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Submitted By
               Name:- Manjot Singh Sandhu
                   Branch:- CSE N1
5 april 2012
                   Roll No.:- 115313
CONTENTS
                Why use          How can
                 indoor         capacity be
                antennas?       increased?
                                              How to avoid
                                              interference?
What about
the future?
                                              Why do we need
                                                 so much
                                                spectrum?

                                              How to build
                                               a mobile
                                               network?

4. april 2012
Radio access network evolution
-The journey has just started




4. april 2012
The future contains frequent
 Techno-strategic decisions




4. april 2012
Ericsson:

                 In 3 years network
                traffic has increased
                 by a factor of 10…

                       …and revenue
                     increased by 35%...


4. april 2012
Example of
                establishing a
                 GSM radio
                   network




4. april 2012
The base stations
                (BTS) are distributed
                      to give
                RADIO COVERAGE

                  En




4. april 2012
The base stations
                (BTS) are distributed
                      to give
                RADIO COVERAGE
                  – and Capacity
                  En




4. april 2012
Increased traffic drives cost
                  Network
                  cost


                                                                 Challenge!




       Start-up cost   Phase 1: Coverage   Phase 2: Capacity
                       limited network     limited network

                                                               Requested traffic
                       Smaller spectrum    Larger spectrum




4. april 2012
The challenge of mobile
      broadband

             $
                      COST


                             Revenue




                          Traffic
With boosting data traffic there is a need for more frequent
                    network updates than before
                Network cost




                                                         LTE


                                                 HSPA+



                                          HSPA

                               Basic 3G


                                                         = Resulting network cost




                                                                    Traffic load

4. april 2012
Limited spectrum drives cost!
                   Example: Two operators with very different spectrum size
                                      •Country 1: 8,8MHz band ->44 channels
                                           – =>132 Erlang per base station
                                           – => 40 base stations needed to handle
      Area= 50km2                            total traffic of 5190 Erlang
    Population= 1 M                   • Country 2: 4,4 MHz band -> 22
   Subscribers= 346k
    15 mErl/sub (*)
                                      channels
  Tot. traffic= 5190 Erl                   – =>29 Erlang per base station
                                           – => 179 base stations needed to
                                             handle total traffic of 5190 Erlang

                                      => Having only half of the spectrum can
                                      mean 4,5 times the cost.
(*) Meaning that the average customer calls for 1,5% of the most busy hour of the day
    For illustration purpose only – the conclusions and calculations are simplified
  4. april 2012
Getting more spectrum essential for
meeting future service demand

                     Frequency spectrum for mobile communication


               Digital
              Dividend                                 3G
                                                    (UMTS2100)
 CDMA                                                              Mobile broadband
                    GSM900                     GSM1800              extension band


    500 MHz              1000 MHz   1500 MHz         2000 MHz    2500 MHz        3000 MHz




  4. april 2012
3G in new frequency bands -
                         refarming
                       (WCDMA = UMTS/HSPA = 3G)

  (HSPA)




                                                     In-Building
                                                  coverage area for
                                                  suburban terrain



4. april 2012
   (Source: Nokia Siemens Networks & Elisa)
Access to low frequency spectrum:
  -High impact on mobile broadband

• Profitable coverage even
  outside the urban areas
• Potential for saving 50-70%
  of site costs
Digital Dividend band: A desire and a curse:
                 Too little of something good can be bad!


              800 MHz

               2600 MHz
                 11%




                800 MHz:
Very attractive for coverage, but how to
avoid traffic congestion if 89% of all
users only have coverage from the 800
MHz system?

