1. Mental Health Disorders
Cross All Borders
Carol Hall
Mike Hawkins
Peter Jabbour

2. Contents
• Introduction
• Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Depression
Anxiety
Bipolar
Schizophrenia
Anorexia Nervosa
• Medications
Depression
Anxiety
Bipolar
Schizophrenia
Anorexia Nervosa
• Psychotherapy
Depression
Anxiety
Bipolar
Schizophrenia
Anorexia Nervosa
• Conclusion
• References

3. Introduction
The aim of this article is to compare the different treatment
methods of some of the most common mental health disorders
that we face today as a modern society. Mental Health knows no
barriers when it comes to race or socio-economic background.
Mental Health professionals come from varying different
backgrounds: Counsellors, psychotherapist’s, psychologists and
psychiatrists. They all use some form of psychotherapy or ‘talking
therapy’. However it is only the psychiatrist that can prescribe
medication a long side their
chosen form of psychotherapy which is usually psychoanalysis

4. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Depression
Cognitive behavioural therapy treatments include recognising the
negative automatic thoughts and disputing them. Using
distractions from the negativity and disputing those automated
thoughts by challenging the thoughts with contrasting evidence.
Then develop positive explanations and question the negative
assumptions. (Black Dog Institute, 2013)

5. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Anxiety
The belief is that if you think realistic, helpful thoughts your anxiety
will decrease. CBT involves education about anxiety, exposure
therapy (both imagined and real life situations), relaxation training
and slow breathing. (Madigan, 2012)

6. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Bipolar
Therapy is structured, with an agenda. Homework (between-
treatment therapy) is a key component. Assessment
and tracking are common, as well as guide treatment. These
involve mood monitoring, recording ones thoughts, activity logs,
and tracking of behaviours for change. (Culver, 2009)

7. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Schizophrenia
The ABC model is used to give the patient a way of organising
confusing experiences. It involves slowly and thoroughly moving
the patient through the various steps using Socratic questioning to
clarify the links between the emotional distresses the patient is
experiencing and the beliefs they hold. (Hansen et al, 2006)

8. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Anorexia nervosa
To treat eating disorders such as Anorexia Nervosa, CBT can be
used to change how one thinks and feels about food, eating, and
body image. It is also done to help correct poor eating habits and
prevent relapse. (Husney & Agras, 2011)

9. Medications
Depression
Depression is a common affective disorder that affects our ability
to function on a daily basis. The 3 drug groups to treat depression
are anti-depressants, tranquilisers and anti-manic drugs (Blackdog
Institute, 2013)

10. Medications
Anxiety
Symptoms of anxiety include palpitations, headache, sweating,
breathlessness and butterflies or a feeling of dread. All of these
feelings and symptoms relate to the perceived threat or danger
from what is normal. The class of drugs given typically are
benzodiazepines, which work on the receptors of the CNS to relax
muscles and can act as a sedative. (Australian Psychological
Society, 2013)

11. Medications
Bipolar
Bipolar is a manic depressive disorder marked by extreme highs
(mania) and lows (depression) with psychotic episodes. Drugs
used to treat bipolar are known as anti-psychotics and mood
stabilisers. (Blackdog Institute, 2013)
)

12. Medications
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a mix of mood disorders, thought, and anxiety
disorders. Drugs from the anti-psychotic, anti-depressant and anti-
anxiety drug groups are used. While they do not cure the disorder
they are thought to rebalance the chemical imbalances in the
brain. (Grohol, 2011)

13. Medications
Anorexia nervosa
Anorexia nervosa is the condition of self-starving due to a belief
that you are overweight. Treatment can be more challenging in this
area, so a multi-disciplinary approach is often required. Drugs
used in this disorder are typically anti-depressants and
antipsychotics. (Grohol, 2008)

14. Psychotherapy
Depression
Psychotherapy can be an effective treatment plan for depression.
It can help patients see the behaviours, emotions and ideas that
have been contributing factors to their mental illness. From here
strategies can be developed to help the client restructure their way
of thinking concerning their negative thoughts and beliefs that they
may have about themselves and the outside world. (Joseph
Goldberg MD, 2012)

15. Psychotherapy
Anxiety
When it comes to anxiety disorders “cognitive-behavioural therapy"
(CBT) which is a form of psychotherapy has been shown to be a
very successful treatment method to combat anxiety disorders.
(“Anxiety disorders and effective treatments,” 2010)

16. Psychotherapy
Bipolar
Psychotherapy has several treatment modalities that can
effectively help with bipolar disorder: Cognitive therapy,
Interpersonal therapy, Social rhythm therapy (Joseph Goldberg
MD, 2013)

17. Psychotherapy
Schizophrenia
Effective forms of treatment combining medication (Dickerson FB
& Lehman AF, 2011) with psychotherapy modalities: Meta
cognitive therapy, narrative therapies, and mindfulness therapy
have been shown to be very useful in dealing with schizophrenia.

