Drying of solids is mix of science and art. Dryers are developed to suit the feed stock/ product requirements. Energy is one of the major issue while designing and operating solids drying units.

1. Solids Drying
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2. Solids Drying
Purpose of Solids Drying
Increasing Shelf Life
Enhancing Calorific Value of Fuel
Reducing Down Transportation Cost
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3. Solids Drying
Drying Process
Step-1
Solid + Liquid
To Vapor
by Heat
Step-2
Removal of Vapor from Solid’s Place
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4. Solids Drying
Drying Process
Moisture
Feed
Dryer
Dry Solid
Heat
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5. Solids Drying
Feed Stock
Wet Solids
Slurry
Solution
Suspension
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6. Solids Drying
Dryer Types
Direct Contact
Indirect Contact
Continuous Dryers
Continuous Dryers
•Continuous-Tray Dryers, Continuous Sheeting
•Cylinder
Dryers, Pneumatic Conveying Dryers, Rotary
Conveyor
Dryers, Spray Dryers, Through - Circulation
Dryers, Vibrating - Tray Dryers
Dryers,
Dryers,
Drum
Dryers,
Screw-
Steam-Tube
Rotary
Dryers, Tunnel Dryers, Fluid Bed Dryers
Batch Dryers
Batch Dryers
•Batch - Through Circulation Dryers, Tray and
•Agitated
Compartment Dryers, Fluid Batch Dryers
Vacuum Rotary Dryers, Vacuum Tray Dryers
Pan
Dryers,
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Freeze
Dryers,

7. Solids Drying
Industrial Dryers
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8. Solids Drying
Trouble Shooting
Material degrades
High drying time
Reduced particle size
High moisture in dried solids
Material not fluidizing
Surface shrinkage
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9. Solids Drying
Challenges
Feed Stock
 Fry Drying
Energy Economy
 Indirect heating with small cross flow air
New Trends
 Microwave Vacuum Drying
Product Constraints
 Spray Freeze Drying
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10. Solids Drying
B
Drying
Rate
C
AB - Warming up period
A
BC - Constant Rate Period
dw/dT
‘C’ - Critical Moisture Content
CD - Falling Rate Period
D
T, Time
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