SELP JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE Selp issue 14 privious issue

Vol . IV : Issue. 14

ISSN:0975-9999

RETAINED EARNINGS OF INFOSYS TECHNOLOGIES LTD
Dr.M.Ragupathi,
Assistant Professor,
PG & Research Department of Commerce, Govt. Arts College (Autonomous), Salem – 636 007.

B.Arthi,
Assistant Professor of Commerce,
Kongu College of Arts & Science, Karur – 6

ABSTRACT
Retained earnings represent an encumbered source of funds available to finance the firm’s
expansion or improvement. This paper concentrates on the pattern of corporate earnings retained
by Infosys Technologies Ltd., in India during the period 2000 to 2011.The study reveals that
Infosys had retained major portion of earnings during the above stated period. The distribution
of earnings between retention of income and declaration of dividend. Correlation Co-efficient
results reveal the relationship between REPS & EBIT, REPS & DPS are significant. Multiple
Regression shows the variation in the market price of Infosys by the variables namely Dividend
and retained earnings. The variability in the retention amount by Infosys on the earnings has
been presented with the help of ANOVA.

Key Words: EBIT, EPS, MPS, DPS, REPS.
Introduction
a stable dividend policy as well as to increase
the level of the market price of shares.

Retained earnings are one of the sources
of funds available to a company. The funds
retained every year enables a company to
under take capital expenditure. Retained
earnings are relatively cheaper and as such
companies prefer to retain the earnings. The
level of retained earnings of a company is
mainly influenced by the level of earnings,
taxation policy of the Government, the need
to fund for investment and the dividend policy
followed. The amount of earnings retained
enables a company to meet the requirement
of funds when it finds difficult to raise the
funds from the capital market and to maintain
SELP Journal of Social Science

Profile of Infosys Technologies
Infosys was founded on July 2, 1981 by
N.R. Narayan Murthy .In 1987 Infosys got
its fir st for eign client, Da ta Basics
Corporation from the United States and
opened its first office in the USA. In 1993,
Infosys became a public limited company and
successfully completed an IPO in India.. In
1999, Infosys crossed $100 Million in annual
revenue and was listed on NASDAQ. In the
same year Infosys opened offices in Germany,
Sweden, Belgium, and Australia. In 2000,
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Infosys cr ossed $200 Million in annual
revenue. In 2004, Infosys crossed US $1
Billion in annual revenue. In 2006,

generation of earnings. Efficient utilization
of funds results in favorable earnings over a
period of time change. The earnings over a
period of time change. Declaration of the
high percentage of dividend leaves only a
little profit to be played back. Apart from the
phenomenon of generation of earnings, the
patter n of distr ibution of ear nings is
important.

Infosys completed 25 year s of its
existence and its revenues crossed $ 2 billion.
Today Inf osys has mor e than 50,000
employees and has presence in more than 20
countries across the world. Its corporate
headquarters is in Bangalore. Infosys follows
the highest standards of corporate governance.
No relative of the founders is eligible to work
at Infosys and all the employees including
founders is to retire at the age of 60.

What is p atter n of distr ibution of
Corporate earnings?
What is the proportion of corporate
ear nings allocated towards retention of
income and declaration of dividend?

Major Achievements of Infosys
First Indian company to be listed on
NASDAQ

What are the determinants influencing the
amount of retention decision?

The first company to be awarded the
“National Award for Excellence in Corporate
Governance” conferred by the Government of
India in 2000.

What is the behaviour of cor porate
retention income, when there are fluctuations
in and it is to be analysed.
What is the impact of dividend and
retained earnings on the market price?

Rated Best Employer of India in a study
by Business Today-Hewitt Associates in 2001.

While allocating the corporate profit,
firms may decide either to retain them or to
meet their growth needs or to pay out them
to the shareholders as dividends.

First rank in the Business World’s survey
of “India’s Most Respected Company” in
2002.
Today, Infosys is a global leader in the
“next generation” of IT and consulting with
revenues of over US$ 4 billion Infosys has a
Global footprint with over 50 offices and
development center s in India, China,
Australia, the Czech Republic, Poland, the
UK, Canada and Japan.

Objectives
The objectives of the study are as follows:
To analyse the distribution pattern of
earnings between retention of income and
declaration of dividend.
To determine the relationship between
earnings, retained earnings and dividend.

Infosys has been voted the’ Most Admired
Indian Company’ in The Wall Street Journal Asia
200 for 10years in a row since 2000.

To analyse the effect of retention income
and dividend on the market price of Infosys.
To study the Variability in the level of
earnings retained by Infosys during the stated
years.

Statement of the problem
A company generates earnings with
the internal and external funds. These sources
of funds form the basis for investment and

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Selection of sample

Table 5.2 – Relationship Between the

Infosys is one of the reputed software
company and the sample has been selected on
the basis of convenience random sampling of
the researcher. An attempt has been made to
analyse the retention behaviour of Infosys.

Variables EBIT, EPS, MPS & DPS On
REPS : Correlation Co – efficient & ‘ t ’
test
The table 5.2 indicates the relationship
between Variables EBIT, EPS, MPS & DPS
on REPS. The correlation coefficient shows

Statistical Tools
Appropriate statistical tools are used
in the study. The data collected for the study
have been analyzed by making use of
Arithmetic mean, Standard Deviation, Coefficient of variation, Correlation co-efficient,
t- test, Multiple Regression and ANOVA.

that there exists negative correlation among
the variables on REPS. The results of ‘ t ’
test reveal that relationship between REPS
& MPS, REPS & EPS is insignificant. The
computed value for the variables REPS &
EBIT, REPS & DPS is less than table value.
Hence there exist a significant relationship
between REPS & EBIT, REPS & DPS.

Analysis And Interpretation

Table 5.3 – Effect of Retained earnings
and Dividend on Market price of Infosys
: Multiple Regression

Source : Capitaline Database
The table 5.1 indicates the performance of
EPS, DPS and REPS of Infosys during the
period from 2001 – 2011. The earnings were
higher du r ing 2004 and lower dur ing
2008.DPS r anged between R s.20 and
Rs.258.84. The retention income increased but
gradually reduced in subsequent years. During
the years 2004,2006 and 2011 earnings have
not been retained by Infosys and it shows a
negative amount during those years.

The table 5.3 reveals the effect of retained
earnings and dividend on the market price of
the share. Multiple Regression is employed
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variations in the earnings retained by Infosys,
ANOVA is carried out. It can be seen from
the table the computed value of ‘F’ is greater
than the table value of ‘F’ @ 5% level. The
null hypothesis is rejected. It is inferred that
there are variations in the earnings retained
by Infosys among different years.

to determine the variability in the market price
of Infosys.
·
Regression Equation = 3237.697 –
14.810 X1 – 22.300 X2. The equation shows
the variability in the market price by the
variables retained earnings and dividend.
·
Regression statistics show R 2 =
0.3061. This means that 30.61% of variation
in the market price of Infosys shares by REPS
& DPS.

Findings:
From the table 5.1 reveals the distribution
of earnings between retention and dividend
declaration. During the years 2004, 2006 and
2011 earnings have not been retained by
Infosys and it shows a negative amount
during those years. The table 1.5.2 indicates
the relationship between Variables EBIT,
EPS, MPS & DPS on REPS. Correlation coefficient was employed to determine the
r elationship among the var ia bles. T he
computed value for the variables REPS &
EBIT, REPS & DPS is less than table value.
Hence there exist a significant relationship
between REPS & EBIT, REPS & DPS.

·
In ANOVA, the computed ‘F’ value
is 1.7648 and table value for F (2,8) for 5% =
4.4590. The computed value is less than Table
value.
Table 5.4 – Variability in Retained earnings
: One – Way ANOVA

The table 5.3 reveals the effect of retained
earnings and dividend on market price of the
share. Multiple Regression is employed to
determine the variability in the market price
of Infosys. Regression statistics show R 2 =
0.3061. This means that 30.61% of variation
in the market price of Infosys shares by REPS
& DPS. Table 1.5.4 shows the variability in
REPS. It can be seen from the table the
computed value of ‘F’ is greater than the table
value of ‘F’ @ 5% level. The null hypothesis
is r ejected. It is infer red that there are

Ho: There is no variations in the
earnings retained by the Company among
different years.
Table 5.4 shows the variability in REPS.
In or der to determine whether there is

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variations in the earnings retained by Infosys
among different years.

Software industry. The decision of allocation
towards the corporate retention is influenced
by many variables but the dividend decision
influences the most.

Suggestions:
·
Fur ther study can be made by
compar ing the pr actices of cor por ate
retention income in Indian Corporates and
foreign corporate.

References
1.Dobrovolsky, “The relationship between
retained earnings and common stock prices
of large listed corportations”, The Journal of
Finance, Vol.VIII, No.3, pp 283-297.

·
Also Retention income allocation can
be studied for the entire sector in Indian
Companies.

2. Dr.Mittal R.K. (1992), “ Determinants
of Corporate retained earnings”, Indian
Manaement, Vol.31, No.3 June 1992, pp 3538.

·
Retention income can be studied in
different sectors among differ ent years.
Cross-sectional study of corporate retained
ear nings in var ious industr ies can be
compared.

3.Kuchaal, S.C. (1996) Cor por ation
Finance – Principles and problems, Chaitanya
Publishing House, Allahabad.

Conclusion:

4. Pandey, I.M (2005), F inancial
Management, Vikas Publishing House Pvt
Ltd., New Delhi.

T his paper attempt to ana lyse the
corporate retained earnings of the selected
sample Infosys. The result is not applicable
for all cor por ate in softwar e Industry.
Retained earnings differ significantly among
different year s. Ear nings retention is a
symbol of gr owth indicating futur e
investment oppor tunities. T her e exist
variations in the market price by the variables
namely retained earnings and dividend. The
present study is an attempt to analyse the
Corporate retained earnings of Infosys in

5.P.V.Kulkarni&S.P.Kulkarini(1992)Corporate
Finance – Principles & Problems, HPH,
Mumbai
6. www.bse.com
7. www.infosys.com
8. www.ask.com
9. www. Searchindia.com

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devoted to education and research with the ISBN and published 20 educational books
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN THROUGH
SELF HELP GROUPS
Brinda Rani Doss
Part-Time Ph.D Scholar
Department of Commerce, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar

ABSTRACT
Women empowerment is not a northern concept. Women all over the world, including countries
in the south have been challenging and changing gender inequalities. These struggles have been
supported by many men who have been outraged at injustices against women and consequences
on the society.

