EEG is used to monitor brain function and can detect normal, complex, chaotic, or seizure brain activity. Current epilepsy surgery standards include cranial resection surgery and multiple subpial transections. Vagus nerve stimulation reduces seizure frequency over 50% in 65% of patients, but carries risks of infection and stroke. Future directions include responsive neurostimulation, which is undergoing FDA approval, and deep brain stimulation, while indirect drug application, cortical cooling, and optogenetics represent more distant possibilities.