This document discusses hazard communication and chemical safety. It defines key terms like hazard, risk, dose response, and route of exposure. It explains how hazards are different than risks and that risk depends on both hazard and exposure. The document provides examples of chemical hazards like lead, mercury, and discusses safe handling practices like using personal protective equipment and following first aid instructions. It emphasizes the importance of labels, material safety data sheets, and training workers on chemical hazards and safe use.

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Boogeyman
Toxicology Demystified
– Understanding Safety &
Health Risks in the Workplace
Keng-
Keng-Meng Khoo, PhD, LLM (Commercial Law),
Regulatory Affairs Regional Director (Asia Pacific,
Africa, Middle East & Turkey)
1 March 16, 2012 2
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Boogeyman Perception of safety risks
(real or imaginary)
can be very emotive!!!
Boogeyman – an amorphous imaginary being
used by adults to frighten children into
behaving.
The monster has no specific appearance, and
conceptions about it can vary drastically from
household to household within the same
community; in many cases, he has no set
Goya's "Here Comes the Boogey-Man" appearance in the mind of an adult or child,
(Aquí viene el Coco) c.1797 but is simply a non-specific embodiment of
terror.
- Wikipedia
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Boogeyman
Risk Perception Revealed!
Risk perception by consumer/customer must not be
Why what is real and what
underestimated! is perceived matters!
It does matter! Why even a basic
Basis of media attention and political pressure, which both affect understanding of safety
regulation! and toxicology matters!
Why education and
awareness matters!
We have a B-2-B model - Why I am here today!
BUT whether the customer is Child working in a lead battery recycling factory,
from retail or institutional, their Bangladesh
perception matters! (Still Pictures/Peter Arnold Inc)
This child will suffer from the effects of lead poisoning for a lifetime
and will not be able to reach his intellectual potential!
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2. Power To Discover The Truth Daily Encounters with Chemicals
“It is not the truth that makes you • We encounter chemicals almost every day
free. It is your possession of the - Filling your car with petrol
power to discover the truth. Our - Cleaning the bathroom or kitchen
- Applying pesticides
dilemma is that we do not know - Using cleaning products at work
how to provide that power.” - Formulating in the lab
Richard Lewontin Chemicals can cause injury or illness if not handled
properly!
(New York Review of Books, Jan 7, 1997)
Even water can kill under certain circumstances!!!
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Hazard vs Risk? Key Words To Understand!
Hazard
Dose / Response / Route
Risk =
Hazard X Exposure
Individual Sensitivity
Risk
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Key Words To Understand! Key Words To Understand!
We routinely combine our knowledge
Hazard = Intrinsic properties of
of hazard, exposure and individual
a particular agent or situation susceptibility to judge the risk of harm!
We know the - Young person judges the speed of
approaching car and decides to run across
hazards of the street!
- Old person waits for traffic light to change!
crossing the
- Decision based on judgment about the risk
highways! of being hit by car!
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3. Key Words To Understand! Key Words To Understand!
Formal process of determining the potential
of an agent/chemical/ingredient to cause What is hazard classification?
harm = risk/safety assessment • A standard and harmonized system to describe and classify
against agreed limits, hazard properties with potential danger
- Process is complex and often controversial to man or the environment
because data may not be available or there is
conflicting information! • Constitutes the basis of safety labeling to warn the user
about potential hazards
- Process combines all known information about the
hazards and determine the potential for harm ! • GHS is a hazard-based classification system
- Risk/Safety assessment is not an ABSOLUTE and
depends on data available at the time and the
Reminder: HAZARD is different from RISK!
subject matter expert
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Key Words To Understand! Paracelsus
Risk, Hazard & Risk Perception in
Cosmetics
“All substances are poisons;
- Market for sunscreens in EU April 2001 – media attention and
there is none which is not a poison.
consumer anxiety The right dose differentiates a poison
- Article by Schlumpf et al (2001) suggesting several sunscreens have
estrogenic activity (HAZARD!) from an in vitro test with cancer cell from a remedy.”
line and an in vivo rat uterotrophic assay
- Controversial interpretations of the results (RISK FOR HUMAN
HEALTH!) caused consumer concerns Paracelsus (1493-1541)
- In actual fact, the activity found in Schlumpf et al was very low
compared to exposure with estrogenic substances in food
(flavonoids) and current hormonal therapy (e.g. birth control pill,
morning after pill, post menopausal therapy)
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Childhood Lead Exposure
Examples of Why Safety and Toxicology
Matters
Childhood Lead Exposure
“Lead Makes the Mind
Organic Mercury in Fish
Give Way”
From S. Gilbert’s Principles of Toxicology
Dioscorides, 2nd BC
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4. Blood Lead Levels Organic Mercury in Fish
Acceptable Childhood Blood Lead Levels
40
40
Discharge in Minamata Bay,
Blood Lead (ug/dl)
35
30
30
25
Japan
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
0
CDC CDC CDC WHO EPA CDC
1973 1975 1985 1986 1986 1990
Agency and Year
The CDC set the blood lead level of concern
for children at 10 micrograms per deciliter,
but also states that adverse effects exist at
all levels!
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Toxicity ranked by amount that causes
Fetal Effects of MeHg
death
What is LD-50?