Key words : Women empowerment, harmonious growth, social and economic status
Introduction

Self-Help Group concept

Women are an integr al part of every
economy. All r ound development and
harmonious growth of a nation would be
possible only when women are considered
equal par tner s in pr ogr ess with men.
However, in most developing countries,
women have a low social and economic status.
In such countries effective empowerment of
women is essential to harness the women
labour in the main stream of economic
development.

The women Self Help Groups (SHGs) is
an informal organization of homogeneous
poor women which means that the women in
the group should be living in poor socioeconomic conditions and they should be from
same class or category and place.
The women led SHGs have successfully
demonstrated how to mobilize and manage
thrift, appraise credit needs and enforce
financial discipline. The study of self help
groups reveals the effectiveness of these
gr oups with linkage pr ogr ammed and
awareness among the rural folk about the
significance of women empowerment and
rural credit.

There is growing awareness that very poor
people ar e r eady and willing to pull
themselves out of poverty if given access to
basic economic inputs. The ‘E’ components,
referring to education, employment in so for
as the Indian women are concerned and their
over all
upliftment
and
economic
independence through income generating
activities.

Empowerment of women
Empowerment is something
to do with getting power, also sharing he
power and remaining in power, exercising
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programme through two indicators. The
women and their family income as an
important indicator of success apart from the
impr ovement in hygiene, sa nitation,
education of children and community health.
At the community level, the ability of women
to take active par t in var ious social
development activities was considered to be
the most important indicator of success.

power and controlling power leading to a
democratic and inclusive growth. It is not
just financial independence, nor access to
education, or sexual freedom, or control over
reproduction, but a combination of increasing
heir social, political, economic and spiritual
strength both individually and collectively
removing the obstacles that penalized and
prevented women from being integrated into
their r esp ective societies f r om being
subor dina te, marginalized depr ived
oppressed, suppressed and victimized.

Economic empowerment
Global financial insecurity studies
shown that women experience higher rates
of unemployment, poverty, violence and an
increasing lack of control over economic and
financial r esour ces. T he cr isis has
highlightened the need for philanthropic
organizations and individuals to do more to
fund women’s human rights groups and
provide the necessary resources to build and
sustain women’s movements.

In developing countries like India the
contribution of women to economic status is
now accepted as an indicator of the society’s
level of development. Surprisingly it has been
obser ved in India ha Indian women are
experiencing rapid transformation in the
nature and type of family, work and society.
Women empowerment involves the building
up of a society, a political environment,
wherein women can breathe without the fear
of oppression, exploitation, apprehension,
discr imina tion and gener al f eeling of
persecution. Deepa Narayan in her edited
book ‘Mea sur ing Empower ment’ says
“Empowerment as the expansion of assets and
capabilities of poor people to participate in,
negotiate with, influence control and hold
accountable institutions that affect their
lives”.

Political empowerment
SHGs have been instrumental in
empowering grass root women in several
areas. Evidences from different regions
revealed that there are positive improvements
realized in terms of all the group members
becoming liter ate, mitigating village
disputes, improving health and education of
children and keep the village roads clean,
giving exposure to all the members of the
group to carry on the bank’s transactions.
Women have gained technical skills and
basic principles of management and group
building.

Social empowerment
In rural areas particularly among
weaker sections of the society, women are
illiter at e and suppr essed.
Social
empowerment should focus on the following
aspects like drudgery reduction, gender
sensitization and capacity building. The
participation of women and the communities
have r ecognized the success of the

Conclusion
As one half of the population consists
of women, their contribution towards the
economic development counts a lot.
Strengthening women economically is the
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need of the hour. Providing mere cash subsidy
or bank credit is not sufficient. The ultimate
factual requirement is empowerment – in all
aspects in order to be liberated as human
beings, gain their rightful place in the society
and live with dignity and pride on par with
men.

2. V.S. Ganesamurthy, ‘Empowerment
of women in India: Social, Economic and
Political’, 2008, New Century Publications,
New Delhi. Pp. 35-38.
3. Joel Edwinraj. D, ‘Microfinance to
Rural Poor through Self-Help Groups’ cooperative perspective, Vol.41, April-March,
2007.

References

4. Dr. A. Subbiah and M. Selvakumar,
‘Self Help Groups and Rural Development’,
Third concept, November 2006, pp. 27-29.

1. Singh B.K. ‘Women Empowerment
thr ough s elf-help gr oups, Adhyayan
Publishers & Distributors, 2006, Delhi.

RESEARCH EXPLORER
(A refereed Bi Annual International Research Journal on multidisciplinary)
ISSN: 2250-1940
Articles are invited from the academician, research scholars and subject experts
for the next issue of the RESEARCH EXPLORER (January - April 2013) which will be
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original research in all branches of Commerce, Business Management and other
cognate branches of sufficient relevance. The manuscripts should be submitted
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To facilitate an editorial decision on the acceptability, or otherwise, of their
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Review/Strategy/Case study etc should be comprehensive, up-to-date and
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THE ROLE OF TEACHERS IN EDUCATION
Dr.M.Syed Meera Lebbai,
Associate Professor in Commerce,

H.K.R.H. College (A Grade) Uthamapalayam- 625 533. Theni District.
ABSTRACT
The society should recognize that teaching is a serious profession and it demands considerable
time and effort. The teaching talent is to be identified as early as possible and is to be fostered.
A special recognition needs to be given to teachers for which evaluation yardsticks have to be
evolved. It is to be realized that anybody and everybody cannot be a teacher. Also, it is to be
noted that there are no set procedures and benchmarks to evaluate the teaching methods. A lot of
changes had been taking place in the educational sphere. The change that took place was not
final and complete. Many more changes were going to happen, particularly owing to gobalisation.
Hence, the educationist should keep an eye on the developments and take steps based on the
requirement

Key words: teaching talent, socialistic democracy society, misleadingly generic term
Introduction

excellent job. Teaching almost always
involves a commitment of a personal kind
which may not be perhaps the same in any
two instances. To be really a good teacher is
not an easy thing. Teaching is a form of selfexpression and requires constant interaction
of a difficult sort. First of all, one must
possess personality traits such as servicemindedness, patience, positive self-regard,
sympathy, self-confidence and value needs
such as novelty, creativity, variety and the
like. A significant fact little appreciated by
most people is that an effective teacher has
to work at it all the time. This means not only
long working hours but also a constant thrust
for finding ways and means to improve all
the aspects of his functioning. No teacher can
afford to be complacent; he must keep

“Education” according to Horace
Mann’s assertion, “would become the great
equalizer and it is the single potent instrument
to promote the goal of socialistic democracy
society”. Education has become much more
complex what with a flury of institutions from
both inland and foreign comparing with one
another to the cream of young talent. In a
globalised scenario the institutions and trying
to diversify their courses into micro level
specifications to attract more students under
this influence education of become more of a
business than service.
Teaching as an Occupation
Teaching is an extremely demanding
profession and perhaps a few teachers do an

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himself abreast and always strive to update
himself. However, it should not be forgotten
that teachers are also human and subject to
the limitations of all human beings. Not many
individuals possess the ideal combination of
personality traits, attitudes, dedication and
imagination that lead to excellence in
teaching. What most people fail to
acknowledge is that teaching is mor e
demanding a pr ofession than any other.
Successful teaching can never be based
exclusively on gadgets, specific techniques,
and the like. It is true that teachers can
enor mously pr ofit and impr ove their
functioning by purposefully using all the
innovations available but technology by itself
leaves teaching hollow. Teaching should be
approached from a teaching point of view;
there is no teaching without learning like
there is no selling without buying. Actually
learning can take place, and in fact, it does
occur, in a significant manner without either
the teacher or the classroom. What is implied
in the context of teaching perhaps is that the
learning situation is structured. And the
teacher is largely responsible for structuring
it. Learning in this context is learning that
takes place in a structured situation called the
classroom. Structuring the situation implies
goals or objectives which are to be achieved.

pleasures he can enjoy, but in the deep
satisfaction he feels in watching his pupils
grow in the understanding of them and of
the world. Teaching like other occupation
has both positive and negative aspects.
Basically, how an individual views his job
depends up on his attitudes, inter ests,
expectations and values. An aspect believed
to be important or an advantage by one
individu al may be per ceived as a
disadvantage by another under different
circumstances.
Professional Needs of Teachers
The first and foremost professional
need is that the teacher is constantly striving
to update his knowledge and skills. The need
for this is obvious. Scientific endeavour is
an ongoing process. The ever increasing
knowledge and under standing of the
phenomena of the world are most fascinating
and exciting. Correspondingly there is the
technological advancement. The needs of the
contemporary society are significantly more
complex if not different from those of the
earlier times; Education has to be responsive
to this. It is not enough if it meets societies’
requirements, education has to prepare for
change and innovate these changes in a
systematically predictable way. So a teacher
cannot be good if he is wanting in the
knowledge and if there are serious gaps in it.

