2. The Origin of Society
1. Devine Original Theory
2. Divine Right Theory
3. The Force Theory
4. Patriarchal and Matriarchal Theory
MAN AND SOCIETY
4. Patriarchal and Matriarchal Theory
5. Social Contract Theory
6. Evolutionary Theory
7. The Organic Theory and Group Mind Theory
3. MAN AND SOCIETY
TYPES OF SOCIETY
1. Tribal Society
Features
1. Common Territory
2. Sense of Unity
3. Common Language
4. Endogamous
5. Blood Relationship
6. Political Organizations6. Political Organizations
7. Importance of Religion
8. Common Name
Differ from Caste
1. Territorial Group
2. Evolution of Community
3. Political Organization
4. MAN AND SOCIETY
2. Agrarian Society
Features
1. Occupational Structure
2. Forms of Land Ownership in Agrarian Society
3. Village Community System
4. Minimal Division of labour4. Minimal Division of labour
5. Role of Family
6. Sense of Unity
7. Informal Social Control
8. Simplicity and Uniformity
5. MAN AND SOCIETY
3. Industrial Society
Features
1. Emergence of Modern Family
2. Economic Institution
3. Occupational Sub-cultures
4. Segmental Roles4. Segmental Roles
5. Impersonality of Relationship
6. Status of Contract
7. Social Mobility
8. Position of Women
9. Deviance and Anomie
7. According to Morris Massey values are formed during three significant periods:
1. Imprint period from birth to 7 years.
2. Modelling period from 8 –13 years.
3. Socialization period from 13 –21 years.
Personal Values provide an internal reference for what is good, beneficial,
important, useful, beautiful, desirable, constructive, etc. Values generate behaviour
and help solve common human problems for survival by comparative rankings of
value, the results of which provide answers to questions of why people do what theyvalue, the results of which provide answers to questions of why people do what they
do and in what order they choose to do them.
Over time the public expression of personal values, that groups of people
find important in their day-to-day lives, lay the foundations of law, custom and
tradition. Personal Values in this way exist in relation to cultural values, either in
agreement with or divergent from prevailing norms.
A culture is a social system that shares a set of common values, in which such
values permit social expectations and collective understandings of the good,
beautiful, constructive, etc. Without normative personal values, there would be no
cultural reference against which to measure the virtue of individual values and so
culture identity would disintegrate.
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17. • Social norms are described by sociologists as being laws that govern society’s
behaviours. (Formal Vs. Informal)
SOCIAL NORMS
Types of Norms
• A 'Descriptive Norm' refers to people's perceptions of what is commonly done in
specific situations.
• An Injunctive Norm refers to people's perceptions of what is commonly approved or
disapproved of within a particular culture.
• Prescriptive norms are unwritten rules that are understood and followed by society;
state what we should do. Everyone does these every day without thinking aboutstate what we should do. Everyone does these every day without thinking about
them. Example: locking the doors of your home or car at night.
• Proscriptive norms are unwritten rules that are known by society that one shouldn't
do, or follow. These norms can vary from culture to culture. Example: arriving late to
appointments or meetings.
• 'Subjective Norm' is determined by beliefs about the extent to which important
others want them to perform a behaviour. Social influences are conceptualized in
terms of the pressure that people perceive from important others to perform, or not
to perform, a behaviour.
19. 2. Norms incorporate value judgments
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