ORGANIC FARMING FOR ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND BIODIVERSITY

MODULE 6
ORGANIC FARMING FOR ANIMAL
PRODUCTION AND BIODIVERSITY

MODULE 6
REMARK
This module consists of two parts:
The first part, including 20 slides, covers general themes related to on organic
farming for animal production and biodiversity.
•At the end of the first part it will be a set of ten questions. For each question
there are three answers, just one of them correct. If all your answers are right
you pass the test, otherwise you will repeat the sequence till the test is
completed without mistakes.
•The second part, including 30 slides, contains details on organic farming for
animal production and biodiversity.
•As for the first part, at its end there will be ten multiple choice questions. If all
your answers will be correct, the system will allow to print a Certificate
corresponding to the 3rd Level.

MODULE 6
INTRODUCTION
Animal welfare has to be emphasized in animal husbandry. If the climate is
appropriate for this, open housing is allowed in organic animal farming.
Organic animal husbandry has to meet the requirements for the animals’
developmental, biological and behavioural needs as well as the animal
density. Buildings used for keeping animals in them should be built in a
way that can provide natural ventilation and light. The dust concentration
in the air, the temperature and the humidity should be kept under the level
that is not harmful for animals. Density in the buildings has to be adjusted
in a way that provides maximum comfort and welfare to animals but at the
same time behavioural characteristics of animals also have to be paid
attention for. The buildings should have an anti-slip floor. The buildings
for animal keeping have to provide a comfortable, littered, dry and clean
bed.
In case of appropriate weather and soil conditions continuous open
housing should be provided for the livestock. Attention should be paid for
density in the case of open housing in order not to damage the soil, e.g.:
overgrazing, treading damage, erosion or manure overload. Manure load
shall not exceed the limit of 170 kg/ha/year.

MODULE 6
PART I – LEVEL 2
Animal transportation should be as short in time as possible; loading and
unloading of animals shall be carried out without the use of any type of
electrical stimulation to coerce the animals. The use of allopathic
tranquillisers, prior to or during transport, is prohibited. Mutilation (e.g.:
dehorning) is prohibited, physical castration or ovaries removal are
allowed only in certain cases by an expert. Artificial fertilization of animals
is allowed while the use of hormones or similar substances to control
reproduction is prohibited.
Preventive treatment of diseases in organic animal farming is very
important. The adequate breeding system, practice, the appropriate
quality and quantity of feed, the required freedom of movement and
sufficient density could help in prevention. The use of antibiotics and
other synthetic substances for prevention are prohibited.
The buildings used for keeping the organic livestock in them shall be
cleaned reguralry with only those disinfection substances that are allowed
to use by the EU.

MODULE 6
PART I – LEVEL 2
In case of a disease, the concerned animal(s) shall be quarantined and
treated with phytotherapeutic or homoepathic products. In case of a
deficiency disease, mineral substances, vitamins and trace elements shall
be fed.

MODULE 6
PART I – LEVEL 2
CONSTITUTE AND RENEW THE ORGANIC LIVESTOCK
Non-organic adult male and nulliparous female mammals, for the renewal
of a herd or flock, shall be reared subsequently in accordance with the
organic production rules. Moreover, the number of female mammals is
subject to the following restrictions per year: up to a maximum of 10 % of
adult equine or bovine livestock and 20 % of the adult porcine, ovine and
caprine livestock, as female animals.
Conversion periods: 12 months in the case of equines and bovines for
meat production (and in any case at least three quarters of their lifetime),
six months in the case of small ruminants and pigs and animals for milk
production, 10 weeks for poultry for meat production, brought in before
they are three days old, six weeks in the case of poultry for egg
production. It should therefore not be allowed to label in-conversion
products or processed foodstuffs as organic.

MODULE 6
PART I – LEVEL 2
FEED
In the case of bovines, equines and small ruminants, except the pasturing
period, at least 60% of the feed shall come from the farm unit itself or in
case this is not feasible, be produced in cooperation with other organic
farms primarily in the same region.
In the case of pigs and poultry at least 20% of the feed shall come from the
farm unit itself or in case this is not feasible, it shall come from another
similar organic farm.
The animals shall be fed with such organic pasture feed, hay or fodder
that meets the requirements of their development and production stage of
life.
Roughage, fresh or dried fodder, or silage shall be added to the daily
ration for pigs and poultry.
Force-feeding (e.g. ducks or goose) is forbidden.

MODULE 6
PART I – LEVEL 2
ANIMAL HEALTH
The most important task is disease prevention. It depends on the
following things: appropriate choice of species, good breeding practice,
premium quality feed, proper drive of the animals, good animal density
and sufficient higyenic keeping conditions.
The use of antibiotics and other synthetic substances for prevention are
prohibited. The use of substances to promote growth or production
(including antibiotics, coccidiostatics and other artificial aids for growth
promotion purposes) and the use of hormones or similar substances to
control reproduction or for other purposes (e.g. induction or
synchronisation of oestrus), is prohibited.
Housing, pens, equipment and utensils shall be properly cleaned and
disinfected to prevent cross-infection and the buildup of disease carrying
organisms.
Faeces, urine and uneaten or spilt feed shall be removed as often as
necessary to minimise smell and to avoid attracting insects or rodents.

MODULE 6
PART I – LEVEL 2
ANIMAL SPECIES
CATTLE
The most appropriate housing for milk and meat producing animals is a
deep littered building enclosed on three sides and south side open. A
solid floored run, a roofed feeding space and an automatic drinker is
closely connected to the housing. Milking of a dairy stock shall be done at
a separated milking place. It is important that the feed distribution and the
manure removal shall be done by mechanical traction.
Meat type and young animals shall have access to pasture most of the
year. Besides the optimum animal density, an appropriate number of
feeding, drinking troughs and shaded resting places shall be established
at the pasture. Controlled grazing allows vegetation to grow back. Pasture
feeding of meat type cattles shall be outdoors except in winter. When
grazing is not possible due to weather conditions, animals shall be fed
silage, fodder and hay indoors similarly to milk type animals. Feeding
fodder beet, sugar beet and pumpkin has advantageous diatery effects.
Leafy corn stalk, barley straw, different industrial marcs and malt returns
are good complementary feeds of hay and alfalfa hay.