To a thoughtful young person, who
desir es to invest his life in something
worthwhile in a calling where he can make
real contribution to the lives of people and in
enhancing the quality of their lives, teaching
offers an unequalled opportunity and an
exciting challenge. No other profession,
perhaps, can provide an individual with
deeper per sonal satisfactions. T he r eal
rewards of a true teacher are not in the
material things he can acquire or the physical

The Role of the Teacher in Guidance
A number of students completing the
secondary school desire to prosecute their
studies further. In our country the secondary
school stage is a delta stage and the pupils
may opt to join either junior polytechnics
which offer training in different trades or the
junior colleges which offer pr e-degree
courses. Pupils aspiring to pursue technical
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and professional courses also have to join the
junior colleges. Other students may, for a
variety of reasons, not join any college. They
may seek employment. Guidance services at
this juncture (at the school leaving stage) are
most desired but we do not have in our schools
any facilities to provide the pupils with the
necessary guidance to enable them plan their
future. During the Colonial period or preindependence days there wer e ver y few
institutions of higher learning and institutions
offer ing pr ofessional cour s es. After
independence the demand for opportunities
for higher education has been growing at an
unprecedented rate. Consequently, a very
large number of institutions to provide higher
learning have been opened. Similarly a very
large number of technical and professional
institutional institutions have also been
opened. Notwithstanding this phenomenal
increase in the avenues to higher education
there is an insatiable demand. The pupils on
their part do not know much about themselves
or the demands of higher education of
professional or technical education. T h e
inter-r elation between guidance and
instr uction in the educational pr ocess
underlines the key role of the teacher. The
teacher creates an atmosphere congenial for
learning in the classroom. He is uniquely
responsible for the climate of learning in the
classroom in which each pupil is given a fair
oppor tunity and assistance for per sonal
development. T he school as a social
institution is conceived as the proper setting
for learning experiences and everything which
promotes and helps the process is the real
concern of the teacher. In this sense, teachers
affect the lives of the pupils by helping the
blossoming of their per sonalities. T he
influence of the teacher thus goes beyond the

classroom. The teacher has to accept each
pupil as he is with all his strengths and
weaknesses. He should sympathetically help
the pupil improve in the area in which he
needs impr ovement. The teacher in the
classroom have many opportunities to help
pupils understand and accept themselves and
to aid them in identifying their life goals. This
is also an important aim of guidance. Thus,
the teacher plays a significant r ole in
guidance. He influences the attitudes and
feelings of the pupils which contribute to
their making choices on t heir own
independently of other help.
The basic guidance function is achieved
by the use of both formal methods involving
tests, cumulative records and the like and
informal methods based upon observations
of the pupils in the classroom setting and in
other settings outside the classroom. The
teacher learns about the pupils as he examines
their performance in both oral and written
work. The teacher can also observe the
hobbies and the interests of the pupils as an
aid to motivation. Observations of pupil
behaviour made systematically through the
use of anecdotal records provide a rich source
of information for studying pupils. The
teacher in the elementary school is in a
position of great strategic importance for
studying young pupils. He sees them in many
differ ent situations and ha s sever al
opportunities for contacts with their parents
and obtains necessary information to help his
understanding of the concerned pupils.
The teacher will have number of
oppor tunities for obser ving individual
differences which are essential aspects of any
meaningful educational experience to be
provided to pupils. Failure to recognize
differences in readiness in the early years of
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school life may contribute to major problems
such as under-achievement, dropouts and
delinquencies. When children have preschool education the teachers have greater
opportunities to study levels of maturity
through observations, meeting parents and
discussing the pr oblems and studying
developmental records of the children. If the
children had no pre-school education the
teacher must provide more formal learning
experiences for the children who enter school
for the first time. When reading readiness
scores of pupils are available the teachers
have some objective evidence of pupils’
individual differ ences. T his is often
inter pr eted though not justifiably as a
measure of general mental maturity. There is
a need to provide a learning situation in which
the student can find the satisfaction which
will lead to more learning. Readiness for
lear ning, we have emphasized befor e,
depends upon physical and mental factors as
well as on situational factors and the selfsystem of the pupils. For any effective
learning to occur, the pupil must see what is
to be learned as meaningful and useful as it
is related to his needs, goals and self-concept.
The teacher must determine each student’s
readiness for learning and how the student
sees himself. He will also do well to see how
the individual pupil’s needs are being met.

only thr ough establishing rapport. T he
classroom climate which is really conducive
to learning is also conducive to establishing
rapport. However, the teacher cannot be all
things to all students. This must be very
clearly understood by the teacher himself. He
must be able to understand his limitation and
use referral procedures whenever the need
for such arises. The teacher’s counseling role
is not a therapeutic one. In this sense, it
differs from the guidance worker ’s or the
counsellor’s role. However, the teacher can
help pupils in making mor e effective
personal and social adjustments. When the
teacher is not able to do this he should refer
the child to the school counsellor.
Counsellors can serve as consultants to
teachers, thus, providing service in the area
of r efer r al cases. T he teacher besides
studying pupils and counselling them has
other guidance responsibilities. He has to
study his group (class) to discover the
dynamics which are operating in the class in
order to improve communication, to utilize
desirable areas of influence and to relieve
pressures. The teachers also will have to
work with parents in helping to promote
cooperative relationships which will enhance
both school and home efforts to contribute
effectively to each student’s development.

The Teacher Counsels

The educational system is a keystone
to the whole social structure. Only when it
functions properly can all other institutions
function to serve the needs of the society.
Most under developed and developing
countries are beset with several problems. Of
crucial nature because of lack of proper
educational systems suited to their sociocultural ethos. Education cannot afford to

Conclusion

T he tea cher in the classr oom
obviously has the primary role of instruction
which will be incomplete and inefficient if
he were not to function as a counselor. The
teacher thus has a dual role to play. He has to
teach, i.e., help the pupil understanding and
make the pupils learn for themselves through
understanding themselves. This is possible

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9. Barth R.S. (1988) Principal, Teachers
and School Leadership. P.H. Delta Kappan
69 (9).

remain static if it is to serve as a prime shaper
of human destiny. Greater efficiency in
teaching and improving learning efficiency
are of great concern to all. Education is too
important to social welfare and national
progress that none can afford to be indifferent
in functioning. True learning should spark
off creativity of an individual. If the teachers
gently kindled this spark in the students, we
could expect that a creative generation would
emerge. This was precisely the need of the
hour when particularly the country was
looked upon as a ‘knowledge power of the
wor ld’ and a ‘knowledge out sour cing
station’..

10. Bats J.A. (1979) Extrinsic Reward
and Intrinsic Motivation, a Review with
Implications for the Classroom, Review of
Education Research, 49.
11. Campell, D.N. (1974) On being
number one. Competition in Education, Phi.
– Delta kappan.
12. Davis, R.H. Alexander, L.T. and S.L.
Yelon (1974) Learning Systems Design to the
Improvement of Instruction Mc Craw – Hill.
13. Far nham – Diggor y, S. (1972)
Cognitive Process in Education, New York,
Harper and Raw.

References
1. Ahman, J.S., M.D. Glock, (1971)
Evaluating Pupil Growth: Pr inciples of
Measurement, 4th ed. Boston, Mass: Allen and
Bacon Inc.,

14. Ferguson,G.A (1954) On Learning
and Human ability, Canadian Journal of
Psychology, 8.
15. Human Development and Education,
(1953) New York Longmans Green.

2. Alexander, E.D. (1964) The Marking
System and Poor Achievement, The Teachers
College Journal, 36.

16. Jackson P.W ( 1968) Life in
classroom, New York, Hilt, Rinehart &
Winston.

3. Allen, W. (1975) Intellectual Abilities
and Instructional Media Design, A.V.C.R, 23.

17. Kingdon, Geeta and Muzammil, M.
(2003) Political Economy of Education in
India, New Delhi.

4. Allinsmith, W. and G.W. Goethalas
(1962) The Role of Schools in Mental Health,
New York, Basic Books.

18. Richmond, W.K. (1971) The School
Curriculum, London, Macmillan & Co.

5. Anderson, R.C. (1970) Control of
Student Mediating Process during Verbal
Lear ning and Instr uction Review of
Education Research, 1970.

19. The Hindu (2007). “Teachers have a
vital role to play” March 27, p.g 2.
20. T he Hindu (20 07). “Guiding
Students” April 18.

6. Arch, M.S. (1949) Social Origins of
Educations Systems London, Sage.

21. The Hindu (2007). “The Challenges
for the modern day teachers” Education Plus.
August 27.

7. Armsey, J., and N.Dhal (1973) An
Inquir y in to the uses of Instr uctional
technology, New York, Ford foundation.
8. Bany, M.A. and L.V. Johnson (1975)
Educational Social Psychology, New York, Macmillan.

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A STUDY ON THE OPINION OF THE WOMEN STUDENTS ABOUT
COPING WITH THE PROBLEM OF STI IN FUTURE.
Dr.M.Jeyarathnam,
Director/Professor/Head

Dr.Kamalaveni,
Project Fellow,
Department of Women’s Studies, Bharathiar University,Coimbatore

ABSTRACT
Lack of awareness about symptoms, effects, risks, curability of STIs and availability of STI
services are the causes for the sad state of affairs. Awareness of disease and symptoms is essential
as it helps in seeking healthcare at an appropriate time and reduce medical expenses said Madras
Medical College Dean. The recent studies observes that STI transmission rate in some population
groups in India is increasing at very fast rate as in other countries due to various reasons.
Hence the present study reveals the opinion of women student about coping with the problem of
STI in future.

Key Words: Adolescence, symptoms, STI transmission, emotional development
Introduction
people aged 12-24 years, nearly 30% of all
Adolescence is defined as the period
youth live in developing countries. Young
between 10 and 19years and youth is defined
people represent 30% of India’s population.
as the period between 15-24 years and ‘young
Young people’s poor access to reproductive
people’ is a ter m used to r efer to both
and sexual health services and information,
adolescence and youth. Adolescence is a
increasing trend in violence and sexual abuse
per iod of r apid physical, mental and
pose a tremendous challenge for addressing
emotional development with impr oved
their development and health especially
nutrition and standard of living. Young people
reproductive and sexual health. The Cairo
are maturing physically much earlier than in
Conference, 1994 placed great emphasis on
previous generations. Adolescents in South
these concerns, and the needs of young
Asian region comprise over one fifth of South
people and the reproductive aspects of young
Asia’s population and young people constitute
people gained attention which was ignored
31% of the total population. South Asian
till then.
region is home of about 350 million young

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International Conference on Population
and Development, Cairo, 1994 has defined
reproductive health as “a state of complete
physical, mental and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
in all matters relating to the reproductive
system and its functions and process”. The
Center for Disease Control (CDC), states that
women have higher rates of STIs overall, and
women and infants are most commonly
affected by the long term consequences of
these infections, particularly young women
are highly vulnerable to STIs. World Health
Organization (1995) report states that there
are an estimated 333 million new cases of
curable STIs. Every year the burden of STIs
in women is more than five times that of men.
The most common of the curable STIs are
gonor r hea , syphilis, chlamydia, and
tr ichomoniasis. Sexually tr ansmitted
infections constitute a significant health
bur den and incr ease the r is ks of HIV
transmission. Sexually transmitted infections
continue to take an enormous toll on health,
particularly on women’s reproductive health.

young people experiment with sex, drugs,
alcohol and tobacco. Apart from HIV risk
connected with sharing of needles, it is
known that alcohol and other drugs affect
sexual behaviour and increase the risk of
being infected with other STIs among young
people. In addition they also have a chance
of being exposed to the peer groups with
different values from those of their parents.
Objective
To study the opinion of the women
students about coping with the problem of
STI in future.
Methodology
The present study is descriptive in nature
and based on survey method. The study
involves both primary and secondary data.
The women students were asked nine
questions that make clear understanding of
coping with STI service in infected situation.
T he scor es for var iables given in the
interview schedule were computed and the
total score of all respondents were calculated
and pr esented. The scor es for the nine
variables are as follows.

