1. Agricultural
and industrial
project
Omid Minooee
1

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PLANNING PROJECT
Project planning: is part of project
management, which relates to the use of
schedules such as (Gantt charts)* to plan
and subsequently report progress within the
project environment.
Initially, the project scope is defined and
the appropriate methods for completing
the project are determined.
* It will explain in next slide…..

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Gantt chart
A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart, developed by
Henry Gantt, that illustrates a project schedule. Gantt
charts illustrate the start and finish dates of the terminal
elements and summary elements of a project. Terminal
elements and summary elements comprise the work
breakdown structure of the project. Some Gantt charts
also show the dependency (i.e., precedence network)
relationships between activities. Gantt charts can be
used to show current schedule status using percent-
complete shadings and a vertical "TODAY" line as
shown here.

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PLANNING PROJECT CONT….
The logical dependencies between tasks
are defined using an activity network
diagram that enables identification of the
critical path. Float or slack time in the
schedule can be calculated using project
management software. Then the necessary
resources can be estimated and costs for
each activity can be allocated to each
resource, giving the total project cost……

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PLLANNING PROJECT CONT….
At this stage, the project plan may be optimized
to achieve the appropriate balance between
resource and project duration to comply with
the project objectives. Once established and
agreed, the plan becomes what is known as
the baseline……

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PLANNING PROJECT CONT….
. Progress will be measured against the baseline
throughout the life of the project. Analyzing
progress compared to the baseline is known as
earned value management.
The inputs of the project planning phase include
the project charter and the concept proposal.
The outputs of the project planning phase
include the project requirements, the project
schedule, and the project management plan.

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The feasibility study
helps to “frame” and
“flesh-out” specific
business scenarios so
they can be studied
in-depth….. Feasibility Study:

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A Well-designed Feasibility Study Should
Provide A Historical Background Of The
Business Or Project, Description Of The
Product Or Service, Accounting
Statements, Details Of The Operations
And Management, Marketing Research
And Policies, Financial Data, Legal
Requirements And Tax Obligations.
Feasibility studies
WHAT IS IT?
Generally, Feasibility Studies Precede
Technical Development And Project
Implementation

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A feasibility study
is valuable for:
1.Starting a new
business
2.Expansion of an
existing business
3.Adding an
enterprise to an Feasibility Study:
existing business
4.Purchasing an
existing business

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Reasons to Do a feasibility
Study
1.Gives focus to the project.
2.Narrows the business alternatives.
3.Identifies new opportunities.
4.Identifies reasons not to proceed.
5.Provides valuable information for “go/no
go” decision.

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Reasons to Do a feasibility
Study
6.Increases probability of business success by
identifying weaknesses early.
7.Provides documentation that the idea was
thoroughly investigated.
8.Helps attract funding from lenders, grant
providers, etc.
9.Helps attract equity investment

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Feasibility Study Outline:
1) description of the process
2) market feasibility
3) technical feasibility
4) financial/economic feasibility
5) organizational/managerial feasibility
6)study results
6.a)identify and describe various business scenarios.
6.b)compare and contrast scenarios.
6.c)outline criteria for decision making.

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Monitoring and evaluation
Although the term “monitoring and evaluation”
tends to get run together as if it is only one
thing, monitoring and evaluation are, in
fact, two distinct sets of organizational activities,
related but not identical.

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Cont.….on monitoring and evaluation:
Monitoring is the systematic collection and analysis of information as a project
progresses.
It is aimed at improving the efficiency and effectiveness of a project or organization. It is
Based on targets set and activities planned during the planning phases of work. It helps
to
Keep the work on track, and can let management know when things are going wrong. If
done properly, it is an invaluable tool for good management, and it provides a useful base
for
Evaluation. It enables you to determine whether the resources you have available are
sufficient and are being well used

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Cont.….on monitoring and evolution:
Evaluation is the comparison of actual project impacts against the agreed strategic plans. It
looks at what you set out to do, at what you have accomplished, and how you accomplished
it. It can be formative (taking place during the life of a project or organization, with the
intention of improving the strategy or way of functioning of the project or organization). It can
also be summative (drawing learning's from a completed project or an organization that is
no longer functioning). Someone once described this as the difference between a check-up
and an autopsy!

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What monitoring
and evaluation
have in common is
that they are
geared towards
learning
from what you are
doing and how you 1. Efficiency
are doing it, by 2.Effectiveness
focusing on:
3. Impact

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Efficiency :
Efficiency tells you that the input into the work is
appropriate in terms of the output. This
could be input in terms of
money, time, staff, equipment and so on. When you
run a project
and are concerned about its reliability or about
going to scale (see Glossary of Terms),
then it is very important to get the efficiency element
right.