Agent LD-
LD-50 (mg/kg)
Ethyl alcohol 10,000
Salt (sodium chloride) 4,000
Iron (Ferrous sulfate) 1,500
Morphine 900
Mothballs 500
(paradichlorobenzene)
Aspirin 250
DDT 250
Cyanide 10
Nicotine 1
Life-long effects! Tetrodotoxin (from fish) 0.01
Dioxin (TCDD) 0.001
Botulinum Toxin 0.00001
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Exposure & Absorption Frequency Of Exposure
7 Beers in 1 Hour or
Route of exposure 7 Beers in 1 Week (1 Beer/Day)
1) Skin (dermal) 1 or 7 Cups of Coffee in 1 Day
2) Lung (inhalation)
3) Oral (gut)
Harmful effects of a chemical are often dependent on the frequency
of exposure and the time between exposures!
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5. Distribution Metabolism
How The Body Breaks The
Where A Chemical Goes Chemical Down?
(body water, fat, bone)
What The Chemical Turns
Where A Chemical Into?
Accumulates
How Fast?
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Communicating Information – Why
Communicating Information Training on Chemical Safety/Risk?
• Regulators and customers may want to have
• Product labels information about potential harms (right to know):
- Hazard, risk, directions for use, safety - foreseeable use
precautions - foreseeable misuse
- accident situations
• Safety data sheets
- Usually for use at work (occupational setting) • Need to differentiate between hazard vs risk to avoid:
- Available to public on request - confusion that the same chemical is more toxic than
previously due to a change in hazard classification
• Other means (GHS)
- Package inserts - clarify that although chemical has intrinsic
- Internet properties/toxicity, proper safety training on handling
will minimize risk (exposure to chemical hazards)
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Hazard Communication Safe Handling and Use
Examples of Chemical Hazards PPE (Personal Protection Equipment)
Physical Hazards: - Dust masks and respirators
- Flammable
- Explosive - Glasses, goggles, and face shields
- Reactive - Gloves
- Foot protection
Health Hazards: - Aprons or full-body suits
- Corrosive
- Toxic
Use PPE correctly and under the appropriate circumstances!
Hazards do not inform user of the risk – If handled in an unsafe manner, risk
of exposure to hazards (intrinsic toxicity of chemicals) is high; if handled
in a safe manner, risk is low although the intrinsic properties may be
high!
Training on understanding risk/hazard and safe use is a value-add to
customers!
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6. Safe Handling and Use Safe Handling and Use
First Aid Instructions Spills and Leaks
- Eyes: Flush with water for 15 minutes - Evacuate the area
- Skin: Wash with soap and water - Notify a supervisor or the emergency response team
- Inhalation: Move to fresh air
- Swallowing: Get emergency medical assistance Sometimes accidents happen and users need to be aware
of what to do under those circumstances!
Sometimes accidents happen and users need to be aware
of what to do under those circumstances!
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Importance of Labels Importance of MSDS
- Identity of the chemical - Chemical and manufacturer’s identity
- Name, address and emergency phone number of the - Hazardous raw materials
manufacturer - Physical and chemical characteristics
- Fire, explosion, and reactivity
- Physical and health hazards
- Special handling instructions - Health hazards
- Basic PPE recommendations - Routes of entry
- First aid, fire response, spill cleanup - Exposure levels (PEL or TLV)
- Symptoms of exposure
- First-Aid and emergency information
The label will not communicate the degree of risk!
How safe is the use of the product?
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Depends on the nature of the hazards and potential - Safe handling and storage
exposure (exposure minimal if safety precautions are - Spills and leaks
taken)! - Compliance issues
Value-add of such communication to customer! Like label, does not communicate the degree of risk!
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Hazard Communication Summary When to submit for safety assessment
Formulation
If formulation is leveraged from an EU/US product (e.g. MNC), can
Train customers on: typically leverage on the safety assessment from those regions – no
- Identify chemical hazards by reading labels and MSDSs need to reinvent the wheel
- Follow warnings and instructions, or ask supervisor if in doubt If a formulation is tweaked (e.g. introduction of a new ingredient)
- Use the correct personal protective equipment If the formulation is the same (leveraged from EU/US) but RM sources
- Practice sensible, safe work habits change due to cost-improvement projects (e.g. change to China
- Learn emergency procedures ingredient supplier) – safety review of the RM
Is there any contaminants/traces/impurities of concern?
Label or MSDS does not communicate the degree of risk!
A single RM switch may not be a concern for a finished product but if
there are multiple switches, there may be a concern for
If asked how safe is the product? contaminants/traces/impurities
Answer would be if follow the proper precautions as above, the
safety risk can be minimized – every chemical will have its own
E.g. Heavy metal content in mined materials (talc)
intrinsic hazards and no chemical is 100% safe
Pesticide content in plant-based ingredients
BSE statement (certificate of origin) for animal-based ingredients
Safe use depends on awareness of hazards and practicing sensible,
(statements to confirm that a product is “free of TSE/BSE” are not
safe work habits to minimize safety risk! scientifically possible)
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7. Post-
Post-marketing surveillance
Power To Discover The Truth
Once a product is cleared for use, it is
important to monitor adverse reactions “It is not the truth that makes you
when it enters the market place
free. It is your possession of the
Continuous confirmation to give consumer
power to discover the truth. Our
the level of safety reasonably expected dilemma is that we do not know
how to provide that power.”
Richard Lewontin
(New York Review of Books, Jan 7, 1997)
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