1. Thesis Defense for the Degree of Master of Science
2010
MAY 3, ANKARA
NUMERICAL MODELING AND
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
OF SOLAR-POWERED IDEAL
ADSORPTION COOLING SYSTEMS
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Middle East Technical University
2. Presentation Outline
2
1. Motivation
2. Adsorption Cycle Descriptions
i. Simple cycle
ii. Cycle enhancements
3. Scope of the Study
4. Models
5. Conditions Analyzed
6. Results
7. Conclusions
8. Future Work
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
3. 1. Motivation
3
Electricity demand exceed supply in Turkey in
2016-2017 (TEIAS, 2009)
Increasing cooling loads Increase in electricity
demand especially on Mediterranean coast
Many hotels use conventional AC systems in
Antalya
Need to decrease the electricity demand for
cooling in Antalya
Need for sustainable and renewable solutions
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
4. 2. Adsorption Cycle Descriptions
4
Simple Cycle
Baker and Kaftanoglu (2007)
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
5. 2. Adsorption Cycle Descriptions
5
Cycle Enhancements
Heat recovery cycle
Mass recovery cycle
Heat and mass recovery cycle
Thermal regeneration
Thermal wave
Thermal wave cycle with mass recovery
Convectivethermal wave
Rotary beds
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
6. 2. Adsorption Cycle Descriptions
6
Heat Recovery Cycle
Two adsorbent beds
operating out of phase
Heat transferred from
bed being cooled to
bed being heated
Increase in COP
Wang (2001)
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
7. 2. Adsorption Cycle Descriptions
7
Thermal Wave Cycle
Taylan et al. (2009)
Two beds connected via HTF
HTF between Thot and To
Sorption processes create dT1 and dT2
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
8. 3. Scope of the Study
8
What was available What was needed
Thermodynamic models Assess the feasibility of
of using solar energy for
adsorption cooling
Simple systems
Heat recovery Develop fast models to
Thermal wave perform a large number
of parametric studies
MATLAB models of
Obtain basic
Simple
performance trends as
Heat recovery operating conditions vary
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
9. 3. Scope of the Study
9
What has been added
TRNSYS-compatible MATLAB model of thermal wave
cycle
Thermodynamic models of
Thermal wave with adiabatic mass recovery (AMR)
Thermal wave with isothermal mass recovery (IMR)
TRNSYS model of solar-thermal system
Three commercial collector models (two flat plate and
one evacuated tube) integrated with the solar-thermal
system
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
10. 3. Scope of the Study
10
What has been added (cont’d)
Modeling five commonly-used adsorbent –
refrigerant (working) pairs using MATLAB
Developing a normalized seasonal model
Running steady and seasonal-transient simulations
with the integrated model
Investigating basic trends in the cycle and system
performances as some design parameters are
varied
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
11. 4. Models
11
Solar Thermal System Model
TRNSYS Model MATLAB Model
Taylan et al. (2010)
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
12. 4. Models
12
Normalized Cooling Load
To ti Trfrc
q load,N ti =
Max To Trfrc
Normalized Cooling Capacity
q F ti × COPads ti
q clg,N ti = S×
Max qF ×COPads
Normalized Match Factor
qMatch,N ti = qclg,N ti qload,N ti
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
13. 4. Models
13
Storage (qStorage,N and qStorage,max)
Loss (qLoss,N) if qStorage,N = qStorage,max and qclg,N > qload,N
Backup (qBackup,N) if qStorage,N = 0 and qclg,N < qload,N
Solar Fraction ( f ) & Loss Fraction ( l )
qclg,tot q
i
clg,N ti qLoss,tot q
i
Loss,N ti
f= = l= =
qload,tot q
i
load,N ti qload,tot q
i
load,N ti
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
14. 4. Models
14
Normalized Collector Area
q clg,N ti
Acoll , N =
G ti
× COPsys ti
Grfrc
Normalized Mass of Adsorbent
Max X
-1
mads,N =
X base
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
15. 5. Conditions Analyzed
15
Adsorption cycle types
Reversible (Rev)
Simple
Heat recovery with two spatially isothermal beds (HRec)
Thermal wave with no mass recovery (NMR)
Thermal wave with adiabatic mass recovery (AMR)
Thermal wave with isothermal mass recovery (IMR)
Adsorbent – Refrigerant (working) pairs
Zeolite NaX – Water (Z1)
Zeolite X13 – Water (ZW)
Silica Gel – Water (SG)
Activated Carbon – Ammonia (CA)
Activated Carbon – Methanol (CM)
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
16. 5. Conditions Analyzed
16
Collector types
Flat plate collector (FP)
Evacuated tube collector (ET)
Cooling tower types or condensation temperature Tcond
Dry cooling tower
Wet cooling tower
Evaporation temperature Tevap
Excess bed temperature Texcess To Tcond
Heat capacity ratio R mshell cshell mHTF cHTF mads cads 1
Maximum bed temperature Thot
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
17. 6. Results
17
Comparison of different adsorption cycles
5.0
4.5
4.0 Reversible
3.5 NMR with bypass
3.0 NMR without bypass
COPads
2.5 AMR with bypass
2.0 AMR without bypass
1.5 IMR with bypass
1.0 IMR without bypass
0.5 Heat Recovery
0.0 Simple
90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Maximum Bed Temperature, Thot (oC)