The lives of young people today are
different from those of previous generations.
Young people today live with moder n
facilities such as internet, television, and
mobile services which offers many kind of
entertainment, including those that promote
unhealthy behaviour. Movies, T.Vserials and
magazines offer approaches to sexuality
which leads young people to adopt risky
activities. Alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drug
use are common throughout India. Therefore

Always
5

Frequently
4

Rarely
2

Occasionally
3

Never
1

The maximum score for each respondent
in the dimension of study is 45 and the
minimum score is 9. The total score for nine
variables given in the interview schedule
were computed and the total score of all
respondents are shown in table.
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Increase the number of STI Clinics
No of STI clinic should be increased with
wide publicity and youth friendly Centers should
be encouraged to bring out healthy generation.
The clinics may be set up at Block level.
It is suggested that there is a clear need for
educational programmes to address issues of
gender power relations, promote communication
skills, informed choice and sexual responsibility
among boys as well as girls.
Reference
1. United Nations 2001, Wor ld
Population Prospect –The 2000 Revision.
Volume II. The sex and age distribution of
the world population New York United
Nations.

Table 1 Coping with STI-Opinion of
Respondents

2. United Nations 1994. Programme of
Action of the International Conference on
Population and Development. New York:
United Nations, Chapter 7, paragraphs 7.2
and 7.3

It is understood from the table, that getting
the health professionals assistance is first
pr efer ence of the r espondent s as this
component has the highest scor e of
3630(73%). Sharing the problem and getting
advice from their confidante is the next
preference as this component has got a score
of 3305(66.5%). Visiting hospitals, going to
STI clinics and consulting parents about STI
services are the other means to cope with STI
as these components have the scor e of
3437(64.1 %), 3023(60.8%), and 3051
(61.3%) respectively. The women students
who would ignore the symptoms of STI is low
as the scor e of 1432 (28.8% ) for the
component is the least. Though the least
per centage28.8% and scor e of 1432 is
appreciable, there is an urgent need to educate
them about STI and its effects.

3. Brien O.J. 2009 Encyclopedia of
Gender and Society. California pp777.
4. World Health Organization.1995.
Sexually Tr ansmitted diseas es: T hr ee
hundred and thirty million new, curable cases
in 1995. Press release, WHO/64, 25 August.
5. Joseph,A.,J.
Pr asad
and
Abraham.S.2003, “Gynaecological problems
among young married women in Tamil Nadu,
India,” in Towards Adulthood: Exploring the
Sexual and Repr oductive H ealth of
Adolescents in South Asia, ed.S.Bott et al.
Geneva: World Health Organization, pp.
138-141.

Suggestions

6. Kanagasabai. V, (2011). Awareness
of Diseas es and symptoms helps cut
expenses, says MMC Dean. The Hindu. May
2, 2011. Madurai edition.pp12.

The analysis reveals that meeting any
health professional in case of being infected
in future is the option for many respondents.
Hence the following is suggested.

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RECENT TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN
ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA
Dr.R.Ramaabaanu
Associate Professor of Commerce

J. Prabha
M.Phil Scholar
Muthayammal College of Arts & Science, Rasipuram

ABSTRACT
Any strategy aimed at economic development will be lop-sided without involving women
who constitute half of the world population. Evidence has unequivocally established that
entrepreneurial spirit is not a male prerogative. Women owned businesses are highly increasing
in the economies of almost all countries. What we need is an entrepreneurial Society in which
innovation & entrepreneurship are normal, steady& continual.

Key words: development-women-entrepreneur- economic-service-SALWF
Introduction

Women Entrepreneurs in India

Women owned businesses are highly
increasing in the economies of almost all
countr ies. T he hidden entr ep r eneur ial
potentials of women have gradually been
changing with the growing sensitivity to the
role & economic status in the society. Skill,
Knowledge & adaptability in business are the
main r ea son for women to take up
entrepreneurship.

Women owned businesses are highly
increasing in the economies of almost all
countr ies. T he hidden entr ep r eneur ial
potentials of women have gradually been
changing with the growing sensitivity to the
role and economic status in the society. Skill,
knowledge and adaptability in business are
the main reasons for women to emerge into
business ventures. ‘Women Entrepreneur’ is
a person who accepts challenging role to
meet her per sonal needs a nd become
economically independent. A strong desire to
do something positive is an inbuilt quality
of entrepreneurial women, who is capable of
contributing values in both family and social
life. With the advent of media, women are

They span generations and are there in
every field, From Tractors to television,
from biscuits to banking, from HR to
hospitals. Denied entry into a male bastion,
they create another industry like Kiran
Mazumdar Shaw of Biocon.

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aware of their own traits, rights and also the
wor k situations. T he glass ceilings ar e
shattered and women are found indulged in
every line of business from pappad to power
cables. The challenges and opportunities
provided to the women of digital era are
growing rapidly that the job seekers are
turning into job creators. They are flourishing
as designers, interior decorators, exporters,
publishers, garment manufacturers and still
explor ing new avenues of economic
participation. In India, although women
constitute the majority of the total population,
the entrepreneurial world is still a male
dominated one. Women in advanced nations
are recognized and are more prominent in the
business world.




Role of women Entrepreneurs in India
Rapid Development
Development of micro entrepreneurs
has been seen as a means of aiding the
welfare & progress of communities in the
lower economic strata by micro finance
organizations, NGOs & other welfare wings.
Ex: ‘Stree Shakthi’- Self Help Group
Most of the group member started
doing business like purchasing & grazing
sheep, Cow, manufacturing agarbatti, beedis,
soaps, cutting jelly into baby jelly, pickle,
chutney powder, chapattis/rotis, growing
edible mushroom est. Also we do have
instance of HULs project SHAKTHI. It is
aimed at developing micro entrepreneurs by
engaging women in rural areas to act as
dir ect-to-home sales distributor s of the
company’s products. The project has scaled
up rapidly, operating among 500 million
people in five lakhs villages in India.

3. To identify the Reason behind the
Development
of
Entr epr eneur ship
Programmers in India
Characteristics of Women Entrepreneurs
1. Woman entrepr eneurs tend to be
highly motivated and self-directed.

T his has r esulted in economic
empowerment, which in turn led to social
empower ment. Now day’s women
entrepreneurs are getting recognized in their
local communities as opinion leaders.

2. They also exhibit a high internal locus
of control and achievement, possess certain
specific characteristics that promote their
creativity and generate new ideas and ways
of doing things.



Many women have taken up
businesses as business development
executives on freelance, in the form of direct
sales.

Some generally observed characteristic
tendencies;
Risk-taking propensity
Focus
High energy level


Social adroitness

 Interpersonal skills, competence in
finance, and in managing relationships.

2. To identify the profile of women
entrepreneur.



General business management skills



1. To assess the development of Women
entrepreneurs in India.



Self-employed father



Objectives:



Personal motivations

Ex: - Membership/freelance Sales Person
in Modi Care, Oriflame, Avon, Amway
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

Women executive contributions are
dr amatica lly r eor ienting the values,
deliveries, and culture of business and society
alike. Women are widely judged to be better
than men at dealing with social issues.
Through their leadership context and power
dynamics, women fare relatively better for
standing up for one’s principles in the face
of political pressures; being able to work out
compromises; thereby driving an inclusive
appr oach in the inter est of the over all
population.

investors. Combination of influence of more
education, technology and fast economic
growth make Asian women more assertive
concerning their right, more aggressive in
reaching their ambition while we already
acknowledged that the number of Asian
women in the work force from country to
country are almost as high as those of men.
Surprisingly in most countries in Asia,
women are dominating the service sector. The
service sector in Asia also exper ienced
surprising growth, and resulting a large
working opportunity for women. In the
business world, women entrepreneurs play a
big role in business development in the
Pacific region. In Japan, 5 out of 6 new
businesses are created by women, and they
have at least five employees. The number of
women-owned larger companies is not
significant, but they start and manage the
smaller companies.

Impact of Women Entrepreneurs
The progress of women’s role in several
sectors, including business, could be seen in
some phenomenon mentioned here:
1. In line with the impr ovement of
women’s education, women are no longer the
minority in fields that were dominated by men
in the past.
2. The field of information technology
cr eated many oppor tunities for the
development of women’s talents in this
specific field. The increase in the number of
women who lead their own business,
especially the ones in small and medium scale
enterprises.

The

&

Impact

of B usiness

Associations
Women’s business associations are
increasing steadily in developed, developing,
and transitional countries.
For example, AWAKE in Karnataka.

3. Women’s leadership is able to gain high
loyalty due to the fact that they are the ones
that are able to conduct clean, ethical,
transparent and honest management. It is
obvious that the 21" century provides high
hopes for the progress in women role. They
do have the opportunity to get strategic
positions that dominated by men in the past.

AWAKE wor ks towards empower ing
women
thr ough
entr epr eneur ship
development to impr ove their economic
condition. T heir “Entrepreneur guiding
Entrepreneur” approach empowers women
through voluntar y effor ts of successful
women entrepreneurs adopting tools of
counseling, training, handholding and peergroup support.