18. Psychotherapy
Anorexia Nervosa
Psychotherapy uses cognitive analytic therapy for people with
eating disorders such as Anorexia Nervosa to help them gain an
insight into their behaviours that have led to the origin of the
disorder. (Psychotherapy, 2013) It has been found to be a very
effective form of psychotherapy.

19. Psychotherapy
Anorexia Nervosa
Psychotherapy uses cognitive analytic therapy for people with
eating disorders such as Anorexia Nervosa to help them gain an
insight into their behaviours that have led to the origin of the
disorder. (Psychotherapy, 2013) It has been found to be a very
effective form of psychotherapy.

20. Conclusion
There are many ways for mental health professionals to treat
mental health disorders. Different modalities can be used to treat
the various mental illnesses in therapeutic ways. By helping the
patient come to terms with their own perceptions of their mental
illness, whether it is depression, anxiety, bipolar, schizophrenia or
eating disorders such as Anorexia Nervosa
With a multidisciplinary approach, treatments are available and
are accepted worldwide that can provide care that one treatment
on its own may not provide. Whilst used in conjunction with other
modalities such as medications, psychotherapy and CBT. This can
be used to provide holistic care for the patient.

21. References
Black Dog Institute (2013) Thinking Your Way Out Of Depression. Retrieved May 8, 2013,
from http://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/docs/CBT_JillianBall.pdf
Madigan, C (2012, July) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Anxiety. Retrieved May 8, 2013,
from http://www.anxietyaustralia.com.au/treatment-options/cognitive-behavioural-therapy/
Culver, L J (2009) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Bipolar Disorder. Retrieved May 8, 2013,
from http://bipolar.stanford.edu/documents/DrCulverEducationDay2009.pdf
Hansen L, Kingdon D., Turkington, D (June, 2006) The ABCs of Cognitive-Behavioural
Therapy for Schizophrenia, Retrieved May 8, 2013, from
http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/schizophrenia/content/article/10168/51321
Husney A, Agras, W S (August, 2011) Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for
Eating Disorders, Retrieved May 8, 2013, from
http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-for-eating-disorders
Grohol, J. M. (October, 2008). Treatment for Anorexia. Retrieved May 13, 2013,
from http://psychcentral.com/disorders/eating_disorders/
Grohol, J. M. (September, 2011). Schizophrenia Treatment. Retrieved May 9, 2013,
from http://psychcentral.com/disorders/sx31t.htm

22. References
Black Dog Institute (March, 2013). Depression Explained. Retrieved May 7, 2013, from
http://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/public/depression/depressionexplained/index.cfm
Black Dog Institute (January, 2009). Bipolar Disorder. Retrieved May 13, 2013, from
http://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/public/bipolardisorder/treatments/bipolardisorder.cfm
Australian Psychological Society (April, 2013). Understanding and Managing Anxiety. Retrieved
April 28, 2013, from http://www.psychology.org.au/publications/tip_sheets/anxiety/#s5
Australian Psychological Society (2013, April). Understanding and Managing Anxiety. Retrieved
April 29, 2013 from http://www.psychology.org.au/publications/tip_sheets/anxiety/#s5
Joseph Goldberg (July 24, 2012) Psychotherapy to treat depression. Retrieved April 24, 2013,
from http://www.webmd.com/depression/psychotherapy-treat-depression

23. References
(“Anxiety disorders and effective treatments,” 2010) Retrieved April 24, 2013,
from http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/anxiety-treatment.aspx
Joseph Goldberg MD (Feb 01, 2013. Psychotherapy for bipolar disorder. Retrieved April 24, 2013
from http://www.webmd.com/bipolar-disorder/guide/psychotherapy-bipolar-disorder
Dickerson FB, Lehman AF (2011) Evidence-based psychotherapy for schizophrenia:2011
update. Retrieved April 24 2013 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21814072
Psychotherapy (2013). Retrieved April 24 2013
from http://www.nedc.com.au/psychotherapy