MODULE 6
PART I – LEVEL 2
In the case of milk type stocks, it is necessary to pay a special attention to
the physiological stages such as: calf raising (selection, increase of
weight), impregnation, the period of the pregnancy, preparations for the
birth, birth, postpartum events, lactation and reimpregnation. This annual
“big cycle” provides the existence of an economical organic dairy farm.
The milk produced in lactation can be marketed as an organic product.
Further processing of milk results in yogurt, kefir, sour cream, cottage
cheese and cheese that provide premium quality human nutriment.
In animal health, a special attention has to be paid to tasks such as:
vaccinations, diagnostic tests, activities related to reproduction (womb
and ovary massage, treatments), udder health, animal and food hygiene,
parasite prevention, shipping and distribution.

MODULE 6
PART I – LEVEL 2
PIGS
The indigenous pigs, for example the Mangalitza in Hungary, and their
cross bred with meat type species are the most suitable for organic
farming. Mangalitza is used for cross breeding in more and more
countries in the world today.
The pork and other meat products of the organic pigs contain much more
omega-3 fatty acid than those ones raised with the intensive keeping.
The basic rules of the organic pig farming are that the general condition of
the animals should be good and they should be provided natural keeping
conditions.
Tethering of sows is not allowed in organic pig farming. Physical
castration of boar piglets by an expert is allowed with causing as little
pain as possible and if the hygienic rules are kept.

MODULE 6
PART I – LEVEL 2
Organic pigs farming spend most of their life in the pasture because they
enjoy themselves there: they may roam freely, graze their natural feed and
rest anywhere and anytime they want. Wallowing is one of the most
favourite activities of pigs. It allows them to cool off and to protect
themselves from parasites and flies. It is recommended to establish an
artificial wallowing place. A mobile housing can be a good protection for
animals if the weather is too hot or rainy.
If the last three month of the pig fattening was carried out indoors in the
case of organic animal farming system, then a deep littered building can
provide sufficient comfort and cleanliness. The animals tolerate even the
hard winter if they are kept in herds of 30-50 pigs and 1.2-1.5 m2
area per
animal and 0.5-1 kg straw are provided for them.
Organic pigs can be slaughtered after the age of 9 months and if the live
weight reaches 120 kg (optimal slaughtering weight of Mangalitza is 180
kg and in the age of 1.5 years). Animal transport before slaughtering shall
meet the requirements of the animal protection rules. The use of any type
of electrical stimulation to coerce the animals is prohibited. In the case of
animal transportation the identification of each animal is essential.

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PART I – LEVEL 2
POULTRY
The results of the variety conservation programmes let the indigenous and
dual purpose chicken breeds, landrace turkeys, guinea fowls and different
water fowls survive. The meat of these kinds of poultry is much healthier
than those ones involved in the intensive keeping. Indigenous poultry
species usually grow slow so blood drop interbreeding is often carried out
with species that has stronger muscles and grow faster after they have
been involved into organic farming. With this method the best hybrids can
be selected for organic farming.
Mutilation in organic poultry farming is forbidden (trimming of beaks and
claws etc.). Neutralizing of animals (for example caponizing) is allowed if a
special product is produced and if it is done by an expert who keeps the
concerning rules.
Day old chicks shall be purchased from controlled and licenced
hatcheries if the preventive animal health treatments have been done.

MODULE 6
PART I – LEVEL 2
The aim of the organic poultry farming is not the maximum output but to
produce a premium quality and fiber rich product with a traditional taste.
This can be attained with open housing management and traditional feed.
An outdoor management shall be provided for poultry with green
vegetation and natural ground for scratching about.
Health damaging and irreversible fattening methods are forbidden (for
example force feeding).
A record shall be made of organic poultry and kept at the holding that can
be checked by a control body anytime. The record shall contain the
followings:
•the received animals by species
•the dispatched animals by species
•the number and reason of animal loss per day
•detailed descriptions of preventions, treatments and veterinary
procedures
•the feeding system and the detailed information of its irregular function

MODULE 6
PART I – LEVEL 2
HORSES
Horses shall be fed with high quality meadow hay. In order to complete
their diet, alfalfa, mowed grass, green leafy corn stalk, fodder beet or
sugar beet should be fed. The best provender for horses is oat.
Grazing is essential for horses in every agegroups in every season. Trees,
shady resting places and water troughs shall be provided at the pastures.
The most common animal health treatments for horses are the treatments
against tooth and hoof parasitic infestations. These treatments shall be
carried out with patience and without cause of suffering for the animal.

MODULE 6
PART I – LEVEL 2
SHEEP
Sheep is an animal species that adapts well to organic farming. Sheep
spend most of their life on the pasture except when fattening. Organic
sheep farming has many effects on environmental protection. Dehorning,
mutilation and tethering of sheep are prohibited in organic farming. Sheep
shall be kept without tethering both indoors and outdoors. Sheep shall
have an easy access to drinking and feeding troughs.
Sheep is the one of the herbivorous animals that can be pastured the
longest time. If necessary, wasteproduct can be fed as complementary
feed. The most optimal grass for sheep is the sprouts (10-15 cm tall)
mixed with leguminous crops (15-20%).

MODULE 6
PART I – LEVEL 2
SHEEP

MODULE 6
PART I – LEVEL 2
GOATS
It is very important in organic goat farming that only those milk and meat
products shall be considered as organic that come from a fully converted
farm.
Goats like varied plants so pastures with the plant flora of bushes, trees,
grass and leguminous crops shall be provided for them. The daily feed of
goats shall consist of at least 60% roughage. Both fresh and dried
chemical free foliage can be fed. The organic feed for the goat shall be
consisted of 6-8 different kinds of feed. The organic goats’ milk, meat, fat
and milkproducts (butter, kephir, yoghurt, sweet whey, urdă, cheese and
cottage cheese) are trademarked, premium quality, healthy and easily
digested human nutrition. In many cases these products are consumed as
a complementary foodstuff of medicines.

