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Linked Data &
  Semantic Web
  Technology




                  The Semantic Web
Part 4. Resource Description Framework (1)


                      Dr. Myungjin Lee
Problem of XML
      • Park Ji Sung has the phone number (+82)-10-3099-9183.

                        <person>
                                 <name>Park Ji Sung</name>
                                 <tel>(+82)-10-3099-9183</tel>
                        </person>



                        <person name=“Park Ji Sung”>
                                 <tel>(+82)-10-3099-9183</tel>
                        </person>



                        <person name=“Park Ji Sung” tel=“(+82)-10-3099-9183” />




       We need a method to represent data on abstract level.


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Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Problem of XML
      • Park Ji Sung has the phone number (+82)-10-3099-9183.
                  <person>
                           <name>Park Ji Sung</name>
                           <tel>(+82)-10-3099-9183</tel>
                  </person>



                  <Human>
                                        <Name>Park Ji Sung</Name>
                                        <CellPhoneNumber>(+82)-10-3099-9183</CellPhoneNumber>
                  </Human>



                  <Friend>
                           <Name>Park Ji Sung</Name>
                           <Phone>(+82)-10-3099-9183</Phone>
                  </Friend>



       We need a method to represent semantics of data.
                                                                                                3
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Basic Concept of Knowledge Representation
      • http://www.example.org/index.html has a creator whose value
        is John Smith

                                   http://www.example.org/index.html
                                                                       creator

                                                                                 John Smith




                – the thing the statement describes (the Web page, in this case)
                – a specific property (creator, in this case) of the thing the statement
                  describes
                – the thing the statement says is the value of this property (who the creator
                  is), for the thing the statement describes


      • intuitive knowledge representation with directed graph

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Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
RDF (Resource Description Framework)
      • to be used as a general method for conceptual description or
        modeling of information that is implemented in web resources,
        using a variety of syntax notations and data serialization formats

      • based on the idea that the things being described have
        properties which have values, and that resources can be
        described by making statements




                                                                             5
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Terminology for the Various Parts of Statements
      • http://www.example.org/index.html has a creator whose value
        is John Smith


                                   http://www.example.org/index.html
                                                                       creator

                                                                                 John Smith




                – the subject is the URL http://www.example.org/index.html
                – the predicate is the word "creator"
                – the object is the phrase "John Smith"




                                                                                              6
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Two Things for Processing by Machines
      • a system of machine-processable identifiers for identifying a
        subject, predicate, or object in a statement without any
        possibility of confusion with a similar-looking identifier that
        might be used by someone else on the Web.
              Use URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)

      • a machine-processable language for representing these
        statements and exchanging them between machines.
              Use XML syntax




                                                                          7
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Use URIs
      • RDF uses URIs as the basis of its mechanism for identifying the
        subjects, predicates, and objects in statements.

      • URI references (URIref)
                – a URI, together with an optional fragment identifier at the end
                – http://www.example.org/index.html#section2




                                                                                    8
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Use the XML Syntax
      • To represent RDF statements in a machine-processable way,
        RDF uses the Extensible Markup Language.

      • RDF/XML
                – for use in representing RDF information, and for exchanging it between
                  machines
                – <contact:fullName> and <contact:personalTitle> to
                  delimit the text content Eric Miller and Dr.




                                                                                           9
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Statements
      • English Statement
                – http://www.exaple.org/index.html has a creator whose value is John
                  Smith


      • RDF Statement
                – a subject http://www.example.org/index.html
                – a predicate http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator
                – and an object http://www.example.org/staffid/85740


      • RDF Graph Model
                – a node for the subject
                – a node for the object
                – an arc for the predicate, directed from the subject node to the object node

                                                                                                10
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Groups of Statements
      • http://www.example.org/index.html has a creation-date whose
        value is August 16, 1999
      • http://www.example.org/index.html has a language whose
        value is English




                                                                      11
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Triple
      • an alternative way of writing down the statements
      • written as a simple triple of subject, predicate, and object, in that
        order

       <http://www.example.org/index.html> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator> <http://www.example.org/staffid/85740> .

       <http://www.example.org/index.html> <http://www.example.org/terms/creation-date> "August 16, 1999" .