=> A fair amount of low-frequency
spectrum per operator is a prerequisite.
Network capacity is hard to predict             Total
                                                                      Capacity
                                                             10 Mbit/s


                                                             7.5 Mbit/s


                                                              5 Mbit/s


                                                             2.5 Mbit/s

                             10 Mbit/s
                              1 Mbit/s
                        0.5 Mbit/s
                        5 Mbit/s

                0.2 Mbit/s
                2 Mbit/s


0.05Mbit/s
0.5 Mbit/s




4. april 2012
Growing need for indoor coverage systems



• Urban building walls block 99% of
  the outdoor signal
• Safe to re-use the same carriers
  indoors
• Buildings with heavy data traffic:
  Use indoor antenna systems, WiFi
  or femtocells
• Need fixed broadband lines to
  provide connection and offload
  mobile network
The future




4. april 2012
-Is the path towards LTE evident?




4. april 2012
-or will we need proper guidance?




4. april 2012
LTE is defined for all relevant frequency bands




                Digital
               Dividend                                   3G
                                                       (UMTS2100)
 CDMA                                                                    Mobile WiMAX/            Fixed
                     EDGE900                    EDGE1800           Mob. 3G extension band         WiMAX
                                                                  WiMAX

     500 MHz              1000 MHz   1500 MHz          2000 MHz            2500 MHz    3000 MHz    3500 MHz




                                                                     LTE
               LTE LTE                           LTE       LTE                   LTE              LTEAdv.
Low Frequency                                                                           High Frequency
Long range                                                                                   Short range



   4. april 2012
Evolution in site capacity from GSM to LTE
                         - Downlink, sum of voice and data




 Disclaimer: Values should be taken as indicative. Performance will vary greatly with deployed solution,
surrounding environment, terminal penetration and size of frequency spectrum. HSPA assumes 14,4 Mbps
                 version. HSPA+ assumes 64QAM feature, not MIMO or Dual Carrier.
                                      Source: CONTEST, Telenor.
Speed is not the motivation…




     Lower production cost per bit
  Cost per Mbyte




         3G      HSPA   HSPA+   LTE …
4. april 2012   Source: NSN
Competitive power
           -Determined by spectrum




                        10
                       2600
                       MHz

  2600

  20
 800
 MHz
Fakecom
                              LTE deployment strategy
                              must be tuned to our
                              relative ability to
                              compete.
To summmm up…




26
Key take-aways
   •     Convergence: Usage and interactions between mobile and fixed networks will
         continue to grow to ensure optimum service offerings
   •     Cost curves: Mobile technologies are much less suited for flat-rate subscriptions
         than fixed broadband technologies
   •     Hybrid networks: Operators need to utilize more than one mobile technology to
         secure cost-effective deployments
   •     Mobile Broadband: Mobile networks keep offering higher data rates but within
         limited coverage range, especially indoor
   •     Indoor coverage: Indoor mobile broadband users represent majority of the traffic
         and should to a larger extent be connected via indoor antenna solutions.
   •     New spectrum: Mobile Broadband at low frequencies is a cost-effective solution
         for areas with lower population density, as long as a healthy traffic balance is
         maintained.




4. april 2012
LTE:
Customers expect high performance
…and they expect coverage
Thank you for
your attention!
Backup slides