MODULE 6
PART I – LEVEL 2
BEES
One of the important tasks of the organic bee keeping is to stop or
minimize the harmful chemical effects. Protection from exogenous
poisoning can be attained if the isolation distance is kept (minimum 3.5
km) from the polluting source. Apiarists have no protection against acid
rains, their effects may show up through plants only. The applied
bactericides, fungicides and acaricides inside the hives may cause
contamination. Bee pastures are the flowers of the trees and other
different plants. For good honey yield, hives shall be established near
huge fields of blooming plants where no exogenious pollution exists.
In organic beekeeping essential oils and organic acids (formic acid, acetic
acid and lactic acid) are used to protect against mites.
Advices for beekeepers:
•avoid using queen excluders;
•clipping of the wings of the queen is forbidden;
•robbing of hives must not cause starvation of the colony;
•do not extract honey frames with brood in them;
•the honey from an organic apiary is pure and does not contain sugar.

MODULE 6
PART I – LEVEL 2
Organic honey and organic honey products are the healthiest foodstuffs
of the mankind.

MODULE 6
PART I – LEVEL 2 TEST
Which management technology provides the best animal
welfare?
a)traditional
b)organic
c)intensive
d)special
In which age can dehorning be performed?
a)days-old
b)after weaning
c)it is forbidden
d)after birth
Can livestocks be replaced in organic animal farming?
a)no
b)yes, completely
c)in a certain extent
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3

MODULE 6
Is artificial insemination of animals permitted?
a)yes
b)no
c)periodically
d)in the case of warm weather conditions
What does ’big cycle’ of cows mean?
a)the length of life
b)from birth to reimpregnation
c)from birth to the first impregnation
d)this term is not exist
Why does organic pork provide premium quality?
a)It does not provide premium quality. It is equal to the pork comes from
intensive management.
b)Because it has high saturated fatty acid content.
c)Because it has omega-3 fatty acid content.
d)Because it has omega-6 fatty acid content.
Question 4
Question 6
Question 5

MODULE 6
Why poultry is involved in organic production?
a)Because organic poultry lays more eggs.
b)Because organic poultry has premium quality and fiber rich meat.
c)Because organic poultry has high body water content.
d)Because organic poultry reproduces well.
How tall pasture grass is the most optimal for sheep?
a)40-50 cm
b)50-100 cm
c)20-40 cm
d)10-15 cm
What plant flora is good for goats?
a)trees
b)alfalfa
c)varied plant flora
d)cabbage
Question 7
Question 8
Question 9

MODULE 6
How can organic apiarists fight against mites?
a)With the use of organic acids.
b)With the use of antibiotics.
c)With the use of smokers.
d)If they burn the beehives.
Question 10

MODULE 6
SOLUTIONS
1)b
2)c
3)c
4)a
5)b
6)c
7)b
8)d
9)c
10)a

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
The regulation of the Council of the European Union (834/2007) and the
regulation of the European Commission (EC 889/2008) contain the
requirements for organic farming of bovines, equines, pigs, sheep,
goats, poultry, bees and aquaculture animals.
Animal welfare has to be emphasized in animal husbandry. If the
climate is appropriate for this, open housing is allowed in organic
animal farming. Organic animal husbandry has to meet the
requirements for the animals’ developmental, biological and
behavioural needs as well as the animal density. Buildings used for
keeping animals in them should be built in a way that can provide
natural ventilation and light. The dust concentration in the air, the
temperature and the humidity should be kept under the level that is not
harmful for animals. Density in the buildings has to be adjusted in a
way that provides maximum comfort and welfare to animals but at the
same time behavioural characteristics of animals also have to be paid
attention for. The buildings should have an anti-slip floor. The
buildings for animal keeping have to provide a comfortable, littered,
dry and clean bed.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
Calves must not be caged after the age of one week. Pigs shall be kept
in groups except the last stage of the pregnancy and the suckling
period, and the possibility for rooting has to be provided for them.
Poultry must not be caged but a chicken run should be provided for
them. Water fowls shall have access to a stream, pond, lake or a pool.
In their resting place a littered floor, sufficient number of perches and
holes for exit/entry shall be provided according to the species and the
animal density.
In case of appropriate weather and soil conditions continuous open
housing should be provided for the livestock. Attention should be paid
for density in the case of open housing in order not to damage the soil,
e.g.: overgrazing, treading damage, erosion or manure overload.
Manure load shall not exceed the limit of 170 kg/ha/year.
Animal transportation should be as short in time as possible; loading
and unloading of animals shall be carried out without the use of any
type of electrical stimulation to coerce the animals. The use of
allopathic tranquillisers, prior to or during transport, is prohibited.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
Mutilation (e.g.: dehorning) is prohibited, physical castration or ovaries
removal are allowed only in certain cases by an expert. Artificial
fertilization of animals is allowed while the use of hormones or similar
substances to control reproduction is prohibited.
Preventive treatment of diseases in organic animal farming is very
important. The adequate breeding system, practice, the appropriate
quality and quantity of feed, the required freedom of movement and
sufficient density could help in prevention. The use of antibiotics and
other synthetic substances for prevention are prohibited.
The buildings used for keeping the organic livestock in them shall be
cleaned reguralry with only those disinfection substances that are
allowed to use by the EU.
In case of a disease, the concerned animal(s) shall be quarantined and
treated with phytotherapeutic or homoepathic products. In case of a
deficiency disease, mineral substances, vitamins and trace elements
shall be fed.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
CONSTITUTE AND RENEW THE ORGANIC LIVESTOCK
When a flock is constituted for the first time, it needs some mammals
originated from a non organic farm. These animals should be reared in
accordance with the organic production rules immediately after they
are weaned. According to their age and weight: calves, young buffalo
and foals should be less than 6 months old, lambs and kids should be
less than 60 days old, piglets shall weigh less than 35 kg.
Non-organic adult male and nulliparous female mammals, for the
renewal of a herd or flock, shall be reared subsequently in accordance
with the organic production rules. Moreover, the number of female
mammals is subject to the following restrictions per year: up to a
maximum of 10 % of adult equine or bovine livestock and 20 % of the
adult porcine, ovine and caprine livestock, as female animals.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
For units with less than 10 equine or bovine animals, or with less than
five porcine, ovine or caprine animals any renewal as mentioned above
shall be limited to a maximum of one animal. However, there are
exceptions in some special cases: a major extension to the farm is
undertaken, a breed is changed or breeds are in danger of being lost to
farming.
There is a different rule concerning poultry: baby chickens and
ducklings shall be less than 3 days old or laying hens less than 18
weeks old if they were fed organically and received veterinary
treatment.
If a holding has a converted livestock and a livestock under conversion
at the same time, then they shall be separated from each oher and the
operator shall keep adequate records to show the separation.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
Conversion rules for crop production shall be applied in fodder
production too with the exception of that the conversion period may be
reduced to one year for pasturages and open air areas (runs, pens etc.)
used by non-herbivore species (pigs, poultry). This period may be
reduced to six months where the land concerned has not during the
last year, received treatments with products not authorised for organic
production.
Conversion periods: 12 months in the case of equines and bovines for
meat production (and in any case at least three quarters of their
lifetime), six months in the case of small ruminants and pigs and
animals for milk production, 10 weeks for poultry for meat production,
brought in before they are three days old, six weeks in the case of
poultry for egg production. It should therefore not be allowed to label
in-conversion products or processed foodstuffs as organic.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
Minimum surface areas in organic animal farming:
Indoors area
(net area available to animals)
Outdoors area
(exercise area,
excluding
pasturage)
Live weight
minimum (kg)
m2
/head m2
/head
Breeding and
fattening bovine
and equidae
up to 100
up to 200
up to 350
over 350
1,5
2,4
4,0
5 with a minimum
of 1 m2
/100 kg
1,1
1,9
3,0
3,7 with a
minimum of 0,75
m2
/100 kg
Dairy cows 6 4,5
Bulls for breeding 10 30
Sheep and goats 1,5 sheep/goat
0,35 lamb/kid
2,5
0,5

