1. Group 5 :
Anik Widyastuti
Izzati Gemi S.
Nurul Adhalina
Rika Rahma A.
Hamza Aabeed .K.
CASE
Many languages have a CASE SYSTEM. The case itself is an inflectional form that
indicates its grammar function in phrase, clause, or sentence. The example of case
system happens in some languages including such as, Pitta-pitta, Latin, and English.
1. Pitta-Pitta
The example of case system is a set of affixes (almost always suffixes) that mark the
relations that NPs bear to their governors. CASE SYSTEM occurs in Australian Language,
Pitta-Pitta. Each case is represented by a single form. There is one complication.
The subject of an intransitive verb is unmarked.
The subject of a transitive verb is marked by a suffix –lu (the ergative case) that
marks instruments.
CASE SUFFIXES SUFFIXES SENTENCES
Nominative -Ø The dog ran away (INTRANSITIVE
SUBJECT)
Ergative / -lu The man hit the dog with a stick
instrumental (TRANSITIVE SUBJECT and
instrumental)
Accusative -nha The dog bit the man (direct object)
Dative / pergressive -ku The dog is fond of the man, The dog
swam through the flood
Purposive / possesive -nga The woman’s dog went for the paper
locative -ina The dog swam in the creek

2. allative -inu The dog went to the creek
ablative -inya The dog name back from the creek
causal -la The dog hid from the policeman
-Ø nominative
 The nominative is used for nouns in isolation and for the subject of an
intransitive verb.
 It characteristically expresses the role of neutral patient, including entities that
‘locomote’ (with ‘go’, ‘come’, etc).
 These might seem to have agent subjects, but the mover is also the moved and
the activity does not extend to an external entity.
karna karnta-ka
man go-past
The man went
-lu ergative / instrumental
 The ergative marks the subject of a transitive verb.
 It expresses the role of agent.
 It also encodes the role of instrument.
karna-lu pithi-ka piyawarli-nha parnkuparnku-lu
man-erg hit past dog-acc walking:stick-erg (insr)
The man hit the dog with a stick.
-nha accusative
 The accusative marks the direct object expressing the characteristics role of
affected patient.
karna-lu pithi-ka piyawarli-nha parnkuparnku-lu
man-erg hit past dog-acc walking:stick-erg (insr)
The man hit the dog with a stick.
-ku dative / pergressive
The dative function of –ku is restricted.
It marks the complement:
 yatha ‘to like’
 tiwa ‘be jealous of’

3.  wapa ‘to look for’
 wantili ‘to wait for’
karna yatha-ya piyawarli-ku
man like-pres dog-dat
The man likes the dog.
 The pergressive function:
‘through’
‘across’
‘along’
karna yurta-ka ngarraru-ku
man swam-past flood-dat (pergressive)
The man swam through the flood
-nga purposive / possesive
Exampe of purposive:
karna karnta-ka kupi-nga
man go-past fish-purp
The man went for (to get) fish
Example of possesive:
karna-nga piyawarli pantyi-ya
man-purp dog ail-pres
The man’s dog is sick
-ina locative
 It indicates location in general.
 Adverbs are used to give specific orientation of one entity in relation to another.
karna nhangka-y kunti-ina kukuina
man sit-pres house-loc behind
The man is (sitting) behind the house
-inu allative
It indicates destinations.
-inya ablative
It indicates ‘from’, i.e. source.
karna karnta-ka Mount Isa-inya Dajarra-inu
man go-past Mt Isa-abl Dajarra-allative