       <http://www.example.org/index.html> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/language> "en" .




                                                                                                                                12
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Shorthand Way of Writing Triples
      • QName (XML Qualified Name)
                – a valid identifier for elements and attributes
                – a prefix that has been assigned to a namespace URI, followed by a colon, and then a
                  local name


      • For Example,
                –     prefix dc:, namespace URI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
                –     prefix ex:, namespace URI: http://www.example.org/
                –     prefix exterms:, namespace URI: http://www.example.org/terms/
                –     prefix exstaff:, namespace URI: http://www.example.org/staffid/


                      ex:index.html     dc:creator                    exstaff:85740 .

                      ex:index.html     exterms:creation-date         "August 16, 1999" .

                      ex:index.html     dc:language                   "en" .




                                                                                                        13
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Structure of Statements



                                                        http://semantics.kr/rel/hasWife
                      http://semantics.kr/myungjinlee                                     http://semantics.kr/hye-jinhan

                                    Subject                      Predicate                          Object
                                 URI reference                  URI reference                URI reference or Literal




                                                                  Statement




                                                                                                                           14
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
URIref and Literal
      • URIref
                – to identify the things
                – shown as ellipses
                – not only the subject of the original statement, but also the predicate and
                  object


      • Literal
                – constant values represented by character strings
                – shown as boxes
                – Literals may not be used as subjects or predicates in RDF statements.




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Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Literal
      • Plain Literal
                – a string combined with an optional language tag


      • Types Literal
                – a string combined with a datatype URI
                – based on XML Schema datatypes




                                                                    16
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
XML Schema Datatypes
      • Namespace of XML Schema
                – http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema



      • Datatypes

                        Simple Type                                Examples
                              string    Confirm this is electric
                             integer    ...-1, 0, 1, ...
                               long     -9223372036854775808, ... -1, 0, 1, ... 9223372036854775807
                               float    -INF, -1E4, -0, 0, 12.78E-2, 12, INF, NaN
                               date     1999-05-31
                               time     13:20:00.000, 13:20:00.000-05:00
                            boolean     true, false, 1, 0



                                                                                                      17
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Blank Nodes
      • a way to represent multi-valued relationships

      • Why we need blank nodes?
                – structured information consisting of separate values
    exstaff:85740                       exterms:address        "1501 Grant Avenue, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730" .


                                                          exstaff:85740       exterms:address           exaddressid:85740 .
                                                          exaddressid:85740   exterms:street            "1501 Grant Avenue" .
                                                          exaddressid:85740   exterms:city              "Bedford" .
                                                          exaddressid:85740   exterms:state             "Massachusetts" .
                                                          exaddressid:85740   exterms:postalCode        "01730" .




                                                                              the node itself provides the necessary connectivity
                                                                              between the various other parts of the graph



                                                                                                                                    18
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Blank Nodes




      blank node identifiers, having the form _:name,
      to indicate the presence of blank nodes




                         exstaff:85740   exterms:address      _:johnaddress .
                         _:johnaddress   exterms:street       "1501 Grant Avenue" .
                         _:johnaddress   exterms:city         "Bedford" .
                         _:johnaddress   exterms:state        "Massachusetts" .
                         _:johnaddress   exterms:postalCode   "01730" .


                                                                                      19
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Example of Blank Nodes
      • An actor appears two movies as different roles.
                                                          movie:appear
                          movie:TomCruise                                       movie:JackReacher

                                                          movie:appear          movie:TopGun
                movie:role

                                          movie:role

        movie:JackReacher                       movie:LTPeteMitchell




                                                                                                    movie:appear    movie:JackReacher
                                                                             movie:hasMovie
                                                       movie:TomCruise

                                                                                                       movie:role   movie:JackReacher
                                                               movie:hasMovie




                                        movie:appear                     movie:role

                                         movie:TopGun              movie:LTPeteMitchell


Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
RDF/XML
      • RDF/XML
                – an XML syntax for writing down and exchanging RDF graphs
                – the normative syntax for writing RDF
     English Statement
    http://www.example.org/index.html has a creation-date whose value is August 16, 1999



  RDF Graph                                        Triple
                                                   ex:index.html   exterms:creation-date   "August 16, 1999" .