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
Indoors area
Outdoors area
(exercise area,
excluding
pasturage)
Live weight
minimum (kg)
m2
/head m2
/head
Farrowing sows
with piglets up
to 40 days
7,5 sow 2,5
Fattening pigs up to 50
up to 85
up to 110
over 110
0,8
1,1
1,3
1,5
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
Piglets over 40 days and
up to 30 kg
0,6 0,4

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
Indoors area
Outdoors area
(exercise area,
excluding
pasturage)
Live weight
minimum (kg)
m2
/head m2
/head
Brood pigs 2,5 female
6,0 male*
1,9
8,0
* If pens are used for natural service: 10 m2
/boar

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
Indoors area
Outdoors
area
(m2
of area
available in
rotation /
head)
No
animals/m2
cm
perch/animal
Nest m2
/head
Laying hens 6 18 7 laying hens
per nest or in
case of
common nest
120 cm2
/bird
4, provided
that the limit
of 170 kg of
N/ha/year is
not exceeded

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
Indoors area
Outdoors area
(m2
of area
available in
rotation / head)
No
animals/m2
cm
perch/animal
Nest m2
/head
Fattening
poultry (in
fixed housing)
10 with a
maximum of
21 kg
liveweight/m2
20 (for guinea
fowl only)
4 broilers and
guinea fowl, 4,5
ducks, 10 turkey,
15 geese.
In all the species
mentioned above
the limit of 170
kg of N/ha/year
is not exceeded

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
Indoors area
Outdoors area
(m2
of area
available in
rotation / head)
No
animals/m2
cm
perch/animal
Nest m2
/head
Fattening
poultry in
mobile
housing
16* in mobile
poultry
houses with a
maximum of
30 kg
2,5, provided
that the limit of
170 kg of
N/ha/year is not
exceeded
* Only in the case of mobile houses not exceeding 150 m2
floor space.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
HOUSING CONDITIONS AND HUSBANDRY PRACTICES FOR POULTRY
Poultry shall not be kept in cages. At least one third of the floor area of
the building shall be solid, that is, not of slatted or of grid
construction, and covered with a litter material such as straw, wood
shavings, sand or turf. In poultry houses for laying hens, a sufficiently
large part of the floor area available to the hens shall be available for
the collection of bird droppings.
Each poultry house shall not contain more than:
•4 800 chickens,
•3 000 laying hens,
•5 200 guinea fowl,
•4 000 ducks,
•2 500 capons, geese or turkeys.
The total usable area of poultry houses for meat production on any
single unit, shall not exceed 1 600 m2
. Natural light may be
supplemented by artificial means to provide a maximum of 16 hours
light per day with a continuous nocturnal rest period without artificial
light of at least eight hours.

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PART II – LEVEL 3
Poultry for meat production shall come from slow-growing poultry
strains. Where slow-growing poultry strains are not used by the
operator the following minimum age at slaughter shall be:
•81 days for chickens,
•150 days for capons,
•49 days for Peking ducks,
•70 days for female Muscovy ducks,
•84 days for male Muscovy ducks,
•92 days for Mallard ducks,
•94 days for guinea fowl,
•140 days for male turkeys and roasting geese and
•100 days for female turkeys.

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PART II – LEVEL 3
ACCESS TO OPEN AIR AREAS
•Open air areas may be partially covered.
•Bovines, equines and small ruminants shall have permanent access to
a pasture, whenever weather conditions and the state of the ground
allow this
•Concerning the above mentioned animals, the obligation to provide
open air areas during the winter months may be waived.
•Bulls over one year old shall have access to pasturage or an open air
area.
•Bovines for meat production are allowed to keep inside for the last 3
months of their lifetime.
•Poultry shall have access to an open air area for at least one third of
their life.
•Open air areas for poultry shall be mainly covered with vegetation and
be provided with protective facilities and permit fowl to have easy
access to adequate numbers of drinking and feeding troughs. For
adequate vegetation 4 weeks shall be elapsed between the use of two
different open air areas.

