2. RELATIVE
CLAUSE

3. Relative Clause
Relative clauses are a special class
of dependent clause (also called "subordinate
clause") that serve to modify a noun. In English,
as in most other Indo-European languages,
relative clauses are often introduced by
a relative pronoun one of the wh- words "who",
"whom", "whose", "what", or "which", or by that.
Reduced relative clauses, on the other hand,
have no relative pronoun introducing them. The
example below contrasts an English nonreduced relative clause and reduced relative
clause.

4. Relatives Clauses:
We can use relative clauses to
join two English sentences, or
to give more information
about something.

5. relative
pronouns
use
example
who
subject or object
pronoun for people
I told you about the
woman who lives next
door.
which
subject or object
pronoun for animals
and things
Do you see the cat
which is lying on the
roof?
whose
Do you know the boy
possession for people
whose mother is a
animals and things
nurse?
where
subject or object
pronoun for palace
This is the station
where Emily met
James.

6. when
• 25 December is the day ..................... children in Great
Britain get their Christmas presents.
when
• A famine was the reason ..................... so many Irish
people emigrated to the USA in the 19th century.
where
• A greengrocer's is a shop ..................... you can buy
vegetables.
when
• The day ..................... I arrived was very nice.
why
• A horror film was the reason ..................... I couldn't
sleep last night.

7. Use the correct
Relative Pronoun

8. The hotel _________ we stayed
was very good for the price

9. The hotel WHERE we stayed was
very good for the price

10. The books, ______ I´d ordered over the
internet, took nearly three weeks to arrive

11. The books, WHICH* I´d ordered over the
internet, took nearly three weeks to arrive

12. My parents, ________ were born in north
Wales, moved to London to find work

13. My parents, WHO* were born in north
Wales, moved to London to find work

14. The employee to __________ you refer is
no longer working here.

15. The employee to WHOM* you refer is no
longer working here

16. My neighbour, __________ son is studying
in Germany, is quite impolite.

17. My neighbour, WHOSE son is studying in
Germany, is quite impolite.

18. Reduced relative clause

19. Reduced Relative Clause
A reduced relative clause is a relative
clause that is not marked by an
overt complementizer (such as that).
Reduced relative clauses often give rise
to ambiguity or garden path effects, and
have been a common topic
of psycholinguistic study, especially in
the field of sentence processing.

20. Reduced Relative Passive Clause
the ball
was kicke
John kick
ed the ball
d
reduced object relative
passive clause
(so called because the noun being modified
is the direct object of the relative clause,
and the relative clause is in passive voice)

21. Reduced Relative Clause
• While reduced relative clauses are
not the only structures that create
garden path sentences in English
(other forms of garden path
sentences include those caused
by lexical ambiguity, or words that
can have more than one meaning),
they are the "classic" example of
garden path sentences.

22. Example
 People who litter will have to pay a
fine
 People littering will have to pay a fine
 My friends who were living in dorms
had a very hard time
 My friends living in dorms had a very
hard time

23. THANKS YOUR ATTENTION