4. The man went from Mt Isa to Dajarra
-la causal
It marks causes ‘sick from (drinking) whisky, and entities that are to be avoided.
Example:
Bad spirits – not just bad whisky!
karna wilakana-ya yampi-la
man hide-pres m:in:law-causal
The man is hiding from (sc. to avoid) his mother-in-law
2. Latin
Besides occuring in Pitta-Pitta language, case system also In European language. Latin is one
of European language that has case system. The Latin‟s case system is more complicated than
others. It‟s because in Latin, the suffix expresses case, number, gender class, and
irregularities. There are three declinsion in Latin:
- -ā-stems is for almost all feminine gender
- o- stems is for almost all masculine but with a subclass of neuter nouns
- The consonant stems are for masculine, feminine and neuter and to differentiate the
gender is shown from the form of the agreeing adjective and determiner take.
Note that there is separate Paradigm/Pattern for Plural words
Example:
 First declension: „a girl‟, ā stem
Case Singular Plural
Nominative puella puellae
Vocative puella puellae
Accusative puellam puellās
Genitive puellae puellārum
Dative puellae puellĩs
Ablative puellā puellĩs

5.  Second Declension: „a slave‟ (o stem)
Case Singular Plural
Nominative servus servĩ
Vocative serve servĩ
Accusative servum servōs
Genitive servĩ servōrum
Dative servō servĩs
Ablative servō servĩs
 Third declension: „king‟ (consonant stem)
Case Singular Plural
Nominative rēx rēgēs
Vocative rēx rēgēs
Accusative rēgem rēgēs
Genitive rēgis rēgum
Dative rēgi rēgibus
Ablative rēge rēgibus
In Latin, neuter nouns have the same form in the nominative, vocative and accusative. For
example, the word bellum (war) has the same form bellum in nominative, vocative and
accusative while in plural, it has bella for these three cases.
Cases are distinguished on the basis differentiation in a single paradigm. The vocative is
marked by separate form only in the second declension singular. Other than that there is a
SYNCRETISM (neutralization) between the nominative and vocative.
Case category in Latin:
 Nominative : marks the subject
 Vocative : used to address someone
 Accusative : marks direct object and the object of some prepositions
 Genitive : correspons to „s and of in English

6.  Dative : marks indirect object of dare „to give‟ and the complement of a score
or so of verbs that do not involve impingement on neutral patient.
(e.g: ignoscere „to pardon‟, credere „to believe‟)
 Ablative : marks a number of distict roles, usually governed by an appropriate
preposition. For example:
„from‟ – ex Asiā
„by means of‟ – gladiō „with a sword‟
„agent‟ – ab Arriō
„accompanimen‟ – cum amicō
„in‟ – in Italiā „in Italy‟
Adjective and determiners agree with their head nouns in number, case and gender. For
example, the adjective used in the sentence bellow decline like puella, servus or bellum
according to the gender of the nouns they modify:
a. Rex bonus dat unum servum puellae
King good give:3s one:acc slave:acc girl:dat
The good king gives one/a slave to the girl
b. Regis servus itt ex Britaniā in Italiam
King slave go:past:3s from Britain:abl in Italy:acc
The king‟s slave went down from Britain to Italy
c. Illa puella manet in Italiā cum amicis
That girl remain:3s in Italy with friend:abl:plur
That girl is staying in Italy with friends
3. English
Another Indo – European language that has case system is English but along the time, there is
some changing in the case system. It is once has a complicated case system like Latin. Old
English has almost identical case system like modern German. While during the Middle
English period that case system is disappeared, except for the sibilants ending of the genitive
but it is no longer a case marker. It becomes a derivational affix that is added to noun phrases
to produce possessive determiners. For example:
a. The dog‟s bone
b. The man down the street‟s dog
c. The man over there‟s dog

7. Note that in English, possessive„s is written with an apostrophe to distinguish it from the
plural.
There are two – way case distinction with pronouns: nominative and oblique (non –
nominative). The distinction between nominative and oblique is made suppletively by using
different stems. For example, Me supplies the oblique case of I, Him of He, etc.
For example:
Nominative Oblique
First person singular I me
Third person singular he him
She her
It it
First person plural we us
Second person plural you you
Third person plural they them
Note that there are also different uses of nominative and oblique. Nominative forms are
usually used for subject and oblique for all other function.
In English, nouns can be distinguished two cases, namely:
• The Unmarked Common Case
Ex: girl (singular) and girls (plural)
• The Marked Genitive Case
Ex: girl’s (singular) and girls’ (plural)
- A case grammar is an approach to grammar that gives emphasis on the semantic
relationships in a sentence.
- In the case of grammar, verbs are considered as an important part of the sentence and
have some semantic relationship with the noun phrase. These relationships are called
the CASE.
Example: Smith killed the policeman with a Revolve.
This revolver killed the policeman.

