1. Structure of cereal grains and
legumes
Structure of kernel of
wheat,barley,rice,corn,oat,rye and
soybean

2. By :Er. Parimita
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
SAM HIGGINBOTOM INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY AND
SCIENCES,NAINI,ALLAHABAD,U.P.
INDIA

3. “grain,” one of many domesticated grasses in the
gramineae family. This includes staples such as
wheat, rye, oats, barley, millet, rice, and sorghum. All
grains “grain,” one of many domesticated grasses in the
gramineae family. This includes staples such as
wheat, rye, oats, barley, millet, rice, and sorghum. All
grains have the above anatomy:
“grain,” one of many domesticated grasses in the gramineae family. This
includes staples such as wheat, rye, oats, barley, millet, rice, and
sorghum. All grains have the above anatomy:

4. Kernel of wheat
Genus –triticum
There are 30,000 species
Kernel of wheat is usually1/8-1/4 inch long (3-7 mm)
Ovoid in shape,rounded in both ends

5. structure of kernel of wheat

6. Spike with florets barley cross section
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) major cereal grain. Important uses include
use as animal fodder, as a source of fermentable material for beer and
certain distilled beverages, and as a component of various health foods.
Whole grain barley is a healthy high-fiber, high-protein.When
cooked, barley has a chewy texture and nutty flavor. Its appearance
resembles wheat berries, although it is slightly lighter in color.Average
kernel length 7-10mm & width 2-4

7. Kernel of Maize
Maize ( Zea mays ) Maize is the most widely grown graincrop in the
Americas. The grains are about the size of peas, the starch found mainly
in the endosperm,comprises 70-72 % of the kernel

8. spike and kernel of oat
oat (Avena sativa)
While oats are suitable for human consumption as oatmealand rolled
oats, one of the most common uses is as livestock feed. Cultivation not
in india.
Spike And kernel Of Oat

9. Oat grains, as harvested, consist of highly
digestible groat (seed) held within an
indigestible hull(30%). Oats are generally
considered health food. The discovery of
cholesterol-lowering properties has led to
wider appreciation of oats as human food. Oat
kernel size is, however, inherently nonuniform
because of the multifloret habit of the oat
spikelet. Oat spikelets may contain one, two,
three, or more kernels. The outermost of
these, called the primary kernel, is the largest,
and mass decreases with higher orders of
kernels.average length:width ratio ranges from
3.63-4.29

10. Kernel of rice
Rice( Oryza sativa ) it is the most important staple food for a large part
of the world's human population. It is the grain with the second-highest
worldwide production, after maize(corn) seed is 5–12 mm (0.20–0.47 in)
long and 2–3 mm (0.079–0.12 in) thick.

11. rye grain
Rye (Secale cereale) Rye is grown primarily in Eastern, Central and Northern Europe.A
cereal grain originally from Asia that is mostly used to feed cattle. The rye grain
resembles a grain of wheat, while being longer and not as plump. Its sides are also
slightly compressed and it is Rye flour is suitable for making bread, but its gluten is
less elastic than the gluten in wheat and holds less moisture; rye bread does not rise
very much and is more dense and compact than wheat bread. It keeps for a longer
time, as it dries out more slowly.

12. stucture of rye kernel

13. Hydrated legume Seed & the Major Structures
Legume-fruit of plant in the family
Leguminosae.

14. structure of soyabean
soya bean (Glycine max) native to East Asia, widely grown for
its edible bean which has numerous uses. The plant is classed as
an oilseed rather than a pulse by the FAO.soybean products
such as textured vegetable protein (TVP),soy milk and tofu are
ingredients in many meat and dairy analoguesThe main
producers of soy are the United States (35%), Argentina
(27%), Brazil (19%), China (6%) and India (4%)

15. Soybean pod with purple flowers
The fruit is a hairy pod that grows in clusters of three to five, each pod is
3–8 cm long (1–3 in) and usually contains two to four (rarely
more) seeds 5–11 mm in diameter.Soybeans occur in various sizes, and in
many hull or seed coat colors, including black, brown, blue, yellow, green
and mottled.

16. Composition of grains and legumes
Grain Protein % Fat % Crude Ash % Starch % Total Carbohydr Moisture
fiber % sugars % ate %
%
Wheat 15.3 1.9 2.9 1.8 53.0 2.6 72.0 14.0
Barley 8-13 2-3 5.6 2-2.5 65.0 2-3 77.0 14.0
Corn 10.0 4.3 2.9 1.5 70-72 3.22 71.0 14.0
Oat 17.3 5.1 12.1 3.4 52.8 1.45 66.0 14.0
Brown 7.3 2.2 0.8 1.4 80 1.0 64.3 13
rice
Rye 8.7 1.5 2.2 1.8 75-76 0.5 72.3 14.0
Soybea 40.0 21 5.3 4.9 12-14 16.6 34.0 12.0
n

17. GLOSSARY
• Aleurone (Aleurone layer). The outermost cell layer of the endosperm, usually only one cell thick in
wheat and the only endosperm tissue alive at maturity. The cells of this layer are responsible for
the de-novo synthesis of enzymes needed at germination.
• Apex The tip of an organ.
• Awn A projection from the tip of the lemma
• Bran-outer layer-thin and papery.
• Brush A collection of hairs at the distal end of the wheat grain.
• Carpel The female part of the flower.
• Chaff is the dry, scaly protective casings of the seeds of cereal grain,
• Cross cells These cells are only found in grasses. They are formed from cells of the pericarp that
elongate transversely, lose their chlorophyll and become lignified. They lie between the tube
cells and the parenchyma of the pericarp.(fruit wall)
• Dicotyledon (with two seed leaf….which gives rise to first leaf)
• Embryo The basic plant present in the seed; composed of the embryonic axis (shoot end and root
end) and the scutellum.
• Endosperm A nutritive tissue, characteristic of flowering plants, which nourishes the embryo In
most plants it is a transient tissue absorbed by the embryo before maturity whereas in cereals and
grasses it contains storage reserves in the mature grain and is not absorbed until after germination.
• Epidermis The outermost protective cell layer of tissue, usually covered by a cuticle.( An extra-
cellular material secreted by plant cells that restricts water movement. It is composed of a fatty
substance called cutin.)

18. • funiculus The short stalk that joins the ovule to the carpel wall.
• Hilum The scar on a seed, such as a bean, indicating the point of attachment to the funiculus.
• Husk (or hull or chaff) is the outer shell or coating of a seed.
• Hypodermis The cell layer beneath the epidermis of the pericarp.
• Lemma The outer of two bracts surrounding each floret in a grass spikelet
• Mesocarp The middle layer of the pericarp, between the endocarp and the exocarp.
• Nucellus The central portion of the ovule, containing the embryo sac(The female gametophyte of a
seed plant, within which the embryo develops.), and surrounded by seed coat.
• Plumule-The bud of a young plant; the portion of the plant embryo giving rise to the first true
leaves, especially above the cotyledons.
• Radicle The part of a plant embryo that develops into the primary root.
• Scutellum Mobilize the stored food in endosperm and transmit them to the embryo while
germination
• Seed coat Deeply pigmented,gives grain its charecteristic colour.
• Tube cells Cells formed from the inner epidermis of the pericarp in which the cells elongate parallel
to the grain's long axis.