Base Case: Z1 pair, Tcond = 30oC, Tevap = 10oC, R = 10 and Texcess = 0oC
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
18. 6. Results
18
Comparison of working pairs
1.4
1.2
1.0
Rev
COPsys,clg
0.8 Z1
ZW
0.6
SG
0.4 CA
0.2 CM
0.0
80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
Maximum Bed Temperature, Thot (oC)
Base Case: NMR, Tcond = 30oC, Tevap = 10oC, R = 10 and Texcess = 0oC
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
19. 6. Results
19
Comparison of collectors and solar radiation levels
0.14
0.12
0.10
FP,500
COPsys
0.08 FP,750
0.06 FP,1000
ET,500
0.04 ET,750
0.02 ET,1000
0.00
90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Maximum Bed Temperature, Thot (oC)
Base Case: Z1 pair, Tcond = 20oC, Tamb = 35oC, Tevap = 10oC, R = 10 and Texcess = 10oC
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
20. 6. Results
20
Comparison of cooling towers and Tevap
0.16
0.14
0.12 Simple,Dry
0.10 HRec,Dry
COPsys,clg
Simple,Wet
0.08
HRec,Wet
0.06 Simple,5
0.04 Simple,15
0.02 HRec,5
HRec,15
0.00
90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
Maximum Bed Temperature, Thot (oC)
Base Case: Z1 pair, Tcond = 30oC, Tevap = 10oC, R = 10 and Texcess = 10oC
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
21. 6. Results
21
Comparison of Texcess and R
0.30
0.25
Simple,DTexcess=0
COPsys,clg
0.20 Simple,DTexcess=10
HRec,DTexcess=0
0.15 HRec,DTexcess=10
Simple,R=0
0.10 Simple,R=3
HRec,R=0
0.05
HRec,R=3
0.00
80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Maximum Bed Temperature, Thot (oC)
Base Case: CA pair, Tcond = 30oC, Tevap = 10oC, R = 10 and Texcess = 10oC
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
22. 6. Results
22
Comparison of investigated operating conditions
9.0
8.0
7.0 base
Tcond=20
6.0
Tcond=40
COPads
5.0
Tevap=5
4.0 Tevap=15
3.0 DTexcess=0
2.0 DTexcess=10
1.0 Tcond=20, R=0
0.0 Tcond=20, R=10
90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Maximum Bed Temperature, Thot (oC)
Base Case: IMR with Z1 pair, Tcond = 30oC, Tevap = 10oC, R = 3 and Texcess = 5oC
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
23. 6. Results
23
Normalized Results (Solar and Loss Fractions)
f and l not affected by cycle type
Using ET increases both f and l
Using wet cooling tower increases f and l for FP and
decreases l for ET
Decreasing Texcess or R or increasing S increases f and
decreases l
As Thot increases f and l decrease
1 – f proportional to qBackup
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
25. 6. Results
25
Normalized Results (Required Adsorbent Mass)
2.5
Normalized Adsorbent Mass
2.0
Dry+10degC
1.5
Dry+5degC
mads,N
Dry
1.0 Wet+10degC
Wet+5degC
0.5 Wet
0.0
90 120 150 180
Maximum Bed Temperature, Thot (oC)
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
26. 7. Conclusions
26
Suggested configuration
Thermal wave cycle
Evacuated tube collector
Wet cooling tower
High evaporation temperature
Low excess bed temperature
Low heat capacity ratio for simple and heat recovery
cycles
High storage capacity
Other parameters vary between analyzed cases
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
27. 7. Conclusions
27
Working pair selection depends on the available
maximum bed temperature
Implementing heat recovery increases the
performance of simple cycle
Implementing mass recovery to thermal wave cycles
does not increase the performance significantly,
although it increases the complexity of the system
Backup power needed for Antalya
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
28. 8. Future Work
28
Implementing heat and mass transfer and diffusion
equations based on the specific thermal design of
the adsorbent bed
Extending the current analysis with exergy analysis
Modeling some other kinds of thermal wave
Modeling heat recovery cycle with infinite number
of beds and comparing with thermal wave cycle
Introducing new adsorbent – refrigerant pairs
Verifying the results of the present study
experimentally, especially the thermal wave cycle
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
29. References
29
Baker, D. K., and Kaftanoglu, B., "Limits to the Thermodynamic Performance of a
Thermal Wave Adsorption Cooling Cycle," Proceedings of HEFAT 2007, pp. 6, Sun
City, South Africa, 2007.
Taylan, O., Baker, D. K., and Kaftanoglu, B., "Parametric Study and Seasonal
Simulations of a Solar Powered Adsorption Cooling System," Proceedings of ECOS
2009, pp. 833 - 842, Foz do Iguacu, Parana, Brazil, 2009.
Taylan, O., Baker, D. K., and Kaftanoglu, B., "COP Trends for Ideal Thermal Wave
Adsorption Cooling Cycles with Enhancements," Int. J. of Refrigeration: Under
Review, 2009.
Taylan, O., Baker, D. K., and Kaftanoglu, B., "Adsorbent – Refrigerant Comparison
for a Solar Powered Adsorption Cooling System Using Seasonal Simulations,"
Proceedings of 10th REHVA World Congress, Antalya, Turkey, 2010.
"Turkish Electrical Energy 10-Year Generation Capacity Projection," Turkish
Electricity Transmission Co. (TEIAS), Ankara, 2009.
Wang, R. Z., "Performance Improvement of Adsorption Cooling by Heat and Mass
Recovery Operation," Int. J. of Refrigeration, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 602-611, 2001.
Onur TAYLAN Thesis Defense
METU May 3, 2010
30. Thank you!
Onur TAYLAN
M.Sc. Candidate
Department of Mechanical Engineering Thesis Defense
Middle East Technical University May 3, 2010