OB

2. What is GROUP?
 A group consists of two
or more persons who
interact with each other,
consciously for the
achievement of certain
common objectives.

3. GROUP can also be defined as :
 Two or more persons
who are interacting
with one another in
such a manner that
each person
influences and is
influenced by each
other person.

4. Thus, in short GROUP has:
 Two or more person .
 Common objectives.
 Influenced by each other person.
 Perceive themselves as being a group.

5. Nature of Group
 The members of
the group are
inter-dependent
and are aware
that they are part
of group.

7.  People must be psychologically aware
of one another.
 People must perceive themselves to be
a group.

8.  A feeling of belongingness &
Feeling of Security

9. Consent ,solving problems and helping others.

10. Effective communication

11. Why do people join Groups?
 Status
 Self-esteem
 Affiliation
 Power
 Security
 Identity
&recognition
 Goal
accomplishment

12. OTHER REASONS FOR GROUP FORMATION
1. COMPANIONSHIP
2. SENSE OF IDENTIFICATION
3. SOURCE OF INFORMATION
4. JOB SATISFACTION
5. PROTECTION OF MEMBERS
6. OUTLET FOR FRUSTATION
7. PERPETUATION OF CULTURAL
VALUES
8. GENERATION OF NEW IDEAS

13. Characteristics of Groups
 Norms: standard of behaviour that
every member of the group is
expected to follow.
 Conformity: behaviour or actions that
follow the norms.
 Cohesiveness: forming a united
whole

14. What is group dynamics ?
 Dynamics means a force from
organizational point of view.
 The social process by which people
interact face to face in small groups
is called group dynamics.

15. Group dynamics is concerned with the
interaction of individuals in a face to face
relationship

17. Types of groups:
Formal group
• Work group , task force ,
committee and quality of
team.
• Decided by management
• Clear –cut authority and
responsibility relationships
Informal group
• Developed (spontaneously)
by social interaction
• Common interest ,
language ,taste , caste
,religion , background etc.

18. TYPES OF GROUPS
Command Group : A group composed of the
individuals who report directly to a given
manger.
Task Group : People working together to
complete a job task
Interest Group : People working together to
attain a specific objective with which each is
concerned.
Friendship Group : people brought together
because they share one or more common
characteristics.

19. Stages of Group Development
Forming : When members have begun to think of
themselves as part of group. (uncertainty ).
Storming: There will be a relatively clear hierarchy
of leadership within the group. (intragroup
conflict)
Norming : When the group structure solidifies and
the group has assimilated a common set of
expectations of what defines correct member
behaviour. (Close Relationship &
Cohesiveness).

20. Performing: Group energy has moved from
getting to know and understand each
other to performing the task at hand.
Adjourning: The final stage in group
development for temporary groups
,characterized by concern with wrapping
up activities rather than task
performance.

21. DETERMINANTS OF GROUP
2
5
Group
Member Group
1 Resources 4 Task
6
External Group
Processes Performance
Factors
3 &
Satisfaction
Group
Structure

22. 1.External Factors :
 Corporate Strategy
 Organizational structure
 Rules and Regulations
 Organizational Resources
 Staffing Policies
 Appraisal
 Reward System
 Organizational Culture
 Physical work Environment such as lay out ,
interior decoration , seating arrangement ,
temperature etc.

23. 2.Group Member Resources
 Abilities of members
( Intellectual abilities & Task relevant Ability )
 Personality Characteristics
( sociability , self reliance , and
independence
Vs
Authoritarianism , dominance, and
manipulation )

24. 3.Group Structure :
2. Leadership
3. Goals
4. Communication
5. Role Relationship
6. Group Norms
7. Group Status
8. Group Size
9. Group Composition
10. Group Cohesiveness

25. Norms
Acceptable standards of behavior within a group
that are shared by the group’s members.
Classes of Norms:
• Performance norms
• Appearance/Behavioural norms
• Social arrangement norms
• Allocation of resources norms

26. Conformity
Adjusting one’s behavior to align
with the norms of the group.
Reference Groups
Important groups to which
individuals belong or hope
to belong and with whose
norms individuals are likely
to conform.

27. Deviant Workplace Behavior
Antisocial actions by organizational
members that intentionally violate
established norms and result in negative
consequences for the organization, its
members, or both.

28. Status
A socially defined position or rank given to groups or
group members by others.

29. Group cohesiveness
 The degree of attachment of the
members to their group.
 Factors Influencing Group Cohesiveness
( nature of the group , size of the group ,
location of the group , communication ,
Status of the group , outside pressures ,
Inter-dependency , Leadership of the
group , Success , Management behavior)

30. Quality Circles
 A quality circle is a small group of
employees doing similar or related work
who meet regularly to identify , analyze,
and solve product-quality problems and to
improve general operations .
 The Concept of QC emerged from quality
control & quite popular in Japan .

31.  The Quality circles are relatively
autonomous units (ideally about 10
workers), usually led by a supervisor or a
senior worker and organized as work unit .
 The workers, who have a shared area of
responsibility ,meet periodically to discuss,
analyze and propose solutions to
ongoing problems.

32. Objectives &benefits of QC
 Overall improvement of quality of products
manufactured by the enterprise.
 Improvement of production methods and
productivity of the enterprise
 Development of the employees who take
part in quality circles.
 Building high morale of employees by
developing team-work in the organization.

33. 4. GROUP PROCESSES
Group processes refers to the
communication patterns used by members
group decision processes, leader
behavior, power dynamics, conflict
interactions.
It refers to the understanding of the behavior
of people in groups.

34. 5. GROUP TASKS
 DECISION MAKING
 Large groups facilitate the pooling of information
about complex tasks
 Smaller groups are better suited in coordinating
and facilitating the implementation of complex
tasks.
 Simple tasks reduce the requirement that the
group possesses to be effective in order to
perform well.