                                                                                                       RDF/XML
                                        1. <?xml version="1.0"?>
                                        2. <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
                                        3.             xmlns:exterms="http://www.example.org/terms/">

                                        4.   <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.example.org/index.html">
                                        5.       <exterms:creation-date>August 16, 1999</exterms:creation-date>
                                        6.   </rdf:Description>

                                        7. </rdf:RDF>
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
RDF/XML Document

  Root Element of RDF/XML Document                      XML Declaration
                                                                                                  Namespace for RDF Vocabularies



              1. <?xml version="1.0"?>

              2. <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"

              3.                          xmlns:exterms="http://www.example.org/terms/">
  Element for Description of a Resource          Attribute to specify the URIref of the Subject
                                                                                                               Another XML Namespace Declaration

              4.         <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.example.org/index.html">

              5.                   <exterms:creation-date>August 16, 1999</exterms:creation-date>

              6.         </rdf:Description>                                                                                    Subject of Statement


                         Property of Statement                                              Plain Literal Value of Statement

              7. </rdf:RDF>                                    RDF Statement




                                                                                                                                                 22
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
RDF/XML for Two Statements
               Triples

               ex:index.html                 exterms:creation-date   "August 16, 1999" .

               ex:index.html                 dc:language             "en" .




                                                                                                          RDF/XML
                                        1.    <?xml version="1.0"?>
                                        2.    <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
                                        3.                xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
                                        4.                xmlns:exterms="http://www.example.org/terms/">

                                        5.      <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.example.org/index.html">
                                        6.          <exterms:creation-date>August 16, 1999</exterms:creation-date>
                                        7.      </rdf:Description>

                                        8.      <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.example.org/index.html">
                                        9.          <dc:language>en</dc:language>
                                        10.     </rdf:Description>

                                        11. </rdf:RDF>




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Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Abbreviating Multiple Properties
   Triples
   ex:index.html                   dc:creator                 exstaff:85740 .
   ex:index.html                   exterms:creation-date      "August 16, 1999" .
   ex:index.html                   dc:language                "en" .

                                                                                                                          RDF Graph




                          RDF/XML
                          1.     <?xml version="1.0"?>
                          2.     <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
                          3.                 xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
                          4.                 xmlns:exterms="http://www.example.org/terms/">

                          5.            <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.example.org/index.html">
                          6.                 <exterms:creation-date>August 16, 1999</exterms:creation-date>
                          7.                 <dc:language>en</dc:language>
                          8.                 <dc:creator rdf:resource="http://www.example.org/staffid/85740"/>
                          9.            </rdf:Description>

                          10. </rdf:RDF>
                                                                               Attribute to indicates that the property
                                                                               element's value is another resource                    24
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
RDF/XML Describing a Blank Node




                                    1.    <?xml version="1.0"?>
                                    2.    <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
                                    3.                xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
                                    4.                xmlns:exterms="http://example.org/stuff/1.0/">

                                    5.      <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar">
                                    6.        <dc:title>RDF/XML Syntax Specification (Revised)</dc:title>
                                    7.        <exterms:editor rdf:nodeID="abc"/>
                                    8.      </rdf:Description>                    Attribute to declare and refer a blank node
                                    9.      <rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="abc">
                                    10.         <exterms:fullName>Dave Beckett</exterms:fullName>
                                    11.         <exterms:homePage rdf:resource="http://purl.org/net/dajobe/"/>
                                    12.     </rdf:Description>

                                    13. </rdf:RDF>

Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Anonymous Blank Nodes




                                                                          Attribute to declare Anonymous blank node


                                    1.    <?xml version="1.0"?>
                                    2.    <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
                                    3.                xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
                                    4.                xmlns:exterms="http://example.org/stuff/1.0/">

                                    5.      <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar">
                                    6.        <dc:title>RDF/XML Syntax Specification (Revised)</dc:title>
                                    7.        <exterms:editor rdf:parseType="Resource">
                                    8.          <exterms:fullName>Dave Beckett</exterms:fullName>
                                    9.          <exterms:homePage rdf:resource="http://purl.org/net/dajobe/"/>
                                    10.       </exterms:editor>
                                    11.     </rdf:Description>

                                    12. </rdf:RDF>


                                                                                                                      26
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
RDF/XML Using a Typed Literal


         ex:index.html                  exterms:creation-date   "1999-08-16"^^xsd:date .