4. In Asia, women are the economy driving
force. Their contribution in providing job
openings in business sectors continue to rise.
They are involved in enterprises at all levels
as managers, entrepreneurs, owners and

Role

South Asian Women’s Leadership Forum
(SAWLF)
a.
19

SAWLF works for the advancement


ISSN:0975-9999

of South Asian women in the marketplace. It
pr ovides educational pr ogr ammer s and
networking opportunities, conducts research,
and offer s outr each that sup por ts the
advancements and undertakings of women at
all stages of professional development. A vital
link to economic decision-making processes,
these associations has made their members’
visions and priorities a part of the national
political and economic agenda. Around the
globe many mor e organizat ions ar e
contributing in similar ways.

individual characteristics provides divergent
views of entrepreneurship. The common way of
explaining why women start a business is
associated with the individual needs for,
independence, self achievement & job flexibility.
Conclusion
In a world of rapid change, all
entrepreneurs must have the flexibility and
creativity to meet the changes they face. The
main aim of these articles is to highly analysis
the women entrepreneur’s developments. The
importance of a strong, mindful vision that
can lead toward a better world is often under
estimated. In spite of many hurdles, Women
are excelling in business with flying Colors.

b. Associations cover a wide spectrum
of activities encompassing credit, business
skills training, technical and technology
training, employment creation, marketing
services, legal assistance, psychological
counseling, and some socia l welfar e
pr ograms. Some organizations, like the
Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, specialize in
providing micro credit.

References
1. Enter pr ises, T WMSE2 Pr oject
Working Paper, The Netherlands: Maastricht
School of Management, 2002
2. Fisher, Julie. Non Governments: NGOs
and the Political Development of the Third
World. Connecticut: Kumarian Press, 1998

c. Since a ssociations encour age
solidarity and collective action between the
groups they help organize and among the
members who join, the increasing contact
between associations and other institutions
can help cr eate a commanding web of
alliances dedicated to the political and
economic empowerment of women. Partners
in these new social pacts should build on the
survival strategies devised by grassroots
associations. Grassroots tactics have proved
successful in many regions: in poor women’
cooper at ives,
in
busines swomen’s
organizations, and in associated movements. Also
government’s support & encouragement of
individuals’ entrepreneurial behavior have
positive impact on country’s economy. However,
this behavior depending upon the influence of
economic development stage & cultural values.
A gender split in terms of motivating factor &

3. Parikh, Indira J. Garg, Pulin K,
« Indian Women :An Inner Dialogue », Sage
Publications, New Delhi, 1989
4. Voeten, J, Management Training
Effects on Women Entrepreneurs Who Own
and Manage Micro and Small.
Useful Websites
1. http://www.womensweb.in/articles/
womens-empowerment-in-india
2. http://www.thelostring.com/2010/09/
14/development-of-entrepreneurship-in-india
3. http://zenithresearch.org.in/images/
stories/pdf/2012/May/ZIJMR/
6%20_ZIJMR_Vol2_Issue5_May%202012.pdf
4. http://www.aims-international.org/
aims9/aims9cd/pdf/P9473-Final.pdf
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MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (MSME) IN INDIA:
AN APPRAISAL
Dr.S,Ganapathy
Associate professor

C.Mayilsamy
Doctoral research scholar,
Department of International Business and commerce, Alagappa University, karaikudi.

ABSTRACT
Micro small and medium enterprises help in promoting economic growth and employment
opportunity. Before 2006 this sector was called as a Small Scale Industry. Thereafter it was
converted as an MSME sector. The MSME growth is incomparable by the help of bank credit.
Micro small and medium enterprises and their role in economic growth and employment generation
in the Indian context .the article how policy environment for promoting MSMEs changed from
‘protectionism ‘during the pre-1990s to ‘export orientation’ during the post-1990s. The key
constraint faced by the MSMEs including access to credit and technology, redtapism and the
like. The MSEs to promote the rural economy for in general and rural women empowerment in
particularly the rural women are taken ,economic improvement ,social development, and
individual decision making through the . MSEs.the MSEs are promoting the rural entrepreneurship.

Key words: MSME, SME , SSI, Credit Rating
Introduction

empower ment. Empower ment pr ovides
author ity and social justice for human
development. Empower ment of women
means creating economic independence, self
reliance, political, social and legal awareness,
self confidence and positive attitude among
women. It enables women to face any
situation and to par ticipa te in the
development activities of the nation. The
development of micro entrepreneurs women
are seen as appropriate way to attack poverty
at the gr a ss-r oot level by gener ating
employment and income (Ghosh, 1998).

Indian economy based on rural economy
.Father of nation mahatma Gandhi told India
“lives in village”. T he r eal national
development through the rural economy .the
development of rural economy through the
r ur al bas ed micr o, small a nd medium
enterprises, The most of the entrepreneurs are
micro rural the micro enterprises mostly
participate rural women through the self help
Groups and unregistered groups and NGOs
In India, plans and policies as well as the
for mation have laid str ess on women

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Though nearly half of Indian population
consists of women, their participation rate in
the economic activities is only 34%. During
the 1970’s effor ts to pr omote selfemployment among women started receiving
greater attention from the government and
private agencies. The result has been the
emergence of women entrepreneurs on the
economic landscape in recent years. Even
then, less than 5% of business units are owned
and operated by them. Several studies have
shown that women have proved to be good at
business

generation. To address the issue of poverty
reduction, create employment and income
opportunities, government has initiated micro
enterprise development opportunities. Micro
enterprises are small undertakings run by
individuals or groups who take up the
responsibility of managing the business and
the family. These enterprises are based on
certain characteristics like low capital, low
technology, low risk, and a few workers.
They are coming into existence out of either
market motivated or non market driven
forces. Market determination of enterprises
ar e managed and contr olled by the
entr epr eneur s themselves. Gover nment
agency or NGOs play an active r ole in
pr omotion of non mar ket motivated
enter pr ises. Self help gr oup s (SHGs),
Swar njayanti Gr am Swar ozgar Yojana
(SGSY) etc. fall under this category. This
study considers non market determined micro
enter pr is es pr omoted by gover nment
agencies as they dominate the micr o
enterprise sector in Tamil Nadu.

Intelligibility of Micro, Small And Medium
Enterprises In India
There exist several definitions of the term
small and medium enterpr ises (SMEs),
var ying f r om countr y to cou ntr y. T he
commonly used the SMEs at the international
level to definition are on the basis of the
number of employees, total net assets, sales
and investment level.
Micro enterprises aim at developing and
utilizing the entrepreneurial capacity and
potential of rural women below poverty line
to meet the local needs. Survival and growth
of these enterprises are essential for the
beneficiaries as they ensure better standards
of living and thereby their individual, family
and social empowerment. This study, beyond
any outline of hesitation, has revealed that
these enterprises have succeeded in the socioeconomic empowerment of rural poor. The
findings of the study supports the hypothesis
of the development of microenterprises has
an impact on women empowerment.

The main objectives of initiating non
market driven of micro enterprises are foster
by government to help the beneficiary to take
up and manage their own business activities
which could bring about economic awareness
and empower ment among t he women
member s. T he idea of star t ing micr o
enterprises has raised a lot of hopes and
expectations. The SGHs have emerged as an
energetic micro finance movement in India
with active suppor t fr om gover nment,
voluntary agencies and banks. With the
launching of SGSY scheme and other similar
schemes of state governments, the flow of
cr edit to the SHGs has significantly
increased. The main aim of these schemes is
to assure sustainable income to the poor

Micro Enterprises
The origin and growth of micro enterprises
can be tr acked to lack of employment
oppor tunit ies and insufficient income

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through self employment by promoting micro
enterprises. This study is an attempt to assess
the extent of empowerment achieved by
women beneficiaries of micro enterprises
linked with SHGs.As a majority of the micro
enterprises linked with SHGs.

important area in which women can be
important area in which women can utilize
both her technical skills and raw materials
fr om the far m and livestock to ear n
substantial income and small scale agro –
processing units

Flow Of Credit To MSME Sector

3. Micr o –Enterpr ises development
related to house hold based operation like
knitting ,stitching ,weaving ,embroidery,
bakery and flour milling, petty shops, food
preparation And preservation

T he gover nment of India has been
extending liberal financial support to MSME
through banks and financial institutions. The
credit flow to MSME is regularly monitored
by state level banker committee (SLBC)
meeting at the state level .at the district level
banker committee meeting with district
collector as its chairman.
Vicinity Of
Development

Micro

Credit flow of Agriculture and MSME
sector Agriculture sector
Credit plays a crucial role in maintaining
agricultural production by allowing producers
to meet their cash needs during the entire cycle
of production as well as for financing
investment. The ground level credit flow (GLC)
from institutional sources to agriculture has
shown an increasing trend over the years.the
growth being substantial during 2003-2006
which also coincided with the special farm
package announced by the government of India,
which envisaged the doubling of credit in three
years starting 2004-05

–Enterprises’

Depending on number of factors
r anging fr om landholdings, subsidiar y
occupations, agro climatic conditions and
socio –personal characteristics of the rural
women and her family member the areas of
micro –Enterprises also differ from place to
place. The micro –Enterprises are classified
under three major heads:
related to cultivation and allied agriculture
activities; like cu ltivating to organic
vegetables, flowers, oil seed and seeds
production are some of the areas besides
taking up mushr oom growing and beekeeping . some mor e ar eas ca n be like
dehydtration of fruits and vegetables, canning
or botting of pickles, chutneys, jams,
squashes, dairy and other products that are
ready to eat

Estimation Methodology
GLC is composed of production (or
short –term credit and investment (or long –
term) credit, cooperatives, Regional rural
banks and scheduled commer cial banks
pr ovide b oth pr oduction cr edit and
investment credit. Three approaches were
adopted for projecting the flow of Ground
level credit (GLC) flow in agriculture. In each
case, the existing capacity of the various
agencies to meet the targets was taken in
account Projection based on linear trend

related to livestock management activities;
like dairy farming ,poultry farm ,livestock
feed production and production of vermi
composting using the animal waste can be an

The trend rate of growth of GLC in
the first four years of the eleventh plan
worked out to 15.5 Per cent
23



Table: 01 Ground level credit flow to
Agriculture and Allied Activites

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annum during the remaining three years (201417)tenth credit supply world increase to
Rs2542145 corer in 2016-17 (Table 05)
Conclusion