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PART II – LEVEL 3
FEED
In the case of bovines, equines and small ruminants, except the
pasturing period, at least 60 % of the feed shall come from the farm
unit itself or in case this is not feasible, be produced in cooperation
with other organic farms primarily in the same region.
In the case of pigs and poultry at least 20 % of the feed shall come
from the farm unit itself or in case this is not feasible, it shall come
from another similar organic farm.
The animals shall be fed with such organic pasture feed, hay or fodder
that meets the requirements of their development and production
stage of life.
Roughage, fresh or dried fodder, or silage shall be added to the daily
ration for pigs and poultry.
Force-feeding (e.g. ducks or goose) is forbidden.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
Animals can be fed with non organic feed like spices, herbs and
molasses if:
•there is no organic feed available,
•there was no chemical contact,
•they do not exceed the 1% of the dry matter content of the agricultural
feed per year.
Pigs and poultry shall be fed with traditionally grown protein feed only
in the case if no organic feed is available. This complementary feed is
not allowed to exceed the 5% of the dry matter content of the annually
fed feed.
The maximum percentage authorised of non-organic feed in the daily
ration shall be 25% calculated as a percentage of the dry matter.
If the produced organic feed was destroyed, contaminated or the
animals cannot be fed with organic feed periodically due to force
majeure, then the authority has the right to allow feeding traditionally
grown feed for a specified time.
Only unrefined sea salt and coarse rock salt can be used in feeding.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
ANIMAL HEALTH
The most important task is disease prevention. It depends on the
following things: appropriate choice of species, good breeding
practice, premium quality feed, proper drive of the animals, good
animal density and sufficient higyenic keeping conditions.
The use of antibiotics and other synthetic substances for prevention
are prohibited. The use of substances to promote growth or
production (including antibiotics, coccidiostatics and other artificial
aids for growth promotion purposes) and the use of hormones or
similar substances to control reproduction or for other purposes (e.g.
induction or synchronisation of oestrus), is prohibited. Housing, pens,
equipment and utensils shall be properly cleaned and disinfected to
prevent cross-infection and the buildup of disease carrying organisms.
Faeces, urine and uneaten or spilt feed shall be removed as often as
necessary to minimise smell and to avoid attracting insects or rodents.
Products for cleaning and disinfection in livestock buildings and
installations shall be used only if they have been authorised for use in
organic production.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
Rodenticides can be used only in traps. Only permitted substances
can be used for the elimination of insects, other pests and in plant
protection.
Buildings shall be emptied of livestock between each batch of poultry
reared. The buildings and fittings shall be cleaned and disinfected
during this time. If necessary, the above mentioned shall be done in
case of runs. When the rearing of each batch of poultry has been
completed, runs shall be left empty to allow vegetation to grow back.
If the use of measures for prevention is not effective then ill or injured
animals shall be quarantined and treatment is essential. During
treatment herbal products, trace elements, mineral feed materials used
in organic farming and homoepathic products shall be given
preference. If the above mentioned treatments are not effective then it
is essential to avoid suffering or distress of the animal. In this case the
method of the treatment shall be selected by the veterinarian based on
the rules of the profession.
Vaccinations against definite diseases, treatments for parasites and
compulsory eradication schemes are allowed in organic farming.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
ANIMAL SPECIES
CATTLE
The most important animal species in organic animal farming is the
cattle because it produces milk, meat and manure for replacing the
production capacity of the soil.
The most appropriate housing for milk and meat producing animals is
a deep littered building enclosed on three sides and south side open.
A solid floored run, a roofed feeding space and an automatic drinker is
closely connected to the housing. Milking of a dairy stock shall be
done at a separated milking place. It is important that the feed
distribution and the manure removal shall be done by mechanical
traction.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
Meat type and young animals shall have access to pasture most of the
year. Besides the optimum animal density, an appropriate number of
feeding, drinking troughs and shaded resting places shall be
established at the pasture. Controlled grazing allows vegetation to
grow back. Pasture feeding of meat type cattles shall be outdoors
except in winter. When grazing is not possible due to weather
conditions, animals shall be fed silage, fodder and hay indoors
similarly to milk type animals. Feeding fodder beet, sugar beet and
pumpkin has advantageous diatery effects. Leafy corn stalk, barley
straw, different industrial marcs and malt returns are good
complementary feeds of hay and alfalfa hay. Meat type cattles reach
the desired meat quality according to the age characteristics of the
species and the quantity and quality of the feed. It means that they are
ready to be sent to the slaughter house where the process of organic
meat is provided accorning to the animal protection regulations.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
In the case of milk type stocks, it is necessary to pay a special
attention to the physiological stages such as: calf raising (selection,
increase of weight), impregnation, the period of the pregnancy,
preparations for the birth, birth, postpartum events, lactation and
reimpregnation. This annual “big cycle” provides the existence of an
economical organic dairy farm. The milk produced in lactation can be
marketed as an organic product. Further processing of milk results in
yogurt, kefir, sour cream, cottage cheese and cheese that provide
premium quality human nutriment.
In animal health, a special attention has to be paid to tasks such as:
vaccinations, diagnostic tests, activities related to reproduction (womb
and ovary massage, treatments), udder health, animal and food
hygiene, parasite prevention, shipping and distribution.
It is very important to record every event and intervention based on
marking of each animal in organic cattle breeding. Those activities that
differ from the organic programme may endanger the existence of the
ecological system.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
PIGS
From the 20th
century to the present time pig breeding is dominated by
the rapid growing and intensive meat type pig species. Taste, quality
and keeping quality of the meat of the new species have been
deteriorated a lot. This was resulted by the intensive indoor
management technology, medicines, growth promoters and feed with
residue content. Residue is increasingly detected from pork or the
processed products. At the same time the popular, good quality and
long lasting dry pork products are missing from the market. The above
mentioned problems are missing from the organic pig farming so there
will be significant changes in the keeping methods in the future.
Organic pig farming has mainly purebred characteristics. Inbreeding
should be avoided when mating the same species because it has
negative effects to the animals’ organization strength, resistance, the
production performance (impregnational results, number of the born
piglets, reimpregnational rate, etc.), quality and quantity of the meat.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
In order to obtain better effects, cross breeding is used recently in the
case of farm animals that results in heterosis of the hybrid animals.
Heterosis provides stronger resistance for animals and gives the
possibility to produce low-fat salami that is so popular among
consumers nowadays.
The indigenous pigs, for example the Mangalitza in Hungary, and their
cross bred with meat type species are the most suitable for organic
farming. Mangalitza is used for cross breeding in more and more