                                                                                 Attribute to specify the datatype



                                        1. <?xml version="1.0"?>
                                        2. <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
                                        3.             xmlns:exterms="http://www.example.org/terms/">

                                        4.   <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.example.org/index.html">
                                        5.     <exterms:creation-date rdf:datatype=
                                                 "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date">1999-08-16
                                               </exterms:creation-date>
                                        6.   </rdf:Description>

                                        7. </rdf:RDF>




                                                                                                                     27
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Defining Base URI
      • XML Base
                – facility for defining base URIs for parts of XML documents
                – to specify a base URI other than the base URI of the document or external
                  entity

   1.        <?xml version="1.0"?>
   2.        <!DOCTYPE rdf:RDF [<!ENTITY xsd "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">]>
   3.        <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
   4.                    xmlns:exterms="http://www.example.com/terms/"
   5.                    xml:base="http://www.example.com/2002/04/products">

   6.            <rdf:Description rdf:about="#item10245">
   7.                 <exterms:model rdf:datatype="&xsd;string">Overnighter</exterms:model>
   8.                 <exterms:sleeps rdf:datatype="&xsd;integer">2</exterms:sleeps>
   9.            </rdf:Description>

   10.       </rdf:RDF>



                                                                                            exterms:model
                                                                                                              “Overnighter”^^&xsd;string
                                        http://www.example.com/2002/04/products#item10245

                                                                                            exterms:sleeps   2^^&xsd;integer

                                                                                                                                           28
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
rdf:ID Attribute
      • rdf:ID Attribute
                – to specify a fragment identifier, given by the value of the rdf:ID
                  attribute
                – interpreted relative to a base URI appending the character "#"

   1.        <?xml version="1.0"?>
   2.        <!DOCTYPE rdf:RDF [<!ENTITY xsd "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">]>
   3.        <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
   4.                    xmlns:exterms="http://www.example.com/terms/"
   5.                    xml:base="http://www.example.com/2002/04/products">

   6.            <rdf:Description rdf:ID="item10245">
   7.                 <exterms:model rdf:datatype="&xsd;string">Overnighter</exterms:model>
   8.                 <exterms:sleeps rdf:datatype="&xsd;integer">2</exterms:sleeps>
   9.            </rdf:Description>

   10.       </rdf:RDF>



                                                                                            exterms:model
                                                                                                              “Overnighter”^^&xsd;string
                                        http://www.example.com/2002/04/products#item10245

                                                                                            exterms:sleeps   2^^&xsd;integer

                                                                                                                                           29
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
rdf:ID and rdf:about
      • The two forms are essentially synonyms: the full URIref formed
        by RDF/XML is the same in either case.

      • Using rdf:ID provides an additional check when assigning a
        set of distinct names.
                – A given value of the rdf:ID attribute can only appear once relative to
                  the same base URI.




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Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
References
      •       http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/
      •       http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_description_framework
      •       http://www.slideshare.net/lysander07/open-hpi-semweb02part2
      •       http://www.slideshare.net/lysander07/open-hpi-semweb02part3
      •       http://www.slideshare.net/lysander07/openhpi-24
      •       http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qname
      •       http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_Base




                                                                            31
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology

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The Semantic Web #4 - RDF (1)