Source: NABARD, Annual Reports
Projection during the Twelfth plan
The projection of the supply of working
capital and term loans are set out in the
table001 it is evident from the above table that
the credit supply to the MSME sector would
increased at an annual average rate of 19.4
per cent to Rs.21.644 crore in 2016-17, the
terminal year of the twelfth plan.
Table 02 Estimated credit supply to MSME
Report of the working capital Group on
saving during the twelfth five year plan
(2012-13 to2016-21)
Source: RBI monthly Bullection June 2012
if the year on –year credit growth to MSME
sector by Schedule commercial Banks and all
other source is enhanced by in a minimum of
22 per annum during the first two years of the
twelfth plan (2012-14) and by 25percent per


Micro enterprises are developing and
utilizing the entrepreneurial talent and potential
of rural women below poverty line to meet the
local needs. Survived and growth of these
enterprises are essential for the beneficiaries
as they ensure better standards of living and
thereby their individuals, family and their social
empowerment. This study beyond any shadow
of doubt has revealed that the enterprises have
succeeded in the socio economic empowerment
of rural poor. But the basic objective of
eradicating poverty is yet to be realized. Despite
impressive contributions of micro enterprises
to face the problems.
References
1. Balasubramania (1995), “Reservation
Policy for Small Sca le Industry: Ha s It
Delivered The Good?” Economic and Political
Weekly, Vol. XXVI, May, 2.
2. Choudhary and Sharma (2008), “Rural
Women Entrepreneurs: Problems a nd
Prospects”,
Prabhakara Rao (Ed) Entrepreneurship and
Economic Development, Kanishka Publishers,
New Delhi.
3. Ghosh (1998), “ Women a nd
Entrepreneurship in India”, Rabubdra Kanungo
(Ed), Entrepreneurship and Innovation. Sage
Publication, New Delhi.
4. Mathew (1998), “Towards an Alternative
Methodology for Identifying Entrepreneurial
Potentialin a Regiona l Seting”, National
Seminar on Current Trends in Entrepreneurship
Research, Conducted by Entrepreneurship
Development Institute, Ahmadabad.
5. RBI monthly Bulletion june2012 6.
MSME Report
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A STUDY ON CAUSES AND MPACT OF FOOD INFLATION IN
INDIA
Dr.T.Thirupathi
Assistant Professor of Commerce,

Shanmugasurian
M.Phil Research Scholar Commerce,
Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636 007 (Tamil Nadu).

ABSTRACT
Inflation is the rate at which the general level of prices is rising. The most well known indicator
of inflation is the Consumer Price Index (CPI) which measures the average price of consumer
goods and services purchased by households. As India is an agricultural country, the main concern
of this paper is food inflation in India. The factors influencing Food inflation, inflation trend in
the world, food inflation in India and the factors influencing food inflation in India are dealt
with in this paper. The impact of food inflation in India also is analyzed.

Key words: Food Inflation, Consumer Price Index, Food Grains, Crop Systems.
Introduction

demand for goods and services is higher than
the country’s productive capacity. The fight
against inflation is done by central banks
which contr ol the money s upply by
increasing or decreasing short term interest
rates. For instance, the Governing Council
of the European Central Bank aims at keeping
annual inflation under 2% to promote price
stability and sustainable growth.
Food Inflation Trend in India

Inflation refers to a persistent upward
movement in the general price level. It results
in a decline of the pur chasing power.
According to most economists inflation does
not occur until price increases average less
than 5 per cent per year for a sustained.
Inflation is one of the vital things in
determining the economic growth. Increases
in the inflation will decline the growth of the
country and the value of currency.

In the fifties, the average rate of
inflation was very low at 1.7% and during
the sixties the average rate of inflation edged
up to 6.4%. The inflationary pressures started
mounting from 1962-63 and in 1990-91 the
inflation rate was double digits i.e. above
12% due to the gulf war.

The most well known indicator of inflation
is the Consumer Price Index (CPI) which
measures the average price of consumer
goods and services purchased by households.
High rates of inflation are often associated
with fast gr owing economies where the

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depends on monsoons and crop failure due
to drought has been a regular feature of
agriculture in India. In the years of scarcity
of food grains, not only price of food articles
increases but also the general price level
rises.

The inflation rate now is quite low
while compared to that of 1990-91 i.e. 12.6%.
India is an agr icultur e country. The
increase in the price of food grains and other
factors will largely affect the economy. Most
of the industr ial sectors depend on the
agricultural sector and hence an increase in
the price of the agricultural products not only
affects the agricultural sector but also the
entire economy. Indian agricultural largely

In September, 2012 the inflation rate
of food was 9.73% and the inflation rates of
condiments and spices, fruits, prepared meals
were in double digits.

Provisional all India Food Inflation Rates (%) for September 2012.


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Objectives of the Study
T he following objectives
formulated for the study

possible rate cut that the industries and policy
makers are looking for.

ar e

 India’s inflation dropped marginally
to 7.25% in June compared to 7.55% in the
previous month of May due to lower price
increase in the fuel segment. It is the lowest
level in the last 5 months and lowers than
the analysts’ expectations.

1. To Study the Various Causes of Food
Inflation
2. To Analyse the Impact of Food Inflation
in India
Methodology of the Study

 Food inflation increased marginally
to 10.81% in June compared with 10.74% in
May while fuel inflation dropped to 10.27%
compared to 11.53% in the previous month.
Drop in global crude oil price helped to ease
the fuel inflation for the last month. Inflation
in the primary articles and the manufacturing
product segments stood at 10.26% and 5%
respectively in the same month.

For the study a specific framework
has been used for collection of data from the
secondary source. The secondary data has
been collected from the various publications
and from the various books, journals and
websites.
Impact of Food Inflation in India
 India’s inflation eased to 6.87% in
July compared to 7.25% in June due to lower
food prices. Inflation stood at 9.36% in the
same month last year.

 In spite of this drop, inflation is much
higher than the comfort level of RBI and RBI
may not reduce rates in its next policy review
meet to boost economic and industrial
growth. To cut rates, RBI needs inflation to
moderate further in the coming months.

 Food inflation dropped to 10.06% in
July compared to 10.81% in June which
helped to ease headline inflation in the
reporting month. Prices of potato, pulses,
protein items and vegetables were increased
by 73%, 28.26%, 16% and 24.11%
respectively in July compared to the same
month last year.

 India’s inflation, mea sur ed by
wholesale price index jumped to 7.23% in
April compared to 6.89% in March due to
the steep increase in the prices of vegetables,
milk, pulses and protein based items. The
inflation stood much lower than the inflation
of 9.74% in the same month last year.

 Inflation in the manuf actur ing
product category increased marginally to
5.58% in July compared to 5% in June and
inflation in the fuel segment dropped to
5.98% in July compared to 12.04% in the
same month last year.

 Inflation of the food items stood at
10.49% in April compared to 10.66% in
March and food articles have 14.3% share in
the overall inflation. Prices of vegetables,
pulses, milk, rice, cereals, potato, protein
items were increased by 60.97%, 11.29%,
15.51%, 5.68%, 5.8%, 53.44% and 17.54%
respectively in April, which pushed the
overall inflation number. Steep increase in
vegetable prices is definitely a shock to the

 In spite of this drop in inflation, it is
still higher than RBI’s comfort zone and RBI
may not cut rates in its next policy review
meet in or der to boost economic and
industrial growth. But easing of inflation will
definitely give some scope to RBI for any

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consumers. At the same time, onion price
declined by 122.11% in April.

Reference
1. Gener al Economics (Common
Proficiency Test), Board of Studies, The
Institute of Charted Accountants of India.
Chapter-6, Unit -5, Topic Page-312 to 316,
ISBN-978-81-8441-035-8.

 Inflation in the price of manufactured
goods, primary articles and fuel items were
increased marginally to 5.12%, 9.71% and
11.03% respectively in April compared to
4.87%, 9.62% and 10.41% in March.

2. Indian Economy, Chapter- 26, Page
No- 26.17 to 26.23.

 India’s IIP gr owth tur ned into
negative in March and GDP growth dropped
to 3-year low in the last quarter. Recently RBI
has cut interest rates by 50 bps during its last
policy review meet to support the domestic
economy. But the current inflation is higher
than RBI’s inflation projection of 6.5% in
March 2013; which now gives RBI less room
to cut rates further in order to boost domestic
growth.

3. Abel, Andr ew; Ber nanke, Ben
(2005). Macroeconomics (5th Ed.). Pearson
4. Bar r o,
Rober t
J.
(1997).
Macroeconomics. Cambridge, Mass: MIT
Press. P. 895. ISBN 0-262-02436-5
5. Blanchar d,
Olivier
(2000).
Macroeconomics (2nd Ed.). Englewood
Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13013306-X

 India’s Inflation, measured by the
Wholesale Price Index (WPI) rose to 6.95%
in February due to the steep increase in food
prices compared to negative inflation in the
previous months. Inflation stood at 6.55% in
the month of January while it stood at 7.74%
in December (revised upward from 7.47%).

Web sites:
1.
2.


http://www. Food inflation in
india.co.in

5.

http://www.food inflation and
causes.co.in

6.

http://www. Central statistical tool
.co. in

7.

28

http://www.food inflation.co.in

4.

Food inflation is the burning
topic in India because increase in this
inflation will affect the entire sector of the
economy. In India maximum sectors depend
on agricultural products i.e. food and footers,
so food inflation takes a major part in GDP.
So the Indian gover nment must take
necessary steps to fulfill the scarcity in the
production to equilibrium the demand and
supply and make necessary policy to control
the costs which determine the price of the
products.

http://www.world inflation
rate.co.in.

3.

Conclusion

http://www. inflation.co.in

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INDIAN REALITY IN ROHINTON MISTRY IN FAMILY MATTERS
K. Malarmathi,
Head, Department of English, Govt. Arts College, Rasipuram.
&

Dr. T. Jayakumar,
Associate Professor of English, Periyar EVR College, Tiruchi.

ABSTRACT
Roxana is a very loving person. She devotes all her energy to talking care of her family. Her
relationship with Yezad provides a solid foundation for love. The very biology of human body is
such that the man gives to the woman and the woman receives the man. When a husband and wife
live hand in hand, dreaming optimistically of the future and denying the fallen reality, they will
be able to go through any difficult environment. The difficult reality will not damage their future
but will stimulate in them a new vision for the future. The ordeal of the present reality then will
not restrain them the love and friendship between husband and wife grow into a desire for children.