8. Case Category
1. Agentive Case
It is the case on a noun or noun phrase that refers to people or animals who perform or
initiate action.
Example:
John chew the candy.
“John mengunyah permen.”
John is in the agentive. But the subject of the verb does not need to always be in the agentive
case. In the sentence:
John likes candy. “John menyukai permen.”
John did not do an act, but his attitude toward the candy is called. John in this sentence are
not in the agentive case but in the dative case. It will be discussed in the next category.
2. Benefactive Case
It is the case on the noun or noun phrase that refers to people or animals who have benefited
from the action verbs. In the English language is connected with the preposition “for”.
Example:
- Tom did it for Huck. “Tom melakukan itu untuk Huck.”
Huck is in the benefactive case.
- John cooked a chicken for Louise. “John memasak ayam untuk Luise.”
- John cooked Louise a chicken. “John memasakan Louise ayam.”
Louise is in the benefactive case.
3. Comitative case
It is a case in noun phrases that bear a conjunctive relationship with other noun phrases in a
sentence. In English associated with the preposition “with”.
Example:
- Tom ran away with Huck.“Tom melarikan diri dengan Huck.”
- Tom and Huck ran away. “Tom dan Huck melarikan diri.”
4. Dative Case
It is a case of the noun or noun phrase that refers to a person or animal that is affected state or
action verbs.
Example:
- Gregory was frightened by storm. “Gregory ditakut-takuti oleh angin topan.”

9. - I persuaded Tom to go. “Saya membujuk Tom pergi.”
Gregory and Tom are in the dative case. Both Tom and Gregory is influenced by something.
Gregory intimidated and Tom experienced persuasion. This case is also called experiences
case.
5. Factitive Case
It is a case in phrase or noun phrase that refers to something that is made or created by the
action verbs.
Example:
- Tony built the shed. “Tony membangun bangsal.”
The shed is in the case of factitive.
- Tony repaired the shed. “Tony memugar bangsal.”
The shed is not located in factitive case because the shed had been there / standing at the
time of restoration was carried out. In the sentence, the shed is in the objective case. Factitive
Case is also called result/resultativecase.
6. Objective Case
It is the case in the phrase or noun phrase that refers to anyone or anything that has a neutral
relationship to the action verbs. Noun or noun phrase in the objective case no action, do not
act, nor is the instrument / equipment / means of action.
Example:
- Marry slided the onion with a knife. “Marry mengiris bawang putih itu dengan
pisau.”
- The onion sliced easily. “bawang putih itu teriris dengan mudah.”
- The onion was thick. “bawang putih itu tebal.”
The Onion is not the agent (such as Marry) nor instrument (such as a knife); but instead is in
the objective.
The notion of objective case had everything to do with the traditional sense of the object.
However, not everything that is in the objective case can be an object and not all objects can
be considered to be in the objective case.
7. Ergatif Case
It cases is causative, which refers to the syntactic relation that exists between a sentence.
Example:

10. The car moved.
“Mobil itu bergerak.”
John moved the car.
“John menggerakkan mobil itu.”
8. Instrumental Case
It is about an inanimate instrument which is the cause of an action or state expressed by the
verb, which in English by using the preposition “with”.
Example:
1. Bella opened the door with the key.“Bella membuka pintu itu dengan kunci.”
2. The door was opened with the key by Bella.“Pintu itu dibuka dengan kunci oleh Bella.”
3. The key opened the door. “Kunci membuka pintu itu.”
9. Locative Case
It is the case on a phrase or noun phrase that refers to the location / site of action verbs.
Example: Irene put the dictionary on the table. “Irene menaruh majalah itu di atas meja.
The table is in the locative case. In English, it can be seen by using of the preposition: on, in,
at, from.