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Repositories and the Semantic Web 
Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Technische Universität Berlin | Open Science Days | Berlin, October 13, 2014
Agenda 
 Repositories 
 Semantic Web and Linked Data 
 Data exchange with repositories 
 Extending repositories 
 DSpace 5 
Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 
Slide 2
“Although the WorldWideWeb still represents only a small fraction of the 
overall usage, this access mode is expected to become dominant in the 
near future.” 
Paul Ginsparg 1994 
xxx.lanl.org / ArXiv.org 
Source: Paul Ginsparg, First Steps Towards Electronic Research Communication. In: Computer in Physics, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1994, pp. 390-396. 
Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 
Slide 3
Digital Repositories 
Source: The Directory of Open Access Repositories, 
http://www.opendoar.org, retrieved June 06, 2014. 
Repositories are systems to safely store 
and publish digital objects and their 
descriptive metadata. 
Not in the meaning of software repositories. 
Examples: 
• Digital archives 
• Institutional repositories (preprints, 
postprints, open access publications, …) 
• Digital image libraries 
• Research data repositories 
• … 
More than 2500 open access repositories 
worldwide. 
Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 
Slide 4
The Semantic Web 
„Information varies along many axes. One of 
these is the difference between information 
produced primarily for human consumption 
and that produced mainly for machines. […] 
To date, the Web has developed most 
rapidly as a medium of documents for 
people rather than for data and information 
that can be processed automatically.“ 
Berners-Lee, Handler, Lasilla 2001 
Source: Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler, Ora Lasilla: The Semantic Web. In: Scientific American, Vol. 284, No. 5, 2001, pp. 28-37. 
Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 
Slide 5
Semantic Web in a Nutshell 
• Information in the web is oriented towards human consumption. 
• There is much implicit information: A human understands the context. 
• Basic concept of the Semantic Web: Make implicit information 
explicit, so it can be processed automatically. 
• Make information on the Web comparable and combinable 
even across databases, sites, domains, … 
• Use Web standards (HTTP, HTTPS, SPARQL, RDF, …). 
• Describe domain knowledge in a way it can be used 
to process information. 
Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 
Slide 6
The Linked Data Principles 
1. Use URIs as names for things 
2. Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those things 
3. When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the standards 
(RDF*, SPARQL) 
4. Include links to other URIs, so they can discover more things 
Tim Berners-Lee 
http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html 
Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 
Slide 7
Information in Repositories 
The data stored in repositories are 
particularly suited to be used in the 
Semantic Web: 
• Metadata already exist in a structured 
form. 
• They do not have to be generated or 
entered manually for publication as 
Linked Data. 
• “Just” bring the data stored in databases 
in a form that corresponds to the Linked 
Data Principles. 
Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 
Slide 8
Research Data Lifecycle 
Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 
Slide 9
Data exchange with Repositories 
• OAI-PMH (Open Archive Initiative – Protocol for Metadata Harvesting): 
de facto standard in the context of repositories 
• But: limited to that context 
• Google retired support for OAI-PMH in 2008 
(used before as alternative to the sitemap protocol) 
• “Just” an interface, not a format 
• Linked Data is a generic, native way of data exchange, 
not only in the field of repositories (e.g. Wikidata) 
• Data published following the Linked Data Principles is self-descriptive 
• Linked Data simplifies data exchange with repositories 
Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 
Slide 10
Extending Repositories 
• Use Persistent Identifiers in form of HTTP(S) URIs (http://dx.doi.org/...) 
• Convert data into RDF and add links! 
• Convert public data only 
• Store converted data in a Triple Store (RDF database) 
• Use the Triple Store as SPARQL endpoint and cache 
• Export data in appropriate formats (RDF/XML, Turtle, …) 
Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 
Slide 11 
File System 
Relational 
Database 
RDF Conversion 
Triple Store 
Authorization 
System 
Browse and 
Search 
Persistent 
Identifier Mgt. 
Event System 
User 
Administration 
... 
Web UI 
OAI-PMH 
Interface 
REST 
SWORD ... 
RDF 
Serialization 
Interfaces 
Business Logic 
Storage Layer
DSpace 5 
• DSpace is the most often used software for open access repositories worldwide 
• Release of DSpace version 5.0 planned for December 2014 (this year!) 
• Will contain support for Linked Data (RDF/XML, Turtle, N-Triples, SPARQL) 
• Will support content negotiation 
• Highly configurable, good default configuration included 
If you’re about to use DSpace 5.0 or above 
please consider switching Linked Data Support on. 
Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 
Slide 12
Technische Universität Berlin 
Universitätsbibliothek 
Pascal-Nicolas Becker 
p.becker@tu-berlin.de 
Tel.: +49 30 314-76345 
Servicezentrum Forschungsdaten und –publikationen 
http://szf.tu-berlin.de 
Repository DepositOnce 
http://depositonce.tu-berlin.de 
Thesis „Repositorien und das Semantic Web“ (in German) 
http://www.pnjb.de/uni/diplomarbeit/ 
Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 
Slide 13

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Open Science Days 2014 - Becker - Repositories and Linked Data

  • 1. Repositories and the Semantic Web Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Technische Universität Berlin | Open Science Days | Berlin, October 13, 2014
  • 2. Agenda  Repositories  Semantic Web and Linked Data  Data exchange with repositories  Extending repositories  DSpace 5 Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 Slide 2
  • 3. “Although the WorldWideWeb still represents only a small fraction of the overall usage, this access mode is expected to become dominant in the near future.” Paul Ginsparg 1994 xxx.lanl.org / ArXiv.org Source: Paul Ginsparg, First Steps Towards Electronic Research Communication. In: Computer in Physics, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1994, pp. 390-396. Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 Slide 3
  • 4. Digital Repositories Source: The Directory of Open Access Repositories, http://www.opendoar.org, retrieved June 06, 2014. Repositories are systems to safely store and publish digital objects and their descriptive metadata. Not in the meaning of software repositories. Examples: • Digital archives • Institutional repositories (preprints, postprints, open access publications, …) • Digital image libraries • Research data repositories • … More than 2500 open access repositories worldwide. Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 Slide 4
  • 5. The Semantic Web „Information varies along many axes. One of these is the difference between information produced primarily for human consumption and that produced mainly for machines. […] To date, the Web has developed most rapidly as a medium of documents for people rather than for data and information that can be processed automatically.“ Berners-Lee, Handler, Lasilla 2001 Source: Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler, Ora Lasilla: The Semantic Web. In: Scientific American, Vol. 284, No. 5, 2001, pp. 28-37. Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 Slide 5
  • 6. Semantic Web in a Nutshell • Information in the web is oriented towards human consumption. • There is much implicit information: A human understands the context. • Basic concept of the Semantic Web: Make implicit information explicit, so it can be processed automatically. • Make information on the Web comparable and combinable even across databases, sites, domains, … • Use Web standards (HTTP, HTTPS, SPARQL, RDF, …). • Describe domain knowledge in a way it can be used to process information. Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 Slide 6
  • 7. The Linked Data Principles 1. Use URIs as names for things 2. Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those things 3. When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the standards (RDF*, SPARQL) 4. Include links to other URIs, so they can discover more things Tim Berners-Lee http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 Slide 7
  • 8. Information in Repositories The data stored in repositories are particularly suited to be used in the Semantic Web: • Metadata already exist in a structured form. • They do not have to be generated or entered manually for publication as Linked Data. • “Just” bring the data stored in databases in a form that corresponds to the Linked Data Principles. Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 Slide 8
  • 9. Research Data Lifecycle Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 Slide 9
  • 10. Data exchange with Repositories • OAI-PMH (Open Archive Initiative – Protocol for Metadata Harvesting): de facto standard in the context of repositories • But: limited to that context • Google retired support for OAI-PMH in 2008 (used before as alternative to the sitemap protocol) • “Just” an interface, not a format • Linked Data is a generic, native way of data exchange, not only in the field of repositories (e.g. Wikidata) • Data published following the Linked Data Principles is self-descriptive • Linked Data simplifies data exchange with repositories Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 Slide 10
  • 11. Extending Repositories • Use Persistent Identifiers in form of HTTP(S) URIs (http://dx.doi.org/...) • Convert data into RDF and add links! • Convert public data only • Store converted data in a Triple Store (RDF database) • Use the Triple Store as SPARQL endpoint and cache • Export data in appropriate formats (RDF/XML, Turtle, …) Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 Slide 11 File System Relational Database RDF Conversion Triple Store Authorization System Browse and Search Persistent Identifier Mgt. Event System User Administration ... Web UI OAI-PMH Interface REST SWORD ... RDF Serialization Interfaces Business Logic Storage Layer
  • 12. DSpace 5 • DSpace is the most often used software for open access repositories worldwide • Release of DSpace version 5.0 planned for December 2014 (this year!) • Will contain support for Linked Data (RDF/XML, Turtle, N-Triples, SPARQL) • Will support content negotiation • Highly configurable, good default configuration included If you’re about to use DSpace 5.0 or above please consider switching Linked Data Support on. Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 Slide 12
  • 13. Technische Universität Berlin Universitätsbibliothek Pascal-Nicolas Becker p.becker@tu-berlin.de Tel.: +49 30 314-76345 Servicezentrum Forschungsdaten und –publikationen http://szf.tu-berlin.de Repository DepositOnce http://depositonce.tu-berlin.de Thesis „Repositorien und das Semantic Web“ (in German) http://www.pnjb.de/uni/diplomarbeit/ Repositories and the Semantic Web | Pascal-Nicolas Becker | Open Science Days | Berlin, 13.10.2014 Slide 13