K ey Wo rds : I nd ia n R ea lit y, p os t co lonia l er a , hor r or s of r eligi ou s d ivis i on,
fundamentalist, Hindutva ideology
Monoculture is the growing phenomenon
in the new modern world. The preservation
of culture and hereditary of one’s own country
is becoming a challenging r eality. T he
r epublic of India is one of the largest
countries in the world, sharing a northern
frontier with Tibet Nepal and Bhutan, to the
North West it borders Pakistan, to the north
east – Burma and to the east Bangladesh.
India’s southern peninsula stretches far down
into the Indian Ocean. Then its boundaries
extend to the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea.
In terms of population India, after China is
the most populous country in the world. It is
estimated by the United Nations that India
will have a larger population than China 2045

AD. This vast land and its population include
main r eligions like Hinduis m, Islam,
Sikhism, Christianity, Jainism, and Buddhism
and Judaism. India’s constitution has to
protect these different religious, ethnic and
cultural minorities.
In the postcolonial era, especially India
is bur dened with ethnic, r eligious and
linguistic conflicts. T he su bcontinent
witnessed the horrors of religious division
through the experience of partition at the time
of independence in 1947and the following
indo-china war that has left an indelible
marks in the annals of Indian history. The
movements headed by r efor mer s and
ideologists with a radical vision for changes
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of governance like Chanakya who is called
as “Indian Machiavelli” by our first prime
minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru .

often create chaos and horrors. .The world’s
r eputed and r ich ‘Indian constitution’
provides only fragile democratic foundation.
Many economists, researchers, and political
strategists are ready with their statistical data
pertaining to strong unity among people of
India. Among them South Asian writers also
take the initiative to devise special strategies
for the problems of their respective nations
through their world renowned masterpiece.
Based in Canada the Indian-born English
novelist Rohinton Mistry’s third publication
Family Matters is a strong and old fashioned
novel about modern Bombay, telling the story
of three generations of a Parsi family. It is a
consideration of the difficulties that come
with aging. It was short-listed for man booker
prize in 2002.

Family Matters displays the problems of
thr ee families. T hey ar e Contr actor s,
Chenoys and Vakeels. This story is purely
Indian but “old age care “is a worldwide
issue. Mistry also galvanizes the domains of
‘young’ the synonym for ‘regeneration’ and
the old which stands for ‘degeneration’ in the
Indian context... Endless corruptions of
government, religious fanaticism, Hindu
Muslim rivalry, dimensions of family’ in the
globalized era’ are fixed into this context. “In
India, people learn the essential themes of
cultural life within the bosom of a family. In
most of the countries, the basic units of
society are the patrilineal family unit and
wider kinship groupings.

The status of India during 1990s has
been discussed widely in his third novel
Family Matters He sketches the growth of
fundamentalist Hindutva ideology and its
repercussions on the life of the ordinary
people. After the ‘motifs of Journey’ and the’
balancing act’ in his two earlier novels, all
the underling patterns of reference in this
novel are based on the story of Nariman
Vakeel’s past and his present (Nandini
Bhautoo – Dewaarain). While A Fine Balance
stands as a testimony of bleak India, a Family
Matters is the testimony of sufferings and
agony of the aged person in an average Indian
family. While Mistry’s A Fine Balance
focuses on caste discriminations and power
politics, this is about the religious, ethnic and
class division which shatters the ver y
foundations of the Indian community. Various
dimensions of family and social life of
individuals are composed diligently and
intelligently by the novelist. He is a creative
genius who can even establish a great system

The most widely desired residential unit
is the joint family, ideally consisting of three
or four patrilineally related generations, all
living less than one roof, working, eating,
worshiping, and cooperating together in
mutually beneficial social and economic
activities. Patrilineal joint families include
men related through the male line, along with
their wives and children. Most young women
expect to live with their husband’s relatives
after marriage, but they retain important
bonds with their natal families.” The peoples
of the northeastern hill areas are known for
their matrilineal marriages, tracing descent
and inheritance in the female line rather than
the male line. This story follows the similar
situation where the daughter becomes the
guardian of her aged father..
Besides all, having an elderly, bed
ridden family member in close contact is
purely Indian reality. This story is written in
the Indian texture but the issues discussed
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diagnosed by Dr. Tarapore, a fellow Parsi,
and a former student of Nariman, is suffering
from a fracture to his left ankle complicated
by Osteoporosis and Parkinsonism. So his left
leg is x- r ayed and plaster ed by Mr.
Rangarajan, a non– Parsi technician and the
old man’s bantering with him brings in the
Shiv Sena’s supposed infiltration of the post
offices and the non – delivery of letters
addressed to Bombay Muslims. Nariman’s
acquainta nce with Rangar ajan, is an
opportunity to reveal the horror stories of new
born babies eaten by rats and the outbreak of
plague in 1994. Two decades have passed
since such a large epidemic in India occurred.
This was the worst biological weapon. India
was gripped by this mass epidemic of plague
at twin locations. It created waves of horror
in the West and they cancelled all the flights
to India in the late September1994. The
unhygienic Indian hospitals make the
patients’ even sicker. This is not only a
disease but also as an infectious disorder.
Mistry focuses on the changes it produced in
politics and religious phase of the country.

are international. Nariman, the aged patriarch,
whose advancing Parkinson disease and its
related complications threaten to destroy his
large Parsi family. He lives with his step
children, Jal and Coomy, the children of his
wife’s first marriage. Running a Family is an
important phenomenon in everybody’s life.
Mistry’s novel depicts a family torn apart by
lies, love and its demands of traditions. The
disease of the family’s elderly man worsens
the already strained family relationship. The
story takes place in present India.
The family of Nariman Vakeel including
her daughter and her husband, Roxana and
Yezad Shenoy their two sons Murad and
Jehangir and Vakeel’s stepchildren, Jal and
Coomy contractor ,live in Bombay. At the
opening of the novel, Nariman is living with
his stepchildren in a large flat in a building
known as chateau felicity. It is where Nariman
lived with his wife, Yasmin and where they
raise their family till Yasmin’s untimely death
some years before the start of the story
.
As the s tor y begins, C oomy is
preparing to have a party for Nariman’s 79 th
birthday. Roxana and her family are coming
over. Coomy is worried by Nariman’s practice
of going alone for a walk in the evening. He
is beginning to show the early signs of
Parkinson’s disease and she is afraid that he
will hurt himself. The fear of Coomy becomes
true when Nariman falls down again soon
after his birthday party.

His subsequent loveless marriage
affects the family for decades. The decision
of mar rying the Par si widow with two
children born to her first husband reveals
Nar iman’s enor mous, hear t to accept
someone’s wife as his own, hiding all the
eleven happy years he spent with his lover.
From the above situations, it is understood
that the concept of family is very important.

The second fall does more serious
damage and he has to be carried home. Coomy
sends Jal for Dr. Fitter who lives in a
neighboring building to attend to Nariman,
but the doctor suggests they straight away
must take him to a hospital. Nariman is taken
to the Parsi General hospital, the ageing
community’s succor in Mumbai; He has been

Families are the building blocks of
societies they perform important functions in
nurturing a culture of its citizens. There was
a time when families lived their lives in a
very limited space. Mistry reveals that
matters of a family are not confined to four
walls but it’s universal. Nariman’s memories
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of the past expose the reader to earlier
moments in the city’s as well as nation’s
history in a novel that moves across three
generators of the same family. The lives of
the residents of chateau felicity and pleasant
Villa, remind the reader of Kodhadadad
building in such a long journey (1996) and
the world of Firozha Baag. (1991)

married your mother and wrecked my middle
years. Now you want to torment my old age.
I won’t allow it. “Such lies!” flared Coomy.
“You ruined Mamma’s life, and mine, and
Jal’s. I will not tolerate a word against her.
(17)
She baths him begrudgingly twice a week
and grimaces at the old man when he asks
for the simplest human needs. Jal listens to
his bossy sister always; Coomy often
emphasizes the biological difference between
herself and Jal and Roxana his own daughter.
She tells Nariman bitingly:

Readers come to know soon, that the
reason for the crisis is his past story. The
young professor wanted to marry outside his
Parsi religion but forced by his family
members to marry a Parsi widow with two
childr en Jal and Coomy. N ar iman’s
willingness to obey his parents not to marry
a non- Parsi girl who he was in love with Lucy
for eleven years is not an act of weakness.
One may find that it is his willingness to
submit his conscience to the religion he
belongs to show his great respect and regard
for his Zoroastrian religion. Once again it is
revealed that this masterpiece is not a fiction
but a philosophy which has a plan about
human interaction. Nariman looks back his
past with much regret, that “And he, when
he looked back on it all the blame lay with
the ones thirty-six years ago, the marriage
ar rangers, the willful manufactur ers of
misery” (79). The novel reveals that the strict
religious rules are to be borne in mind before
falling in love or else one should be ready to
face the complexities of life.

If you don’t like what we’re saying, ask
your daughter ’s opinion when she comes
tomorrow,” said Coomy. “Your own flesh
and blood, not like Jal and me, second
class.””That is unnecessary,” said Nariman.
(7)
She expresses her resentment over caring
for Nariman: “I don’t owe Pappa anything.
He didn’t change my diaper or wash my bum,
and I don’t have to clean his shit either (77).
Roxana takes her father in’ though they live
in ver y cr owded two r ooms flat. T he
expectation is that he will need to be there
only thr ee weeks, so even Yezad does
complain. The boys are delighted to have
their grandfather there, Jehangir even feeds
his grandfather:
She felt she was witnessing something
almost sacred, and her eyes refused to
relinquish the precious moment, for she knew
instinctively that it would become a memory
to cherish, to recall in difficult times when
she needed strength. (98)

When Nariman becomes the burden of the
entir e family they face many trials and
tribulations. Jal and Coomy cannot cope with
the stress. Coomy resents having to look after
Nariman who she considers the cause of her
mother’s suffering and death. But Nariman
still regrets for the sad bygone days he mourns:

After getting discharged from the hospital
Jal and Coomy decide to inform Roxana
about her step father’s fracture and make the
old man dump at Roxana’s doorstep. Coomy

In my youth, my parents controlled me and
destroyed those years. Thanks to them, I

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Contractor ’s own father dies at young age
they are prepared for an alternative, to live
with a stepfather chosen by their mother.
Nar iman s car ifies his love with Lucy
Braganza and fulfills his parents’ intentions
by marrying Yasmin Contractor and adds a
daughter to the family branches develop,
some die out and some flourish.

is fed up of the physical labour of taking care
of his stepfather. She is upset with the foul
adour in the flat. She persuades her brother
Jal to hire an ambulance to leave their
stepfather at her sister’s home. They have to
summon for an ambulance. He is to be lifted
on to a stretcher and as they take him out he
wants to tell the ambulance man to make a
tour of each room so that he can fix all the
materials at home in his mind before leaving
for hospital. In such a way, he has been
depressed of his decision making power. This
happens to all the aged people and crippled
on earth.