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Effectiveness:
Effectiveness is a measure of the extent to
which a development programs or project
achieves the specific objectives it set. If, for
example, we set out to improve the
qualifications of all the high school teachers
in a particular area, did we succeed?

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Impact :
Impact tells you whether or not what you did made a difference to the problem situation you
were trying to address. In other words, was your strategy useful? Did ensuring that
teachers were better qualified improve the pass rate in the final year of school? Before you
decide to get bigger, or to replicate the project elsewhere, you need to be sure that what you
are doing makes sense in terms of the impact you want to achieve.
From this it should be clear that monitoring and evaluation are best done when there has
been proper planning against which to assess progress and achievements.

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Investment criteria:
A wide range of criteria has been
suggested to judge the worthwhileness of
investment projects. The important
investment criteria classified into two broad
Categories:
1.Discounting criteria
2.non-discounting criteria

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Discounting
criteria:
Take into account
the time value of
money …….
Non-discounting
Investment
criteria: criteria:
1.Discounting criteria
Ignore the time
value of money
2.non-discounting criteria

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Investment criteria chart:
Investment criteria
Discounting
Non-discounting criteria
criteria
Net Accounting rate
Benefit cost Internal rate of Payback
present
value ratio return period of return

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Net present value:
Net present value is perhaps the most
important concept of finance.it is
used to evaluate investment and
financing decision that involve cash
flows occurring over multiple periods.

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Benefit cost ratio:
The proponents of benefit-cost ratio argue
that since this criterion measures net
present value per rupee of outlay, it can
discriminate better between large and
small investments and hence is preferable
to the net present value criterion.

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Internal rate of return:
The internal rate of return of project is the
discount rate which makes its NPV equal to
zero. Put differently, it is discount rate which
equates the present value of future cash
flows with the initial investment

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Payback period:
and
accounting rate of return:
The pay back period is the length of time
required to recover the initial cash outlay on
the project……
The accounting rate of return ,also called
the average rate of return, is defined as:
Profit after tax (divided) book value of the investment
…….

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Is a quantitative methodology for studying
properties related…………
To connectivity and distances in graphs, with
diverse applications like citation indexing
And information retrieval on the Web. The
hyperlinked structure of Wikipedia
And the ongoing, incremental editing process
behind it make it an interesting and
Unexplored target domain for network analysis
techniques.
In this paper we apply two relevance
metrics, HITS and PageRank, to the whole
Set of English Wikipedia entries, in order to gain Network analysis:
some preliminary insights on the
Macro-structure of the organization of the
corpus, and on some cultural biases related
Definition
To specific topics..

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SWOT analysis (alternately SLOT
analysis) is a strategic planning
method used to evaluate the
Strengths, Weaknesses/Limitation
s, Opportunities, and Threats
involved in a project or in a
business venture. It involves
specifying the objective of the
business venture or project and
identifying the internal and
external factors that are
swot
favorable and unfavorable to
achieve that objective. The
technique is credited to Albert
Humphrey, who led a convention
at the Stanford Research Institute
(now SRI International) in the
1960s and 1970s using data from
Fortune 500 companies.

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Swot
Setting the objective should be done after the SWOT
analysis has been performed. This would allow
achievable goals or objectives to be set for the
organization.
Strengths: characteristics of the business, or project
team that give it an advantage over others
Weaknesses (or Limitations): are characteristics that
place the team at a disadvantage relative to others
Opportunities: external chances to improve
performance (e.g. make greater profits) in the
environment
Threats: external elements in the environment that
could cause trouble for the business or project

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Swot
 Identification of SWOTs is essential because
subsequent steps in the process of planning
for achievement of the selected objective
may be derived from the SWOTs.
 First, the decision makers have to determine
whether the objective is attainable, given the
SWOTs. If the objective is NOT attainable a
different objective must be selected and the
process repeated.

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Use of SWOT analysis:
The usefulness of SWOT analysis is not limited to
profit-seeking organizations. SWOT analysis may
be used in any decision-making situation when
a desired end-state (objective) has been
defined. Examples include: non-profit
organizations, governmental units, and
individuals. SWOT analysis may also be used in
pre-crisis planning and preventive crisis
management. SWOT analysis may also be used
in creating a recommendation during a viability
study/survey.

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Criticism of SWOT:
Some findings from Menon et al. (1999) and Hill and
Westbrook (1997) have shown that SWOT may harm
performance. Other complementary analyses have
been proposed, such as the Growth-share matrix
Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats
Reputation in Shortage of Well established Large consultancies
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