How to write a scientific paper

2. RReesseeaarrcchh aanndd PPuubblliiccaattiioonn
• “The world is just awesome” (Discovery)
• “Question Everything” (Discovery Science)
• "Dare to Explore". "Live Curious". "Think
again.“ (National Geographic)
• “Big ideas are nothing unless they're shared”
(BBC Knowledge)

3. TTiittllee
• Should be informative  it summarizes as
specifically, accurately, and concisely as possible
what the paper is about
• Should reflect the significance of the work
• Include information about the research subject
matter and the contribution of the paper
• Avoid the use of unnecessary words  “A recent
study on” and “Notes on…”
• One frequent mistake in the title is using
acronyms and initials

4. AAbbssttrraacctt
• A brief summary of the research and its
significance
• It is important because most readers will only
read the abstract to determine its relevance to
their research interests and to decide whether
they need to explore the entire paper
• The abstract also plays an important role as “the
first impression” to the editor and the reviewers.
 Thus, it deserves significant effort in polishing
and editing.

5. AAbbssttrraacctt
• A typical abstract should include:
– Background, Aim, Purpose  An introduction to the
research area and problem statement  To
determine, to examine, to describe, to review
– Setting*  Where the research was held at
– Materials and Methods  The general research
procedures and methods utilized
– Results  A highlight of research findings and results
– The expected significance in the field  Conclusion

6. AAbbssttrraacctt
• Avoid using words such as “for the first time”,
“new” and “novel” in the abstract and the title
because the research work may not be new;
therefore, it should be not be submitted for
publication
• Conclusion  High magnitude
• Use “may”, “maybe” and avoid “do”, “does”,
“is”, “are” in Conclusion

7. KKeeyywwoorrddss
• 5 or 6 words
• Allow others to see
• Use the most “searchable” words

8. IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn
• The highlight
• Through the introduction, readers develop
impressions about:
– Are you really an expert in the field and know
what you are doing/saying?
– Do you know the mainstream, evolution, and
challenges of the research field?
– Do you motivate yourself?

9. IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn
• Specify the research area
• The magnitude and importance of the study
• The purpose and benefit of the study
• The goal and contribution of the study
• Review the relevant knowledge and give
credit to previous works
• Point out the controversy or limitation in
previous studies

10. IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn
• Implicit sentences of the hypothesis
• The abbreviation

11. IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn
• An impressive introduction, for example, can
have the following strategy in writing:
– There is a technological obstacle: the present
study is aimed to overcome the barrier
– There is a phenomenon of fundamental interests:
the present study is to understand underlying
mechanisms.
– There is a controversy in previous theories: the
present study is aimed to prove or disapprove one
such theory

12. MMaatteerriiaallss aanndd MMeetthhooddss
• Setting  conducted
• Design
• Declare that all steps in the study ethically meet
Declaration of Helsinki and particular center ethical
council
• Clinical grading, definition or criterion
• Role, process and procedure of study  Who and How
• Specific material used  What
• Statistic analysis (test and software used) and
significance criterion

13. RReessuullttss
• Determines the merit of the work
• Presenting the data
• Informative Tables
• Informative Figures
• Statistic analysis
• Significance of analysis

14. FFiigguurree
• Tell what the figure is about
• Tell the highlight
• Explain what the general observations are
• Explain the significance by pointing out the
most important features in the figure
• Helping the audience to understand the value
of the information

15. DDiissccuussssiioonn
• Explain the result in detail
• Determines the “new founds” of the work 
to Whom, Where, When, Why its and How its
work, What its mean  “Its should be…” or
“its supposed to be…”
• It should flow smoothly by following the order
of the tables and figures under statistical
analysis
• Compared with previous studies

16. DDiissccuussssiioonn
• Be clear among common sense, clinical
significance and statistical significance
• Limitation of the study*
• Puts the results in the context of the
hypothesis in the Introduction
• Explain  What is really happen?
• What is the suggestion

17. WWoorrddss tthhoossee wwiiddeellyy uusseedd iinn ddiissccuussssiioonn
• Particularly
• Obviously
• Numerous
• Slightly
• Consecutively
• Respectively
• Successively
• Sequentially
• In accordance
• The concordance
• Interpreted
• Predominant
• Exceed
• Interestingly

18. AAvvooiiddeedd wwoorrddss
• Harmony
• Awesome
• Stunning
• Magnificent
• Wonderful
• Beautiful
• Majestic
• Astonishing
• Great
• Huge
• Amazing
• Marvelous
• Fabulous
• Gorgeous
• Lovable
• Adorable

19. AAcckknnoowwlleeddggmmeennttss:: EExxaammppllee
• The authors thank Prof Sjamsu Boediono MD,
Andika Prahasta MD PhD, Anang Tribowo MD
PhD, Apsari D Kusumastuti MD PhD, and
Andrew P Watts MD PhD for their support and
advice.

20. DDiisscclloossuurree:: EExxaammppllee
• The authors report no conflicts of interest in
this work.

21. RReeffeerreenncceess:: EExxaammppllee
1. Pardianto G, Moeloek N, Reveny J, Wage S, Satari I,
Sembiring R, Srisamran N (2013) Retinal thickness
changes after phacoemulsification. Clin Ophthalmol
7:2207–2214
2. Pardianto G. 2014’s MataPedia. 1st ed. Medan:
Perdana Publishing; 2014.
How to cite a source in the discussion is extremely
important to avoid plagiarism.

22. Remember
• Use proper and official English
• Use (for example): Medical School or School
of Medicine

23. TThhee mmaannuussccrriipptt
• Submit your paper to any international
accredited meeting
• Submit your paper to any PubMed, NLM and NIH
indexed International Journal
• It is not just about your self actuality
• It is not just for institution
• It is about the idea and inspiration
• Make your work matters
• Make your own legacy
• Make it everlasting

24. LLaasstt qquuootteess
• "I know that I know nothing“, or "I know one
thing: that I know nothing“, or “Ipse se nihil
scire id unum sciat”, or “Scio me nihil scire“, or
“Scio me nescire“. (Socrates)
• “In the end only kindness matters”. (Jewel)

25. www.slideshare.net/pardianto
www.gedepardianto.blogspot.com
#SpiritToGive