The novel gives the effects of religious
bigotry and rigid traditionalism…. “No
happiness is more lasting than the happiness
that you get from fulfilling your parents’
wishes” (17), a family friend tells him, and
he allows himself to believe this.
Disregarding their own advice, in a matter
of days his parents’ friends arranged an
introduction for him. “You will meet Yasmin
Contractor, a widow with two children,” they
told him. “And that’s the best you can expect,
mister, with your history” (27).

The argument about who will take care of
Nariman intensifies. Coomy’s disclosure to
her and Jal some fifteen years ago comes as a
shock to Yezad and Roxana. After Yezad and
Roxana leave, Jal finally expresses his anger
and impatience with his sister. He clearly feels
bad about their dishonesty toward Roxana and
Yezad.

An ideal family is the one where the
members live for the sake of each other. This
is the very principle of creation, of which
humankind is still ignorant. After the death
of his wife Yasmin Contr actor his step
children are hesitant to look after him.
Nariman is an epitome of sacrifice. But his
sacrifice never brings him happiness. A
couple has to establish a family with the
affection generated from each other. This is
lacking in their relationship. To understand
the character of Coomy and Jal, one needs
an extensive knowledge of the politics of
genealogy. The step children are entitled to
get the property equally divided with the
biological daughter. When the medication
runs out of Roxana’s expenses Roxana
discovers that Coomy is not prepared to share
her father ’s entire pension money. Roxana
waited for her to continue. But there was
nothing else. “Could I…could I have the rest

More quickly, money becomes a
major problem. Yezad who is an honoured
employee at the Bombay goods emporium,
tries various things to help fatten the family
budget envelopes. He even tries playing the
local numbers game, but manages to lose
about everything they have when the numbers
game is shut down. His boss at the emporium
has expressed an interest in running for office,
which would give Yezad more responsibility
and more money but then changes his mind.
Yezad works up a plan aiming at getting the
boss back on his track, but his plan works out
ver y badly but of the owner ’s mur der.
Jehangir helps his mother to increase the
budget, takes money for overlooking his
classmates mistakes. Positive and negative
connotations are shaded to the concept of
‘family’ in the novel. Coomy and Jal

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of the pension?”(241). She retains a portion
of the pension as a way of exacting
compensation for her own brief period of
caretaking.

be taken in the lighter sense. She looks after
the budget for the family, she has the habit
of putting cash into the budget envelopes
whenever Yezad is paid. She receives him
with much concern and care, she allows her
father to be in her sons’ room. Now Murad is
set up out on the balcony. Mistry narrates
Murad’s experiences in the balcony as an
exciting adventure

In the Indian concept, the structure of the
family composition is changing. T he
demographic study reveals the demise of the
joint family. Nuclear family is gaining
momentum as the assimilation of the
increased members only adds miseries to the
entire group. Different modes of travel,
complicated family demands, and per capita
income have changed the scenario. But the
residential separation of the family members
creates a vacuum during celebrations and
other family functions. The diasporic status
gives a different definition to the family. Bane
(1976) has observed that smaller family sizes
led to stronger attachment of residence based
family members.

In human family children are competing
not so much for survival but more for the
scarce resources of parental time, attention,
love and approval. Children all over the
world are sensitive to any intimations of
preference by one or both parents. The
rivalries of childhood can continue into adult
hood and r elationship ca n change
dramatically when parents happen to die. In
the case of Roxana, both Coomy and Jal are
elder to her by more than thirteen years. They
enjoy every activity of the little sister but as
adults, difficult choices, difficult approach
of life, life partner change of homes all
constitute their behavior.

A family is generally regarded as a major
social institution and a focus of much of a
person’s sound activity. It is a social unit
created by blood, marriage or adoption and
can be described as nuclear (parents and
children) or extended (encompassing other
relatives).In the United States and other
Western countries, the family is defined in
census and surveys as two or more persons
related by blood, marriage or adoption and
living in the same residence.

A good family is a gift of life. The duty of
each person is to protect such member in the
family. T he synonym for ma r r iage is
commitment’. More than security Mistry tries
to emphasis ‘commitment’. This family
commitment if discharged dutifully that
person is morally elevated to a respectable
position by others in the society. She lives
for the ‘family’ like most of the Indian family
women. Yezad too understands the sincerely
and depth of her love for the family. The
horror and chaos that engulf most of the
episodes are driven aside as Roxana brings
life to her home. Roxana finds pleasure in
serving her father as he gives Gandhi’s
injunction:

Roxana is devout and sweet natured. Her
husband, a short tempered, working for
Bombay sports Emporium is prone to stress.
Mistry creates their model family which
reflects Indian society at large. Despite all
hur dles, Roxana feels it’s her pr ime
responsibility to educate their children. She
cultures the social virtues which are needed
for every citizen. In the Indian concept, the
differences in the family composition are to

What is so bad about the bottle? I keep it
34



ISSN:0975-9999

clean and hygienic!” She said perhaps he
should try to remember the teachings of
Gandhiji, that there was nothing nobler than
the ser vice of the weak, the old, the
unfortunate. (248)

difficult reality will not damage their future
but will stimulate in them a new vision for
the future. The ordeal of the present reality
then will not restrain them the love and
friendship between husband and wife grow
into a desire for children.

Roxana’s character is contrary to Coomy.
She accepts the family burdens with her
financial dent, raising her children with a
meager amount her husband brings home.
Coomy’s biological father is not known to her:

Thus, Roxana Cheynoy and Yezad Chenoy
are blessed with two boy babies who at the
start of the story are thirteen and nineteen
years of age. The intimacy between Roxana
and Yezad provides stability for themselves
and their children for they are the fruit and
bond of a marriage. Sacred scripture begins
with the creation of man and woman in the
image and likeness of God and concludes
with a vision of the wedding feast of the lamp
(Revelation 19: 7, 9). The bond of marriage
is compared to God’s undying love for Israel
in the Old Testament and Christ’s love for
his church in the New Testament.

During her gir lhood, r elatives would
scrutinize her and remark sadly that a father’s
love was sunshine and fresh water without
which a daughter could not bloom; a
stepfather, they said, was quite useless in this
regard. Once, they were careless and spoke
in her hearing. Their words had incandesced
painfully in her mind, and she had fled to her
room to weep for her dead father. (4)
Roxana is a very loving person. She
devotes all her energy to talking care of her
family. Her relationship with Yezad provides
a solid foundation for love. The very biology
of human body is such that the man gives to
the woman and the woman receives the man.
When a husband and wife live hand in hand,
dreaming optimistically of the future and
denying the fallen reality, they will be able to
go through any difficult environment. The

Mistry’s couple Roxana and Yezad is the
typical Indian couple who live for each other.
Marriage is the essence of Indian way of life.
In Wester n countr ies, pr ivate passions
dominate family responsibilities. In India,
though progressing toward modernity people
remain bound to communal orthodoxies.
Mistry addresses the conditions of society
through Family Matters.

ATTENTION TO THE SEMINAR ORGANIZER
We invite the articles of the participants in the national or
international seminar organized by the academic institutions published
as edited volume with ISBN / special issue of SELP journal of social
science with ISSN -0975-9999.
Seminar organizer/director may conduct us for the publication of
Edited volume or special issue by mail at sjss.selp@yahoo.in

35



ISSN:0975-9999

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENTAPPROACHES TO BANK
EMPLOYEES
A. Mohammad Fawzi,
Head Department of Commerce,
Tagore Arts College, Puducherry

ABSTRACT
HRM has been much talked about and written about in recent years. Indian
Banking has come from a long way from being a sleepy business organization to a highly proactive
and dynamic entity. There is a need to understand organization culture and the extent of emerging
challenges impacting existing organizational cultures. Therefore, the need of the hour for Banking
Industry is an integrated Human Resource approach that would develop an appropriate
organization culture towards change with continuity Employees were made to work on ad-hoc
basis, for longer hours and at low remuneration and employees were discontent with the working
conditions and facilities like leave, medical aid that were almost unknown It was suggested that
a shift from an administrative to a market driven organization would lead to a greater priority
for the management of human resources.

Keywords : Human Resource, Business Strategy, Liberalization, Innovative Employee.
Introduction
its plan of organizational transformation
HRM has been much talked about and
through people processes and systems, the
written about in recent years. For some, it
Bank has launched various innovative
heralds a new age where human resource
employee centric initiatives and has also
issues at last become significant in the
undertaken revamp of key systems and
consider a tion of business str ategy,
practices. Indian Banking has come from a
and HR practitioners at last attain a place in
long way from being a sleepy business
the sun. However, much of the debate has
organization to a highly proactive and
been conducted in purely theoretical terms
dynamic entity. This transformation has been
covering HRM definitions and meanings .The
brought by the liberalization and economic
experience suggests that whilst HR type
reforms that allowed Banks to explore new
policies are being implemented, the outcomes
business opportunities. Banking in India has
can by no means be taken for granted. In the
evolved through five distinct phases. Each
ongoing
Business
Tr ansf or mation
phase could be separated from the other by a
Programme, our PEOPLE play a vital role and
landmark development in the sphere of
are one of the key business enablers.Under
Banking Sector.

36


SELP JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE Selp issue 14 privious issue

SELP JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE Selp issue 14 privious issue

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