accuracy of exact age may typically depend on the units used.  It can be in fractions. Chocolates  Counting  Its kind of fixed numbers.  It will generally be in a whole number.
  • 22. TYPES OF DATA NUMERICAL DATA CATEGORICAL DATA NOMINAL LEVEL ORDINAL LEVEL DISCRETE DATA
  • 23. DISCRETE DATA Number of questions in a paper Number of students in the class  These are quantitative data with whole numbers.  A type of data is discrete if there are only a finite number of values possible.  Discrete data usually occurs in a case where there are only a certain number of values, or when we are counting something.
  • 24. TYPES OF DATA NUMERICAL DATA CATEGORICAL DATA NOMINAL LEVEL ORDINAL LEVEL DISCRETE DATA CONTINUOUS DATA
  • 25. CONTINUOUS DATA Weight Height  These are quantitative data with fractional numbers.  Continuous data makes up the rest of numerical data. This is a type of data that is usually associated with some sort of physical measurement.  Continuous data usually occurs in a case where we are measuring or calculating something.  One general way to tell if data is continuous is to ask yourself if it is possible for the data to take on values that are fractions or decimals. If your answer is yes, this is usually continuous data.
  • 27. TYPES OF DATA NUMERICAL DATA CATEGORICAL DATA NOMINAL LEVEL ORDINAL LEVEL DISCRETE DATA CONTINUOUS DATA