countries in the world today.
The pork and other meat products of the organic pigs contain much
more omega-3 fatty acid than those ones raised with the intensive
keeping.
The basic rules of the organic pig farming are that the general
condition of the animals should be good and they should be provided
natural keeping conditions.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
Tethering of sows is not allowed in organic pig farming. Physical
castration of boar piglets by an expert is allowed with causing as little
pain as possible and if the hygienic rules are kept. Enough space shall
be provided to the mixed aged pigs to eat, drink and rest without
fighting with each other. Natural ventilation shall be provided for the
housing of the fattening pigs and sows.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
In hot summer animals should be sprinkled with water and 0.1 m/sec
airflow should be provided for them. In winter, bales of straws can be
used for heat insulation. Winter farrowing shall be avoided if the
insulation of the housing is insufficient since artificial heating is not
allowed in organic pig farming.
Organic pigs farming spend most of their life in the pasture because
they enjoy themselves there: they may roam freely, graze their natural
feed and rest anywhere and anytime they want. For this optimal
condition the pasture should be maintained: poisonous and prickly
plants shall be eradicated and controlled grazing shall be used. If turf
management is provided, the grazing or rooting pigs will not get hurt,
poisoned or infected by parasites. Usually gorged pigs like rooting. In
order to preserve the good condition of the pasture, grazing time
should be scheduled to the morning and late afternoon. Wallowing is
one of the most favourite activities of pigs. It allows them to cool off
and to protect themselves from parasites and flies. It is recommended
to establish an artificial wallowing place. A mobile housing can be a
good protection for animals if the weather is too hot or rainy.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
If the last three month of the pig fattening was carried out indoors in
the case of organic animal farming system, then a deep littered
building can provide sufficient comfort and cleanliness. The animals
tolerate even the hard winter if they are kept in herds of 30-50 pigs and
1.2-1.5 m2
area per animal and 0.5-1 kg straw are provided for them. In
order to produce some compound manure, some wood shavings and
organic waste shall be added to the straw litter. All kinds of feed that
meet the requirements listed in the general part are suitable for feeding
pigs.
Pig keeping shall be based on grazing except fattening. In the case of
non grazing pig keeping, roughage (fresh or dried hay or grass) or
silage must be provided continuously. Animal origin feed materials are
allowed to be fed if they meet the requirements of organic animal
farming. The premium quality and optimal quantity feed play a very
important role in disease prevention.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
Organic pigs can be slaughtered after the age of 9 months and if the
live weight reaches 120 kg (optimal slaughtering weight of Mangalitza
is 180 kg and in the age of 1.5 years). Animal transport before
slaughtering shall meet the requirements of the animal protection
rules. The use of any type of electrical stimulation to coerce the
animals is prohibited. In the case of animal transportation the
identification of each animal is essential.
When processing organic products only those food additives and
procedures shall be used that are permitted in the standards. Salting,
smoking and marinading shall be used to preserve pork and meat
products.
Organic pork, ham and other meat products are very popular both in
the domestic and foreign markets.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
POULTRY
Poor quality poultry products come from intensive keeping cannot be
overcome yet in the market by poultry products come from organic
poultry farms. The reason for this is that poultry products come from
intensive keeping became a cheap dominating product in mass
nutrition.
The results of the variety conservation programmes let the indigenous
and dual purpose chicken breeds, landrace turkeys, guinea fowls and
different water fowls survive. The meat of these kinds of poultry is
much healthier than those ones involved in the intensive keeping. The
open housing poultry also has premium quality meat and eggs. The
products that come from an organic poultry farm can be marketed at a
higher rate and they provide premium quality. There is a constantly
growing demand for increasing quantity, branded and organic poultry
products. With this the quantity and the export range of quality poultry
products expand.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
Indigenous poultry species usually grow slow so blood drop
interbreeding is often carried out with species that has stronger
muscles and grow faster after they have been involved into organic
farming. With this method the best hybrids can be selected for organic
farming.
The organic farming of the poultry sector has a strong effect on
sustaining the balance of the agricultural production systems,
increasing the organic substance of the soil and providing nutriment
for plants. Landrace poultries provide the preparation of soil, parasitic
weeds and pestiferous control and fertilization of the soil.
Mutilation in organic poultry farming is forbidden (trimming of beaks
and claws etc.). Neutralizing of animals (for example caponizing) is
allowed if a special product is produced and if it is done by an expert
who keeps the concerning rules.
The age for slaughter in the case of poultry is strictly regulated (see
general part).
Day old chicks shall be purchased from controlled and licenced
hatcheries if the preventive animal health treatments have been done.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
The aim of the organic poultry farming is not the maximum output but
to produce a premium quality and fiber rich product with a traditional
taste. This can be attained with open housing management and
traditional feed. An outdoor management shall be provided for poultry
with green vegetation and natural ground for scratching about.
Health damaging and irreversible fattening methods are forbidden (for
example force feeding).
Organic poultry shall be fed by organic farming feed if possible. Up to
30% of the feed formula of rations on average may comprise in-
conversion feedingstuffs. When the in-conversion feedingstuffs come
from a unit of the holding itself, this percentage may be increased to
60%. At least 65% of the feed shall be consisted of cereal fodder:
wheat, corn, barley and oat. The daily ration shall be completed with
fresh or dried hay came from organic farming.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
Housing for all species of livestock should satisfy the biological needs
of the animals. The run shall be protected against predatory animals.
Water fowls shall have an easy access to a water surface with an
appropriate size for the density. Mobile housings are very useful when
the stock is moved to a new pasture. Adequate numbers of drinking
and feeding troughs shall be provided in the runs and at the pastures.
In the case of laying hens natural light may be supplemented by
artificial means to provide a maximum of 16 hours light per day with a
continuous nocturnal rest period without artificial light of at least six
hours.
According to the animal health regulations, buildings shall be emptied
of livestock between each batch of poultry reared. The buildings and
fittings shall be cleaned and disinfected during this time. Grass
rotation should be applied in order that the vegetation still can grow
back and the sun can disinfect the soil.
The organic poultry shall be slaughtered only in slaughter houses with
EU standards and export certification. Packaging and storing are also
permitted at these places. The products shall be labelled with organic
origin trade marks.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
A record shall be made of organic poultry and kept at the holding that
can be checked by a control body anytime. The record shall contain
the followings:
•the received animals by species
•the dispatched animals by species
•the number and reason of animal loss per day
•detailed descriptions of preventions, treatments and veterinary
procedures
•the feeding system and the detailed information of its irregular
function

