This document provides an overview of open educational resources (OER) and open education. It defines OER as digital learning materials that can be freely used, modified, and shared. Reasons for using OER include personalized learning, innovation, and moral arguments about taxpayer-funded resources. Massive open online courses (MOOCs) are also discussed, including examples of popular MOOC platforms like edX, Coursera, and Udacity. The document outlines different types and degrees of openness in education. Business models for funding OER and MOOCs are presented, along with challenges to introducing open resources like findability, quality, licensing, and human factors.
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Open 101: An Introduction to Open and Online Education
1. Open101
An Introduction to Open and Online Education
Robert Schuwer
Open Universiteit (Netherlands)
2. Agenda
• What are OER?
• Why OER?
• What is a MOOC?
• What is open education?
• Business models for OER
• Open policies
• Challenges for introducing OER
2
4. Open Educational Resources
• Digital, freely available learning materials
• User has five rights
– Reuse “as is”
– Rework
– Remix
– Redistribute
– Retain
• Certain conditions
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5. Conditions: open license
Creative Commons
• Four building blocks
5
Attribution
NonCommercial
ShareAlike
NoDeriv
6. Six possible licenses
6
Attribution CC BY
Attribution – ShareAlike CC BY-SA
Attribution – NonCommercial CC BY-NC
Attribution – NoDerivs CC BY-ND
Attribution – NonCommercial –
ShareAlike CC BY-NC-SA
Attribution – NonCommercial –
NoDerivs CC BY-NC-ND
7. History
• 2001: MIT
• 2002: UNESCO
• 2005: Open Courseware Consortium
• 2006: OU-UK & OUNL
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8. 8
https://p2pu.org/en/
http://dp.la/
Source: Abel Caine, UNESCO
http://ocw.mit.edu/index.htm
https://www.boundless.com/
http://www.oerafrica.org/
https://www.khanacademy.org/
9. More examples
• Institution-based
– University of Cape Town
(http://opencontent.uct.ac.za/)
– African Virtual University (http://oer.avu.org/)
• Community-based
– MERLOT (http://www.merlot.org/merlot/index.htm)
– Curriki (http://www.curriki.org/)
– OERCommons (https://www.oercommons.org/)
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11. Benefits of OER
11
http://www.slideshare.net/mpaskevi/benefits-and-challenges-of-oer-for-higher-education-institutions (Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams)
12. Benefits of OER (2)
• Personalized learning
• Fosters innovation
• Teaching = sharing
• Moral argument: learning materials payed
by taxpayers’ money should be available
for free
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13. Why not OER?
• Challenges for implementing an
OER/based curriculum (later)
• More work!
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15. MOOC
• Massive: many participants (> Dunbars
number)
• Open: free available
• Online: via the internet
• Course: unit of offer (5-10 weeks
througput time)
• Complete learning experience
15
33. Model of Open Education
33
http://www.surf.nl/binaries/content/assets/surf/en/knowledgebase/2013/Trend+Report+OER+2013_EN_DEF+07032013+%28LR%29.pdf, page 36
Learning resources
Learner Environment
Open
Education
Services Teaching effort
Supply
Demand
34. Types of open
34
Learning resources
Open
Education
•Gratis beschikbaar
•Open in 5R zin:
•Reuse
•Revise
•Remix
•Redistribute
•Retain
•Open in plaats
•Open in tijd
•Open in tempo
•Open in programma
•Open toegang (geen
ingangseisen)
Niet per se gratis!
Services Teaching efforts
35. Openness of OER
35
Learning resources
•Gratis beschikbaar
•Open in 5R zin:
•Reuse
•Revise
•Remix
•Redistribute
•Retain
•Open in plaats
•Open in tijd
•Open in tempo
•Open in programma
•Open toegang (geen
ingangseisen)
OER
Services Teaching efforts
36. Openness of a MOOC
36
Learning resources
•Gratis beschikbaar
•Open in 5R zin:
•Reuse
•Revise
•Remix
•Redistribute
•Retain
•Open in plaats
•Open in tijd
•Open in tempo
•Open in programma
•Open toegang (geen
ingangseisen)
MOOC
Services Teaching efforts
•Forum
•Feedback
•Exam
•Certificate
•Teacher
•Teaching assistant
37. MOOC vs OER: applicability
37
MOOC OER
Ready to use Learning objects. Need effort before
using
Applicable “As-is” Personalization possible
Useful for learner Useful for teacher
Applicable in specific situations Broad spectrum of application
Paradox for usability:
(inspired by David Wiley)
OER
Applicability for reuse
fixed context
MOOC
41. Example: OpenU @ OUNL
• 10% of each course is provided as OER.
• Customers can remain anonymous, register
free of charge and create a profile, or can be
paying customers.
• Each individual or organisation can take out a
subscription to products or services.
• Communities are encouraged
• All forms of education are provided free of
charge, (e.g. online master classes)
41
42. 42
•Institutions for HE (co-creation)
•Organisations (co-creation)
•Publishers
•Graphic designers
•Printing house
•(Online) bookseller
•Supplier IT-tooling
•Postoffices
•Network providers
•Landlords (study centres)
•Experts in the communities
•Exploitation of education
•Development of education
•Research intertwined with
education
•Marketing
•Starting and moderating
communities
•Create and manage OER
•Manage OpenU
infrastructure and services
•Developers
•Teachers, TA’s
•Researchers
•Educational technologists
•Support employees
•Members OpenU
•Experts Communities
•Study centre
•ICT and multi mediatools
•OER + provisions (without
registration)
•OER + extra provisions (with
registration)
•OpenU subscriptions
•Individual courses
•Full programs (BaMa)
•Tailored programs
•Other services related to
education
•Selfservice (extended)
•Personal contacts (online +
offline)
•Communities (online +
offline + events)
•Internet
•OpenU portal
•Study centres
•Study packages (paper)
•Social media
•Personal contact for
advicing services
•Individual interested (not
registered)
•Individual interested
(registered)
•Individual learner (student)
•Individual learner (OpenU
subscription)
•Organisations (companies,
institutions)
•Institutions for HE
•Government
•Fixed costs: personal, board, support, logistics, ICT- and network
infrastructure, housing
•Variable costs: (physical) production of learning materials, marketing and
information, printing costs, costs of delivery, ICT licenses, management
copyrights, OU-organisation and personal (semi flexible), support (semi-flexible)
•Fixed subsidy Ministry of Education
•Variable subsidy Ministry of Education
•Course incomes (student / organisation)
•Payment for additional services
•Subscription fee from a learner / organisation
•Payment learner / organisation for additional services
Red: additional for OpenU
43. Funding models for MOOC
• Payment for extra services
– Certificate, proctored exam
• Series of courses (program)
• Offering courses specific for institutions
• Selling student data (e.g. to head hunter)
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45. Potential hurdles
• Findability of OER
• Quality of OER
– Context specific
• Open licenses
• Business models
• Human factors
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