  • 1. Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology The Semantic Web Part 4. Resource Description Framework (1) Dr. Myungjin Lee
  • 2. Problem of XML • Park Ji Sung has the phone number (+82)-10-3099-9183. <person> <name>Park Ji Sung</name> <tel>(+82)-10-3099-9183</tel> </person> <person name=“Park Ji Sung”> <tel>(+82)-10-3099-9183</tel> </person> <person name=“Park Ji Sung” tel=“(+82)-10-3099-9183” />  We need a method to represent data on abstract level. 2 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 3. Problem of XML • Park Ji Sung has the phone number (+82)-10-3099-9183. <person> <name>Park Ji Sung</name> <tel>(+82)-10-3099-9183</tel> </person> <Human> <Name>Park Ji Sung</Name> <CellPhoneNumber>(+82)-10-3099-9183</CellPhoneNumber> </Human> <Friend> <Name>Park Ji Sung</Name> <Phone>(+82)-10-3099-9183</Phone> </Friend>  We need a method to represent semantics of data. 3 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 4. Basic Concept of Knowledge Representation • http://www.example.org/index.html has a creator whose value is John Smith http://www.example.org/index.html creator John Smith – the thing the statement describes (the Web page, in this case) – a specific property (creator, in this case) of the thing the statement describes – the thing the statement says is the value of this property (who the creator is), for the thing the statement describes • intuitive knowledge representation with directed graph 4 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 5. RDF (Resource Description Framework) • to be used as a general method for conceptual description or modeling of information that is implemented in web resources, using a variety of syntax notations and data serialization formats • based on the idea that the things being described have properties which have values, and that resources can be described by making statements 5 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 6. Terminology for the Various Parts of Statements • http://www.example.org/index.html has a creator whose value is John Smith http://www.example.org/index.html creator John Smith – the subject is the URL http://www.example.org/index.html – the predicate is the word "creator" – the object is the phrase "John Smith" 6 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 7. Two Things for Processing by Machines • a system of machine-processable identifiers for identifying a subject, predicate, or object in a statement without any possibility of confusion with a similar-looking identifier that might be used by someone else on the Web.  Use URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) • a machine-processable language for representing these statements and exchanging them between machines.  Use XML syntax 7 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 8. Use URIs • RDF uses URIs as the basis of its mechanism for identifying the subjects, predicates, and objects in statements. • URI references (URIref) – a URI, together with an optional fragment identifier at the end – http://www.example.org/index.html#section2 8 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 9. Use the XML Syntax • To represent RDF statements in a machine-processable way, RDF uses the Extensible Markup Language. • RDF/XML – for use in representing RDF information, and for exchanging it between machines – <contact:fullName> and <contact:personalTitle> to delimit the text content Eric Miller and Dr. 9 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 10. Statements • English Statement – http://www.exaple.org/index.html has a creator whose value is John Smith • RDF Statement – a subject http://www.example.org/index.html – a predicate http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator – and an object http://www.example.org/staffid/85740 • RDF Graph Model – a node for the subject – a node for the object – an arc for the predicate, directed from the subject node to the object node 10 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 11. Groups of Statements • http://www.example.org/index.html has a creation-date whose value is August 16, 1999 • http://www.example.org/index.html has a language whose value is English 11 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 12. Triple • an alternative way of writing down the statements • written as a simple triple of subject, predicate, and object, in that order <http://www.example.org/index.html> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator> <http://www.example.org/staffid/85740> . <http://www.example.org/index.html> <http://www.example.org/terms/creation-date> "August 16, 1999" . <http://www.example.org/index.html> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/language> "en" . 12 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 13. Shorthand Way of Writing Triples • QName (XML Qualified Name) – a valid identifier for elements and attributes – a prefix that has been assigned to a namespace URI, followed by a colon, and then a local name • For Example, – prefix dc:, namespace URI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/ – prefix ex:, namespace URI: http://www.example.org/ – prefix exterms:, namespace URI: http://www.example.org/terms/ – prefix exstaff:, namespace URI: http://www.example.org/staffid/ ex:index.html dc:creator exstaff:85740 . ex:index.html exterms:creation-date "August 16, 1999" . ex:index.html dc:language "en" . 