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
HORSES
Horses cannot be ignored when organic farming is mentioned. The
main principle is that horses shall be kept according to their biological
and behavioural needs in a horse box without tethering. If tethering is
inevitable then let the horse some free area to move, possibility to lie
down or get up and free access to feed and drinking water. Horses
should be groomed and cared according to their breed characteristics.
Shoeing and hoof care shall be done without coerce. Daily regular
moving of horses is essential.
Horses shall be fed with high quality meadow hay. In order to complete
their diet, alfalfa, mowed grass, green leafy corn stalk, fodder beet or
sugar beet should be fed. The best provender for horses is oat.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
Grazing is essential for horses in every agegroups in every season.
Trees, shady resting places and water troughs shall be provided at the
pastures.
Attention shall be paid in order not to cause injuries when riding and
carriage driving. A very special attention shall be paid if the mare has a
colt.
The most common animal health treatments for horses are the
treatments against tooth and hoof parasitic infestations. These
treatments shall be carried out with patience and without cause of
suffering for the animal. The lack of moving may cause muscle
stiffness. In the case of this disease the horse must be stopped
immediately and a massage should be given to its gluteal muscle until
the veterinary arrives. "Colic" is the disorder of the digestive organ. In
this case the horse is made to move and the veterinary shall be called
immediately.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
SHEEP
Sheep is an animal species that adapts well to organic farming. Sheep
spend most of their life on the pasture except when fattening. Organic
sheep farming has many effects on environmental protection.
Dehorning, mutilation and tethering of sheep are prohibited in organic
farming. Sheep shall be kept without tethering both indoors and
outdoors. Sheep shall have an easy access to drinking and feeding
troughs.
In the case of fattening, sheep can be kept indoors up to three months.
Shady resting places and housings against extreme weather
conditions shall be provided for sheep at the pasture.
The annual selective breeding of the animal stock improves the milk
production of ewes, the twin birth tendency and lamb rearing ability.
Artificial insemination is permitted but embryo inplantation and other
artificial interventions are prohibited.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
Sheep is the one of the herbivorous animals that can be pastured the
longest time. If necessary, wasteproduct can be fed as complementary
feed. The most optimal grass for sheep is the sprouts (10-15 cm tall)
mixed with leguminous crops (15-20%). Sheep shall be fed with
roughage and grain feed come from organic farming. In feeding, there
is a difference between the age groups and biological needs (for
example: pregnancy, lactation etc.) of sheep.
In organic sheep farming everything shall be recorded: indoor/outdoor
management, pasture exchange, residence exchange of the animals,
birth, age group change, fattening, marketing, slaughtering
classification etc.
Meat and meat products come from organic animal farming should be
marketed as trade mark products.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
GOATS
The German fawn goat, the Saanen goat, the Alpine ibex and the Boer
goat are the best goat species for organic animal farming purposes.
Goats can be kept both outdoors and indoors. The freedom of
movement shall be provided for goats every time. Animals shall be
marked permanently and every event shall be recorded. The records of
the production details (butterfat and milk protein content of the daily
milk) and breeding information (birth date, animal yield, sex, mating
date, the number of the mating he-goats etc.) have great influence on
the breeding value.
It is very important in organic goat farming that only those milk and
meat products shall be considered as organic that come from a fully
converted farm.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
Goats like varied plants so pastures with the plant flora of bushes,
trees, grass and leguminous crops shall be provided for them. The
daily feed of goats shall consist of at least 60% roughage. Both fresh
and dried chemical free foliage can be fed. The organic feed for the
goat shall be consisted of 6-8 different kinds of feed. The organic
goats’ milk, meat, fat and milkproducts (butter, kephir, yoghurt, sweet
whey, urdă, cheese and cottage cheese) are trade marked, premium
quality, healthy and easily digested human nutrition. In many cases
these products are consumed as a complementary foodstuff of
medicines.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
BEES
In bee keeping, chemicals that can be harmful for the products have
partly exogenous and partly endogenous origins. The sources of the
pollution outside the hive are: industrial emission (flue gases, dust),
heavy metals from traffic (lead, cadmium) and chemicals from the
agricultural activity settle on plants and animals (pesticides, artificial
fertilizers).
Substances (mostly acaricides) used for protection by the apiarists
inside the hives highly impact the bee products (honey, propolis).
One of the important tasks of the organic bee keeping is to stop or
minimize the harmful chemical effects. Protection from exogenous
poisoning can be attained if the isolation distance is kept (minimum
3.5 km) from the polluting source. Apiarists have no protection against
acid rains, their effects may show up through plants only. The applied
bactericides, fungicides and acaricides inside the hives may cause
contamination. Bee pastures are the flowers of the trees and other
different plants. For good honey yield, hives shall be established near
huge fields of blooming plants where no exogenious pollution exists.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3
The hives shall be opened when the weather gets warmer so the
uncovered broods are not exposed to cold and most of the bees are
away for collecting honey. In organic beekeeping colonies are not
exploited. If complementary feed is needed for bees then patties are
fed. Bees drink plenty of water. Apiarists usually place zeolite pieces
into the bees’ drinking troughs in order that bees can fly onto them or
can consume them as trace material.
In organic beekeeping essential oils and organic acids (formic acid,
acetic acid and lactic acid) are used to protect against mites.
Advices for beekeepers:
•avoid using queen excluders;
•clipping of the wings of the queen is forbidden;
•robbing of hives must not cause starvation of the colony;
•do not extract honey frames with brood in them;
•the honey from an organic apiary is pure and does not contain sugar.
Organic honey and organic honey products are the healthiest
foodstuffs of the mankind.

