DNA structure

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The document discusses the structure of DNA. It explains that DNA is made up of nucleotides, which contain a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine). The nucleotides bond together via covalent phosphate bonds to form a single strand, and then two strands bond together via hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs to form the famous double helix structure. It also briefly mentions that Watson and Crick discovered the DNA structure using X-ray crystallography data from Rosalind Franklin.

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The three-dimensional structure of DNA proposed by Watson and Crick, as well as recent advances in this field, are summarised below: DNA is made up of two helical chains that are coiled around the same axis to form a right-handed double helix. The two chains in the helix are antiparallel, meaning that the 5′ end of one polynucleotide chain and the 3′ end of the other polynucleotide chain are on the same side and close together. Each turn is separated by 3.6 nm (formerly 3.4 nm). Each turn contains 10.5 nucleotides (formerly 10 nucleotides). Major and minor grooves are formed between the two strands due to their spatial relationship. Some proteins interact in these grooves. The outside of the double helix has hydrophilic backbones made up of alternating deoxyribose and negatively charged phosphate groups. The hydrophobic pyrimidine and purine bases are located inside the double helix, which helps to stabilize the DNA double helix. An inter-chain hydrogen bond formed between a purine and pyrimidine base also helps to stabilise the double helix. A particular purine base forms hydrogen bonds with only one pyrimidine base, i.e Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) with Cytosine (C). Adenine and Thymine (A = T) form two hydrogen bond pairs, while Guanine and Cytosine (G ≡ C) form three hydrogen bond pairs. Complementary base pairs are A = T and G ≡ C. The two chains of the DNA double helix are complementary to each other due to the presence of complementary base pairing. One strand of the double helix is known as the sense strand, which codes for RNA/proteins, and the other is known as the antisense strand.

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