13 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 14. Structure of Statements http://semantics.kr/rel/hasWife http://semantics.kr/myungjinlee http://semantics.kr/hye-jinhan Subject Predicate Object URI reference URI reference URI reference or Literal Statement 14 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 15. URIref and Literal • URIref – to identify the things – shown as ellipses – not only the subject of the original statement, but also the predicate and object • Literal – constant values represented by character strings – shown as boxes – Literals may not be used as subjects or predicates in RDF statements. 15 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 16. Literal • Plain Literal – a string combined with an optional language tag • Types Literal – a string combined with a datatype URI – based on XML Schema datatypes 16 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 17. XML Schema Datatypes • Namespace of XML Schema – http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema • Datatypes Simple Type Examples string Confirm this is electric integer ...-1, 0, 1, ... long -9223372036854775808, ... -1, 0, 1, ... 9223372036854775807 float -INF, -1E4, -0, 0, 12.78E-2, 12, INF, NaN date 1999-05-31 time 13:20:00.000, 13:20:00.000-05:00 boolean true, false, 1, 0 17 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 18. Blank Nodes • a way to represent multi-valued relationships • Why we need blank nodes? – structured information consisting of separate values exstaff:85740 exterms:address "1501 Grant Avenue, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730" . exstaff:85740 exterms:address exaddressid:85740 . exaddressid:85740 exterms:street "1501 Grant Avenue" . exaddressid:85740 exterms:city "Bedford" . exaddressid:85740 exterms:state "Massachusetts" . exaddressid:85740 exterms:postalCode "01730" . the node itself provides the necessary connectivity between the various other parts of the graph 18 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 19. Blank Nodes blank node identifiers, having the form _:name, to indicate the presence of blank nodes exstaff:85740 exterms:address _:johnaddress . _:johnaddress exterms:street "1501 Grant Avenue" . _:johnaddress exterms:city "Bedford" . _:johnaddress exterms:state "Massachusetts" . _:johnaddress exterms:postalCode "01730" . 19 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 20. Example of Blank Nodes • An actor appears two movies as different roles. movie:appear movie:TomCruise movie:JackReacher movie:appear movie:TopGun movie:role movie:role movie:JackReacher movie:LTPeteMitchell movie:appear movie:JackReacher movie:hasMovie movie:TomCruise movie:role movie:JackReacher movie:hasMovie movie:appear movie:role movie:TopGun movie:LTPeteMitchell Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 21. RDF/XML • RDF/XML – an XML syntax for writing down and exchanging RDF graphs – the normative syntax for writing RDF English Statement http://www.example.org/index.html has a creation-date whose value is August 16, 1999 RDF Graph Triple ex:index.html exterms:creation-date "August 16, 1999" . RDF/XML 1. <?xml version="1.0"?> 2. <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" 3. xmlns:exterms="http://www.example.org/terms/"> 4. <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.example.org/index.html"> 5. <exterms:creation-date>August 16, 1999</exterms:creation-date> 6. </rdf:Description> 7. </rdf:RDF> Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 22. RDF/XML Document Root Element of RDF/XML Document XML Declaration Namespace for RDF Vocabularies 1. <?xml version="1.0"?> 2. <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" 3. xmlns:exterms="http://www.example.org/terms/"> Element for Description of a Resource Attribute to specify the URIref of the Subject Another XML Namespace Declaration 4. <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.example.org/index.html"> 5. <exterms:creation-date>August 16, 1999</exterms:creation-date> 6. </rdf:Description> Subject of Statement Property of Statement Plain Literal Value of Statement 7. </rdf:RDF> RDF Statement 22 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 23. RDF/XML for Two Statements Triples ex:index.html exterms:creation-date "August 16, 1999" . ex:index.html dc:language "en" . RDF/XML 1. <?xml version="1.0"?> 2. <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" 3. xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" 4. xmlns:exterms="http://www.example.org/terms/"> 5. <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.example.org/index.html"> 6. <exterms:creation-date>August 16, 1999</exterms:creation-date> 7. </rdf:Description> 8. <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.example.org/index.html"> 9. <dc:language>en</dc:language> 10. </rdf:Description> 11. </rdf:RDF> 23 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 24. Abbreviating Multiple Properties Triples ex:index.html dc:creator exstaff:85740 . ex:index.html exterms:creation-date "August 16, 1999" . ex:index.html dc:language "en" . RDF Graph RDF/XML 1. <?xml version="1.0"?