MODULE 6
PART II – LEVEL 3 TEST
Does the EU control the technology of organic animal farming?
a)yes
b)no
c)partly
d)according to the EU it is uninportant
How long can calves be allowed to keep in cages?
a)it is prohibited
b)until weaning
c)until the age of 1 month
d)until the age of 1 week
How many m2
area do breeder bulls need indoors?
a)it is not determined
b)10m2
c)25 m2
d)5 m2
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3

MODULE 6
How many geese can be kept in a poultry housing?
a)1850
b)500
c)2500
d)as many as can go in
What sort of salt is allowed to use?
a)KCl
b)sea salt or rock salt
c)MgCl
d)it is not controlled
Is vaccination allowed in organic animal farming?
a)yes, in the case of some definite diseases
b)no
c)it is up to the veterinary
d)yes, it is allowed in every cases
Question 4
Question 5
Question 6

MODULE 6
Can those products be considered organic that made from
organic milk?
a)no
b)partly
c)only the yoghurt
d)yes
What can be used best for thermal insulation in pig housings?
a)brick
b)hay
c)manure
d)draught
9. Is physical castration of roosters allowed?
a)yes
b)no
c)periodically
Question 7
Question 8
Question 9

MODULE 6
The disease called ’colic’ show up in the species of…
a)sheep
b)cattle
c)bees
d)horses
Question 10

MODULE 6
SOLUTIONS
1)a
2)d
3)b
4)c
5)b
6)a
7)d
8)b
9)a
10)d

MODULE 6
REFERENCES
•Radics L. (2001): Ökológiai gazdálkodás. Dinasztia Kiadó, Budapest.
245-316 p.
•Seléndy Sz. (2013): Gyakorlati biogazdálkodás 1. Mezőgazda Kiadó –
Biokontroll Hungária, Budapest. 149 p.
•Seléndy Sz. (2005): Ökogazdák kézikönyve. Szaktudás Kiadó Ház,
Budapest. 276 p.
•Ewbank R., Kim-Madslien F., Hart C. B. (1999): Management and
Welfare of Farm Animals. Halstan & Co Ltd, Amersham, Bucks, UK.297
p.
•Ángyán J., Menyhért Z. (1997): Alkalmazkodó növénytermesztés,
ésszerű környezetgazdálkodás. Mezőgazdasági Szaktudás Kiadó,
Budapest. 349 p.
•Radics L. (2002): Ökológiai gazdálkodás II. Szaktudás Kiadó Ház,
Budapest. 638 p.
•Eriksen S., Hansen B. S., Schmidt K., Suhr K. (2010): Organic Farming.
Organic Agriculture College at Kaloe, Denmark. 180 p.

MODULE 6
REFERENCES
•http://www.biokontroll.hu/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&
•http://www.nyugatbio.hu/eloadasok/letoltesek/fiatal-gazda/az_okologiai_allatta
•http://www.pointernet.pds.hu/ujsagok/agraragazat/2010/12/20110124170701356
•http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/agriculture/food/f86000_hu.htm
•http://www.ostermelo.com/rovatok/%C3%A1llatteny%C3%A9szt%C3%A9s/167
•http://www.okogarancia.hu/pdf/cikkek/ostermelo_2012-4.pdf
•http://genmegorzes.hu/agr%C3%A1r%C3%B6kol%C3%B3giai-%C3%A9s-g%C3

MODULE 6
REFERENCES
•http://www.szaktudas.hu/termekek+okologiai_gazdalkodas+okologiai_gazdalk
•http://www2.konyvtar.univet.hu/regi/ugro/links/okologiai.htm
•http://www.biokontroll.hu/cms/images/stories/szakcikkek/letoltesek/okologiai_
•http://www.infonet-biovision.org/res/res/files/488.OrgFarm.pdf
•http://www.infonet-biovision.org/res/res/files/488.OrgFarm.pdf
•http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/organic/
•http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/09-077.htm
•http://www.soilassociation.org/whatisorganic/organicanimals
•http://smallfarms.ifas.ufl.edu/organic_production/organic_livestock.html
•http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5102526

MODULE 6
REFERENCES
•http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/organic/consumer-trust/animal-welfare/index_e
•http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-food/free-range-organic-meat-my
•http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/237831/organic-livestoc
•http://www.princeton.edu/greening/organic4.htm
•http://www.effab.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=TksXlnkYu0Q%3D&tabid=204&
•http://www.infonet-biovision.org/default/ct/242/animalKeeping
•http://orgprints.org/3148/1/hovi-et-al-2004-2nd-SAFO-proceedings.pdf
•http://emajmagazine.com/2012/08/18/organic-farming-and-the-effects-on-anima
•https://www.gov.uk/converting-to-organic-farming

MODULE 6
REFERENCES
•http://www.biokontroll.hu/cms/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=181%3Aaz-oekologiai-allattartas-
elirasai&catid=191%3Agyik&Itemid=96
•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnIgwZxe0yw
•http://www.m70.hu/hu/cikk/bio_allattartas/
•http://www.gyulavarikastely.hu/index.php/bio-termeles/
•http://jaszlajosmizse.hu/a-haztaji-haszon-allattartas-8-resz/
•http://okofitnesz.hu/kihivas/biotejtermek
•http://kereso.startlap.hu/index.php?q=bio+%C3%A1llattart
%C3%A1s&start=144&num=12&sise=a&search=google&nhash=startlap_
038ec53cc32d1cb75247d6664efe9be9_TURReU1ERTBNekF4TlRNMk1UR
TRNakEzTmprMk1USTJORFUzTVRRek9USTJOekV6TmpRNU9EZzBPVG
MxTURnMk5EQTVNRE0x

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