4. april 2012
Abbreviations
BSC         Base Station Controller                    IP           Internet Protocol
BSS         Base Station Subsystem                     ISDN         Integrated Services Digital Network
BTS         Base Transceiver Station                   ITU          International Telecommunication Union
CDMA        Code Division Multiple Access              IMT-2000     International Mobile Telecommunication
CSD         Circuit Switched Data                      MSC Mobile Switching Center
CN          Core Network                               PLMN         Public Land Mobile Network
D-AMPS      Digital-Advanced Mobile Phone System       PSK          Phase Shift Keying (Modulation)
EDGE        Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution      PSTN         Public Switched Telephone Network
E-GPRS      Enhanced - GPRS                            RNC Radio Network Controller
ERAN        EDGE Radio Access Network                  SCP          Service Control Point
ETSIEuropean Telecommunications                        SGSN         Serving GPRS Support Node
            Standards      Institute                   TDD          Time Division Duplex
FDD         Frequency Division Duplex                  TDMA         Time Division Multiple Access
FDD-DS      Frequency Division Duplex –                UMTS         Universal Mobile Telecommunications
            Direct Spread                                           System
FDD-MC      Frequency Division Duplex - MultiCarrier   UTRAN        UMTS Terestrial Radio Access Network
GGSN        Gateway GPRS Support Node                  VHE          Virtual Home Environment
GERAN       GSM EDGE Radio Access Network              VLR          Visitor Location Register
GMSK        Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying              VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol
            (Modulation)                               WAP Wireless Application Protocol
GPRS        General Packet Radio System                W-CDMA       Wideband -CDMA
GSM Global System for Mobile                           2G           2nd Generation (mobile network)
            communication                              (2,5G        GPRS)
HLR april 2012
  4.         Home Location Register                    3G           3rd Generation (mobile network)
HSCSD       High Speed Circuit Switched Data           3GPP         3rd Generation Partnership
Sites, BTSs and cells…
   •     A SITE is the physical location of which a base station is placed. Includes all
         equipment put up by the operator (mast, antennas,cabin, base station
         rack etc.)
   •     A BTS is the base transceiver station, normally just called base station, i.e.
         the cabinet(s) containing the 1-3 cells belonging to a site.
   •     A NodeB is the term used for BTS in UMTS
   •     A CELL is each uniquely identified GSM or UMTS capacity source in a BTS
         or NodeB, defined by its own coverage footprint (or coverage cell)
   •     A TRX is a single transmitter/receiver unit able to provide one single GSM
         frequency to the cell’s coverage footprint. Each cell has 1-12 TRXs
         depending on the capacity need.




4. april 2012
Typical user data rates


   LTE-
 Advanced                                                             30 – 300 Mbit/s


   LTE
                                                      5 – 60 Mbit/s


   HSPA
                                     1.0 – 5 Mbit/s


  3G basic
                150-350 kbit/s



              100 kbps           1 Mbps                 10 Mbps            100 Mbps
Target for the network evolution:
     All IP broadband network
Basic network interfaces
                              Fixed
                             network
                                                    Authentication

                                        Media       Subscriber
Core                                    Gateway     profiles       Charging      Service Platform
Network
                                                                 Intelligent Network
                                                    Core
                                                                        Packet
                                                  Transport             Switch     Internet
                                        Base                           Gateway
                                        Statio           Packet
                                        n                Switch
                                        Contro           Serving
Transport              Backhaul         l                 Node
Network



             Base station


Radio /                                                  network domain
Access
Network                                                          user domain




            Marie                Anne
Cost distribution in mobile networks

                 Core & Backbone network                    Transport network             Radio Access network

                                                                                              BTS
                      MSC          BSC
  ISP internet
  connection                                                                                BTS
                                                      Hub
                            Core
                                   Backbone network                                               Access network
                                                            m*E1              n*E1
                                                                                     E1       BTS
                      MGW
                                                                   Backhaul



CAPEX share for
greenfield voice                     30%                           20%                              50%
CAPEX share for
greenfield MBB                       10%                           45%                              45%

      4. april 2012
4. april 2012

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Mobile Networking

  • 1. Submitted By Name:- Manjot Singh Sandhu Branch:- CSE N1 5 april 2012 Roll No.:- 115313
  • 2. CONTENTS Why use How can indoor capacity be antennas? increased? How to avoid interference? What about the future? Why do we need so much spectrum? How to build a mobile network? 4. april 2012
  • 3. Radio access network evolution -The journey has just started 4. april 2012
  • 4. The future contains frequent Techno-strategic decisions 4. april 2012
  • 5. Ericsson: In 3 years network traffic has increased by a factor of 10… …and revenue increased by 35%... 4. april 2012
  • 6. Example of establishing a GSM radio network 4. april 2012
  • 7. The base stations (BTS) are distributed to give RADIO COVERAGE En 4. april 2012
  • 8. The base stations (BTS) are distributed to give RADIO COVERAGE – and Capacity En 4. april 2012
  • 9. Increased traffic drives cost Network cost Challenge! Start-up cost Phase 1: Coverage Phase 2: Capacity limited network limited network Requested traffic Smaller spectrum Larger spectrum 4. april 2012
  • 10. The challenge of mobile broadband $ COST Revenue Traffic
  • 11. With boosting data traffic there is a need for more frequent network updates than before Network cost LTE HSPA+ HSPA Basic 3G = Resulting network cost Traffic load 4. april 2012
  • 12. Limited spectrum drives cost! Example: Two operators with very different spectrum size •Country 1: 8,8MHz band ->44 channels – =>132 Erlang per base station – => 40 base stations needed to handle Area= 50km2 total traffic of 5190 Erlang Population= 1 M • Country 2: 4,4 MHz band -> 22 Subscribers= 346k 15 mErl/sub (*) channels Tot. traffic= 5190 Erl – =>29 Erlang per base station – => 179 base stations needed to handle total traffic of 5190 Erlang => Having only half of the spectrum can mean 4,5 times the cost. (*) Meaning that the average customer calls for 1,5% of the most busy hour of the day For illustration purpose only – the conclusions and calculations are simplified 4. april 2012
  • 13. Getting more spectrum essential for meeting future service demand Frequency spectrum for mobile communication Digital Dividend 3G (UMTS2100) CDMA Mobile broadband GSM900 GSM1800 extension band 500 MHz 1000 MHz 1500 MHz 2000 MHz 2500 MHz 3000 MHz 4. april 2012
  • 14. 3G in new frequency bands - refarming (WCDMA = UMTS/HSPA = 3G) (HSPA) In-Building coverage area for suburban terrain 4. april 2012 (Source: Nokia Siemens Networks & Elisa)
  • 15. Access to low frequency spectrum: -High impact on mobile broadband • Profitable coverage even outside the urban areas • Potential for saving 50-70% of site costs
  • 16. Digital Dividend band: A desire and a curse: Too little of something good can be bad! 800 MHz 2600 MHz 11% 800 MHz: Very attractive for coverage, but how to avoid traffic congestion if 89% of all users only have coverage from the 800 MHz system? => A fair amount of low-frequency spectrum per operator is a prerequisite.
  • 17. Network capacity is hard to predict Total Capacity 10 Mbit/s 7.5 Mbit/s 5 Mbit/s 2.5 Mbit/s 10 Mbit/s 1 Mbit/s 0.5 Mbit/s 5 Mbit/s 0.2 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s 0.05Mbit/s 0.5 Mbit/s 4. april 2012
  • 18. Growing need for indoor coverage systems • Urban building walls block 99% of the outdoor signal • Safe to re-use the same carriers indoors • Buildings with heavy data traffic: Use indoor antenna systems, WiFi or femtocells • Need fixed broadband lines to provide connection and offload mobile network
  • 20. -Is the path towards LTE evident? 4. april 2012
  • 21. -or will we need proper guidance? 4. april 2012
  • 22. LTE is defined for all relevant frequency bands Digital Dividend 3G (UMTS2100) CDMA Mobile WiMAX/ Fixed EDGE900 EDGE1800 Mob. 3G extension band WiMAX WiMAX 500 MHz 1000 MHz 1500 MHz 2000 MHz 2500 MHz 3000 MHz 3500 MHz LTE LTE LTE LTE LTE LTE LTEAdv. Low Frequency High Frequency Long range Short range 4. april 2012
  • 23. Evolution in site capacity from GSM to LTE - Downlink, sum of voice and data Disclaimer: Values should be taken as indicative. Performance will vary greatly with deployed solution, surrounding environment, terminal penetration and size of frequency spectrum. HSPA assumes 14,4 Mbps version. HSPA+ assumes 64QAM feature, not MIMO or Dual Carrier. Source: CONTEST, Telenor.
  • 24. Speed is not the motivation… Lower production cost per bit Cost per Mbyte 3G HSPA HSPA+ LTE … 4. april 2012 Source: NSN
  • 25. Competitive power -Determined by spectrum 10 2600 MHz 2600 20 800 MHz Fakecom LTE deployment strategy must be tuned to our relative ability to compete.
  • 27. Key take-aways • Convergence: Usage and interactions between mobile and fixed networks will continue to grow to ensure optimum service offerings • Cost curves: Mobile technologies are much less suited for flat-rate subscriptions than fixed broadband technologies • Hybrid networks: Operators need to utilize more than one mobile technology to secure cost-effective deployments • Mobile Broadband: Mobile networks keep offering higher data rates but within limited coverage range, especially indoor • Indoor coverage: Indoor mobile broadband users represent majority of the traffic and should to a larger extent be connected via indoor antenna solutions. • New spectrum: Mobile Broadband at low frequencies is a cost-effective solution for areas with lower population density, as long as a healthy traffic balance is maintained. 4. april 2012
  • 29. …and they expect coverage
  • 30. Thank you for your attention!
  • 32. Abbreviations BSC Base Station Controller IP Internet Protocol BSS Base Station Subsystem ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network BTS Base Transceiver Station ITU International Telecommunication Union CDMA Code Division Multiple Access IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunication CSD Circuit Switched Data MSC Mobile Switching Center CN Core Network PLMN Public Land Mobile Network D-AMPS Digital-Advanced Mobile Phone System PSK Phase Shift Keying (Modulation) EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network E-GPRS Enhanced - GPRS RNC Radio Network Controller ERAN EDGE Radio Access Network SCP Service Control Point ETSIEuropean Telecommunications SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node Standards Institute TDD Time Division Duplex FDD Frequency Division Duplex TDMA Time Division Multiple Access FDD-DS Frequency Division Duplex – UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications Direct Spread System FDD-MC Frequency Division Duplex - MultiCarrier UTRAN UMTS Terestrial Radio Access Network GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node VHE Virtual Home Environment GERAN GSM EDGE Radio Access Network VLR Visitor Location Register GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol (Modulation) WAP Wireless Application Protocol GPRS General Packet Radio System W-CDMA Wideband -CDMA GSM Global System for Mobile 2G 2nd Generation (mobile network) communication (2,5G GPRS) HLR april 2012 4. Home Location Register 3G 3rd Generation (mobile network) HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership
  • 33. Sites, BTSs and cells… • A SITE is the physical location of which a base station is placed. Includes all equipment put up by the operator (mast, antennas,cabin, base station rack etc.) • A BTS is the base transceiver station, normally just called base station, i.e. the cabinet(s) containing the 1-3 cells belonging to a site. • A NodeB is the term used for BTS in UMTS • A CELL is each uniquely identified GSM or UMTS capacity source in a BTS or NodeB, defined by its own coverage footprint (or coverage cell) • A TRX is a single transmitter/receiver unit able to provide one single GSM frequency to the cell’s coverage footprint. Each cell has 1-12 TRXs depending on the capacity need. 4. april 2012
  • 34. Typical user data rates LTE- Advanced 30 – 300 Mbit/s LTE 5 – 60 Mbit/s HSPA 1.0 – 5 Mbit/s 3G basic 150-350 kbit/s 100 kbps 1 Mbps 10 Mbps 100 Mbps
  • 35. Target for the network evolution: All IP broadband network
  • 36. Basic network interfaces Fixed network Authentication Media Subscriber Core Gateway profiles Charging Service Platform Network Intelligent Network Core Packet Transport Switch Internet Base Gateway Statio Packet n Switch Contro Serving Transport Backhaul l Node Network Base station Radio / network domain Access Network user domain Marie Anne
  • 37. Cost distribution in mobile networks Core & Backbone network Transport network Radio Access network BTS MSC BSC ISP internet connection BTS Hub Core Backbone network Access network m*E1 n*E1 E1 BTS MGW Backhaul CAPEX share for greenfield voice 30% 20% 50% CAPEX share for greenfield MBB 10% 45% 45% 4. april 2012

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. Put previous slide on secondary screens
  2. 15mErl (10%BH, 25days) => 225 AMPU