> 2. <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" 3. xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" 4. xmlns:exterms="http://www.example.org/terms/"> 5. <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.example.org/index.html"> 6. <exterms:creation-date>August 16, 1999</exterms:creation-date> 7. <dc:language>en</dc:language> 8. <dc:creator rdf:resource="http://www.example.org/staffid/85740"/> 9. </rdf:Description> 10. </rdf:RDF> Attribute to indicates that the property element's value is another resource 24 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 25. RDF/XML Describing a Blank Node 1. <?xml version="1.0"?> 2. <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" 3. xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" 4. xmlns:exterms="http://example.org/stuff/1.0/"> 5. <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar"> 6. <dc:title>RDF/XML Syntax Specification (Revised)</dc:title> 7. <exterms:editor rdf:nodeID="abc"/> 8. </rdf:Description> Attribute to declare and refer a blank node 9. <rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="abc"> 10. <exterms:fullName>Dave Beckett</exterms:fullName> 11. <exterms:homePage rdf:resource="http://purl.org/net/dajobe/"/> 12. </rdf:Description> 13. </rdf:RDF> Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 26. Anonymous Blank Nodes Attribute to declare Anonymous blank node 1. <?xml version="1.0"?> 2. <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" 3. xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" 4. xmlns:exterms="http://example.org/stuff/1.0/"> 5. <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar"> 6. <dc:title>RDF/XML Syntax Specification (Revised)</dc:title> 7. <exterms:editor rdf:parseType="Resource"> 8. <exterms:fullName>Dave Beckett</exterms:fullName> 9. <exterms:homePage rdf:resource="http://purl.org/net/dajobe/"/> 10. </exterms:editor> 11. </rdf:Description> 12. </rdf:RDF> 26 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 27. RDF/XML Using a Typed Literal ex:index.html exterms:creation-date "1999-08-16"^^xsd:date . Attribute to specify the datatype 1. <?xml version="1.0"?> 2. <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" 3. xmlns:exterms="http://www.example.org/terms/"> 4. <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.example.org/index.html"> 5. <exterms:creation-date rdf:datatype= "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date">1999-08-16 </exterms:creation-date> 6. </rdf:Description> 7. </rdf:RDF> 27 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 28. Defining Base URI • XML Base – facility for defining base URIs for parts of XML documents – to specify a base URI other than the base URI of the document or external entity 1. <?xml version="1.0"?> 2. <!DOCTYPE rdf:RDF [<!ENTITY xsd "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">]> 3. <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" 4. xmlns:exterms="http://www.example.com/terms/" 5. xml:base="http://www.example.com/2002/04/products"> 6. <rdf:Description rdf:about="#item10245"> 7. <exterms:model rdf:datatype="&xsd;string">Overnighter</exterms:model> 8. <exterms:sleeps rdf:datatype="&xsd;integer">2</exterms:sleeps> 9. </rdf:Description> 10. </rdf:RDF> exterms:model “Overnighter”^^&xsd;string http://www.example.com/2002/04/products#item10245 exterms:sleeps 2^^&xsd;integer 28 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 29. rdf:ID Attribute • rdf:ID Attribute – to specify a fragment identifier, given by the value of the rdf:ID attribute – interpreted relative to a base URI appending the character "#" 1. <?xml version="1.0"?> 2. <!DOCTYPE rdf:RDF [<!ENTITY xsd "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">]> 3. <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" 4. xmlns:exterms="http://www.example.com/terms/" 5. xml:base="http://www.example.com/2002/04/products"> 6. <rdf:Description rdf:ID="item10245"> 7. <exterms:model rdf:datatype="&xsd;string">Overnighter</exterms:model> 8. <exterms:sleeps rdf:datatype="&xsd;integer">2</exterms:sleeps> 9. </rdf:Description> 10. </rdf:RDF> exterms:model “Overnighter”^^&xsd;string http://www.example.com/2002/04/products#item10245 exterms:sleeps 2^^&xsd;integer 29 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 30. rdf:ID and rdf:about • The two forms are essentially synonyms: the full URIref formed by RDF/XML is the same in either case. • Using rdf:ID provides an additional check when assigning a set of distinct names. – A given value of the rdf:ID attribute can only appear once relative to the same base URI. 30 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
  • 31. References • http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/ • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_description_framework • http://www.slideshare.net/lysander07/open-hpi-semweb02part2 • http://www.slideshare.net/lysander07/open-hpi-semweb02part3 • http://www.slideshare.net/lysander07/openhpi-24 • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qname • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_Base 31 Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology