The document provides a case study analysis of the Menara Mesiniaga building in Malaysia, focusing on identifying its innovative passive design strategies. The building was designed by architect Ken Yeang using bioclimatic principles to maximize natural ventilation and minimize energy usage. It features elements like exterior shading devices, operable windows, and a central core to aid cross ventilation. Thermal analysis shows how the building's form, landscaping features, and natural ventilation methods help provide thermal comfort for occupants in the hot, humid Malaysian climate.
3. INTRODUCTION : The Building
“The building that took benefits from natural renewable sources”
4. Project:
Location:
Case Study: Identifying innovative passive design strategies
Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
Building: Menara Mesiniaga
“we’ll see green buildings long before 2020
— I think the movement is intensifying. Within
the next 5-10 years we’ll see a lot more green
buildings being built. Not just buildings but
green cities, green environment, green master
plans, green products, green lifestyles, green
transportation. I’m very optimistic.”
Ken Yeang, Quote
Introduction
Architect: Ken Yeang
The futuristic bio-climatic tower, Menara
Mesiniaga, also known as IBM tower was
built in Subang Jaya, Malaysia in 1992. The
tower which belongs to MesiniagaBerhad,
was designed and built by the architect
Kenneth Yeang using his 10 years research
into bio-climatic design principle.
According to the case study done by Bill
Chan “ The bioclimatic high-rise is a tall
building with passive low energy benefits,
achieved through design responses to the
climate of the place and through optimizing
the use of the locality’s ambient energies,
to enhance the quality of life and comfort
for its occupants”.
Climate
Climatically both Singapore and Malaysia
are a hot and humid country;The city of
Kuala Lumpur is situated 3° North of the
equator.According to the report by
Safamanesh (1995), rainfall in Malaysia is
heavier along the East coast than the
West coast. Most urban and agricultural
land is on the West coast and,
consequently, so is most of the
population. Due to its position relative to
the equator, the country has no distinct
winter or summer and temperatures are
consistently somewhere between 20c
and 40c with humidity level between 60
and 70 percent.
Green Certification
Menara Mesiniaga received the Aga
Khan Award for Architecture. This is
possible due to Kenneth Yeang’s
ten-year research into bio-climatic
principles for the design of medum-to-
tall buildings. These concepts can be
applied to many-storied structures in
tropical climates
(The Aga Khan Development Network,
2007).
1
5. Title
Image 1 & 2 :
Mesiniaga Logo and
Aga Kahn Award
Logo
Top
Image 3: View of the
building from the
main entrance
Bottom
Image 4: View of the
building from its
surrounding greenery.
The sloped berm can
be seen on the left
side of the image.
2
6. The building sits beside a highway towering above a mixture of unplanned
structure and environment; a lake which can be seen from every level of the
building, some residential complexes and townhouses, office buildings, and a
mosque. There is also a medical centre which is within view of the building.
Overall, many of the surrounding buildings are low budget adaptations of older
houses. The natural landscaping catches the eye’s attention with a substantial
amount of growth within the area, in respect to community development. The
traffic ranges from moderate to congested at certain hours of the day, due to
the existence of the federal highway nearby.
SITE LOCATIONTop
Image 5: Site Plan of
Menara Mesiniaga
3
7. Plans, Sections ,
drawings
Image 6
Ground Floor Plan of Menara Mesiniaga
Image 7
East Elevation of Menara Mesiniaga
Image 8
South West Elevation of Menara Mesiniaga
Image 9
Section of Menara Mesiniaga
4
8. NATURAL AND MAN- MADE FACTOR
“How is the thermal environment of Menara Mesiniaga affected
by natural and man-made factors?”
9. Mesiniaga’s verticality allows exposure to the full extent of heat, weather and
temperatures. Mesiniaga’s exoskeleton which are the exposed steel and rein-
forced concrete structure helps to reflect the sun, and the entirely exposed col-
umns and beams are open to cross ventilated cooling. This single core services
are built on the hot side which is on the east.
Built FormTop
Image 10: Part of
Elevation on Menara
Mesiniaga
5
10. In order to shelter and insulate the lowest three levels from the morning sun,
artificial sloping landscape was created to connect the land to the verticality of
the building. Moreover, its circular spiralling body with landscaped sky courts
that helps cools, ventilates and provide a space for occupants to relief.
Planting and Sky a GardenTop
Image 11:
Sky Garden in
Menara Mesiniaga
6
11. Curtain wall glazing which are the garden insets provided on the north
and south side helps reduce solar gain and provide thermal comfort for the
occupants while the recessed and shaded windows are on the east and west
side as a response to the tropical sun path. Moreover, cantilevering rooftop pool
and a gym with curvilinear roof on the south facade helps provide thermal
comfort for users of the facilities especially during the high-angled afternoon sun.
Furthermore, the pool insulates and reflects the overhead sun.
Solar orientation and shading devicesTop
Image 12:
Part of Elevation on
Menara Mesiniaga
that shows
cantilevering roof top
pool
7
12. Large multi-storey transitional spaces provides airflow in between the
zones and provide better circulation of hot and cool air in and out of the building.
Moreover, the permeable external walls of the building provides cross ventilation
even in air conditioned spaces. Air movement is encouraged underneath the
building, specifically at the lobby entrance as it is half open to the surrounding
land while the other half is circled by the sloped berm.
VentilationTop
Image 13:
The lobby entrance
which is the half open
to the surrounding
land
8
16. The Figure 1 shows that Kuala Lumpur has
a high relative humidity in the range of 80% - 85%.
Malaysia has a tropical wet climate with no dry or
cold season as it is constantly moist due to
year-round rainfall.
With relations to building design, it is better
to include passive ventilation by having windows
open on opposite sides of the building to maintain
a good cross air flow and eliminate interior
humidity build up.
Humidity
Based on the Temperature’s graph
(Figure 2, 3 and 4) the annual average
temperature is around 26.6 degrees Celsius. On
average, the warmest month is in April while the
coolest is September. April would be also be
the wettest month and June would be the driest
month.
For high rise building in high temperature
locations, proper HVAC or adequate passive
ventilation is necessary to maintain a cool
temperature inside the building.
Temperature
Image 14
On-site Perspective sketch of Menara Mesiniaga
11
20. In the design of Menara Mesiniaga, the
architect purposely take advantage of
all the sun light to penetrate inside the
building. He intended to build the building
in such a way to benefit natural sunlight
and environment. (Safamanesh. K). When
we went for a site visit to Menara
Mesiniaga, we could feel the architect’s
intention through every inner facade and
spaces.
Next, the enclosed rooms does
not need much light and are located near
the central core, which allows worksta-
tions to be located on the outside edge
where natural lighting and high quality
views are available.
The Advantages
Annual and Daily Sun Pathway
Image 15, 16, 17, and 18 is a proof of the
annual and daily sun path of Menara
Mesiniaga.
It is proving that the architect’s
intention is to benefit the natural
sunlight from every direction into the
Menara Mesiniaga. In addition, from
the Image 18, 19 and 20 , it is proven
that more shading elements been in-
sert on East and West Elevation rath-
er than North and South Elevation.
Moreover, the lobby of the building is
inserted further inside to be shaded
by the second floor’s balcony of the
menara. Lastly, the natural sunlight
also enter through the sun roof of
the basement parking to reduce the
light’s man made source.
Top
Image 19
Lobby of Menara
Mesiniaga that been
shaded by the floor
on top of it
14
21. Design Profile
Building Profile Building Name Menara Mesiniaga
Architect Ken Yeang
Location
Building Type
Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
IT Offices
Site Areas 6503 square meters
Solar Design Profile Latitude latitude (3.0827 degrees) 3° 4’ 57” North of the Equator
Heating Degree Days mean ambient temperatures of around 26-27°C year around
Cooling Degree Days
Conservation
Strategies
N/A
ecological principles into high-rise architecture
Passive Solar
Strategies
exterior shading, direct gain passive solar, open able
windows, Thermal mass placed in the service core
Active Solar
Strategies
Sun Roof System
Other renewable
energy strategies
None
High Performance
Strategies
High Performance glazing and envelope,
Innovative performance in green building strategies
15
22. Sunshade Details
LOUVRE
A louvre that shade the offices and an
uppermost floors that houses
recreational areas, a swimming pool,
and sun roof.
SUN ROOF
The sunroof is the skeletal provision for
panel space for the possible future placing
of solar-cells to provide back-up energy
source. BAS (Building Automation System)
is an active Intelligent Building feature
used in the building for energy-saving.
Top
Image 20
Model of Menara
Mesiniaga to show
Louvres and
Sun Roof
Image 21
On the north and south facades, curtain wall
glazing is used to control solar gain highlighted green
colour
16
23. Image 22
On the east and west facades, external aluminium fins
and louvers provide sun shading highlighted green
colour
Image 23
Model massing that shows the Glazing
and Shading of Menara Mesiniaga
higlighted green colour
17
25. Due to various wind directions, the winds
are nearly transferred equally.(Figure 5)
Menara Mesiniaga main ventilation is by
air conditioning and natural ventilation.The
air conditioning systems for the counter
area, offices, meeting rooms, cafeteria
and few other areas are divided into two
types. One of the air conditioning systems
is the Energy Saving System which is
used around the counter area and offices,
as shown by the yellow ellipse, and the
staying period in these areas are longer.
(Image 21 & in Picture 33) Another one is
called the Split Air Conditioner which is
usually used in houses as it cools one or
two rooms. For this building, Split AC are
used in the meeting rooms and cafeteria
for only a certain period of time. Moving
on to natural ventilation¬¬, winds, the
escape stairs are unenclosed and pushed
to the edge of the building to allow wind
to take part. The elevator lobby and
washroom spaces have shaded window
openings that gives in view and natural
ventilation (Architectural review.V. 192
1993 Jan-June).The sliding doors on the
terraces could be open up for natural
ventilation to flow throughout the office
areas. (Picture 32) Besides that, part of
highest floor which is an opened space
swimming pool area allows for natural
ventilation. Moreover, tiny gap to allow
the wind to ventilate into the gymnasium
under the overhang-curved roofing is
provided. Lastly,the basement parking
area is also ventilated as the entrance and
exit are opened.
Ventilations
(Picture 31) Since the energy
consumption is reduced, the
electricity costing of Menara
Mesiniaga is maintained in certain
amount which is cheaper compared
to other building. Morevoer, the air of
the site surroundings is also fresher
due to the greener site context and
also the flow of the wind.
18
26. Wind & weather statistics
Morib/Kuala Lumpur Airport
Figure 5
Table and WInd Rose of Wind and Weather statistic of Morib/Kuala Lumpur Airport
19
27. Image 24
The air flows(green arrows) and air conditioning air flows
(yellow ellipse) throughout the building.
Bottom
Image 25
The basement
parking area of
Menara Mesiniaga
20
30. Left
Image 28
Primary Shading
Louvres
Right
Image 29
Secondary Shading
Louvres
A large part of the building, from
stairways and lift lobbies to the toilet
areas, was regarded as a penetrable
membrane to enable natural aeration.
The building is fitted out with an Energy
Saving System which controls energy
features including air-cooling system,
elevators and other mechanical systems
and it is used to monitor and reduce
energy consumption in equipment. So,
the main office areas are air-conditioned
but the use of this system and the natural
ventilation throughout the building, help to
reduce its use to negligible levels, saving
energy.
Thermal Comfort The evident building features of the
IBM tower not only visually express
the high-tech style of the company
and its conceptual organic character,
but also define it as a bioclimatic high-
rise. Firstly, the building’s overall form,
structural methodology, module cores,
glazed surfaces, is oriented for maxi-
mum environmental efficiency shading
against direct heat but allowing for
natural daylight. Second, where the
main components of the building and
its orientation cannot shade the build-
ing, inventively calculated shading
devices are fitted on the building face
for passive cooling. Lastly, the exten-
sion of the land that starts at
22
31. the sloped berm spirals up the height of
the building with planted terraces that fin-
ishes at the inhabited rooftop. These ter-
races not only provide for vertical gardens
and transitional spaces, but also shades
and ventilates the building.
The simple extension of the
tower’s base produces several positive
environmental effects. The sloped berm
circles around half the circumference
of the building, the other half opens the
mezzanine floors to the surrounding land.
This allows for a functional
connection with the site, avoiding how
typical confined lobbies separate the
building from its landscape. As well, it
inspires air movement beneath the
building, producing a lobby entrance that
is shaded as well as ventilated without
mechanical effort(Balfour A. & Yeang K.
1994). The program that is in the entresol
requires slight daylight; therefore, by
building the hollow berm up to these
levels it increases the surface area for
planting and provides a chance for the
building to involve the nearby vegetation.
The visible steel and reinforced
concrete structure can be regarded as an
exoskeleton that is suspending the
differently shaped office floors with each
floor’s main girders connecting to the
concrete core for shear resistance. Where
the general rule of thumb for buildings in
colder regions is ‘skin outside, structure
inside’, the tropical climate may have
an exposed structure without contrary
temperature effects. In fact, the structure
that wraps around the curtain wall shields
the sun off the building face and act as a
heat sink. (Balfour A. & Yeang K. 1994)Of
course, in a tropical climate where winter
The core uses extensive passive heat-
ing and cooling strategies and has
no mechanical supportv because it’s
programmed functions of circulation
and washrooms involve low useperi-
od. Instead of an internal service core,
the concrete core of the building faces
the outside and is located on the east
side of the tower. This orientation
allows the core to shade the building
from direct sun rays and its material
construction allows it to become a
heat sink that will reradiate absorbed
heat into the insides at night. The
escape stairs are unenclosed and the
elevator lobby and washroom spaces
have shaded window openings that
give in view and natural ventilation
(Architectural review. V. 192 1993).
The majority of the building’s dou-
ble-glazed, operable curtain walls lie
flush to the facade only on the north
and south side. Most of the west half
of the building, external solar shades
are installed. The southwest and
northwest are protected by alumi-
num fins offset approximately 40cm
away from the building face (Powell
R. 1999). These devices are utilized
where high-angled rays may hit the
curtain walls. But for more far reaching
direct light, deeper, single panel alu-
minum louvers offset from the building
twice as far as the fins is fixed.(Powell
R. 1999)
Where extensive west-side shading
is concerned, the alternately shaped
floor plates partners with terraces to
create indentations in the building
form that help it shade itself. The land-
scaped terraces that appear on every
office level also allows for full height
sliding glass doors that let in fresh
23
32. air and greened intermediate spaces
for a break from computer screens. The
stepped terraces can be traced spiraling
back down to the berm and the surround-
ing landscape, generating a hall where
employees may feel part of a progressive
organization that has strong environmen-
tal awareness. Inside, enclosed rooms are
placed as a central core rather than being
situated at the edge. This ensures good
natural lighting and views out for the pe-
ripherally located workspaces. Because
the building is circular in plan, there are
no dark corners.(Balfour A. & Yeang K.
1994)
Thermal comfort in this building is
more than effectively achieved by these
specific features, where mechanical cool-
ing system is put to optimum use,
not overuse. Furthermore, studies
have shown greater occupancy happi-
ness and employee output where the
building can offer a connection with
external spaces whether it is natural
daylight or sky gardens that let work-
ers relax and feel as if they belong to
a whole (Space Design. 9401-9403
1994).
The major visible architectural ele-
ments topping off the office levels in-
clude a cantilevering rooftop pool and
a gym with a curvilinear roof; these
facilities are open to employees. The
pool ‘greens’ the rooftop by insulat-
ing and reflecting the overhead sun.
The overhang of the curvilinear roof
is enough to shade most of the entire
south facade from the high angled
afternoon sun. Crowning the building
is a tubular steel trellis that shades the
top floor amenities and is designed
to accommodate solar panels in the
future that will further increase the
building’s ecological efficiency.
24
33. Image 30
Cross section showing main green features
Bottom
Image 31
Sun Shaders and
Garden Insets
25
34. Top
Image 32
cross section
showing natural
ventilation thru
building
Bottom
Image 33
heat map thru
section-red is
warmest, green is
coolest
26
35. Image 34
basic air flow. Allowing for natural ventilation to interact with the internal cooling system cuts down on
cooling costs.
27
37. Menara Mesiniaga maximizes the passive solar design into their building. It plays with the sunlight
that penetrates through the building and controlling it by using appropriate shading devices to reduce
overheating and providing comfort
( Image 32 ).
The circular exterior shape of the building and orientation affects the amount of sunlight passing
through as it accepts sunlight from all angles ( Image 33 ). Glazing and shading of glass windows are
incorporated into the design to minimize the solar gain and heat load in the morning.
Glazed curtain walling is applied throughout the building to enhance natural lighting and also
reduce temperature of the building and avoid overheating. Shading devices are also strategically placed
at locations with high sunlight intensity ( Image 34 ). This is to give thermal comfort for users inside the
building and reduce glaring as well.
Natural lighting is also found in the basement of the building which illuminates the parking lot,
toilets and air-conditioning generator. Window openings are placed on the ground directly above these
spaces in order to provide sufficient lighting ( Image 35 ). This helps reduce cost of electricity.
Open spaces and well planned ventilated areas can be found throughout the MenaraMesiniaga
building. Spaces like garden terraces, rooftops, service core and stairs located in the building helps en-
hances thermal comfort for the users of the area by providing natural sunlight and ventilation
( Image 36 ).
The core uses extensive passive heating and cooling strategies and has no mechanical support
because it’s programmed functions of circulation and washrooms involve low use period. Instead of an
internal service core, the concrete core of the building faces the outside and is located on the east side
of the tower. This orientation allows the core to shade the building from direct sun rays and its material
construction allows it to become a heat sink that will reradiate absorbed heat into the insides at night.
The escape stairs are unenclosed and the elevator lobby and washroom spaces have shaded window
openings that give in view and natural ventilation.
Thermal comfort in this building is more than effectively achieved by these specific features,
where mechanical cooling system is put to optimum use, not overuse. Furthermore, studies have
shown greater occupancy happiness and employee output where the building can offer a connection
with external spaces whether it is natural daylight or sky
gardens that let workers relax and feel as if they belong to a whole ( Image 37 ).
The major visible architectural elements topping off the office levels include a cantilevering rooftop
pool and a curvilinear roof. The pool on the rooftop helps by insulating and reflecting the overhead sun
( Image 38 ). The overhang of the curvilinear roof is enough to shade most of the entire south facade
from the high angled afternoon sun.
Thermal Comfort
Passive Solar Design
28
38. Top
Image 35
Sketch on different
types of shading
design used to
reduce overheating.
Middle
Image 36
Sketch of sunlight
direction due to
circular exterior.
Bottom
Image 37
Sketch of glazed
curtain walling and
shading devices
Drawing of our Concept
Analysis
29
39. Top
Image 38
Sketch of window
placement on ground
level
Middle
Image 40
Sketch of natural
daylight for garden
terraces
Bottom
Image 41
Sketch of reflection
and absorption of
sunlight.
Middle
Image 39
Sketch of natural
sunlight and
ventilation through
spaces.
30
40. REFERENCE LIST
Architectural review. V. 192 1993 Jan-June Space Design. 9401-9403 1994 Jan-Mar
Balfour A. &Yeang K.Bioclimatic Skyscrapers – Ken Yeang, 1994 retrieved from http://www.world-
cat.org/title/bioclimatic-skyscrapers/oclc/154770772
Bill Chan, M. F. ARCH 366: Environmental Design Case Study.
Ching, D.K. (2014) Green Building Illustrated, pg 32. Canada: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Google Maps. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.google.com.my/maps/@3.0302815,101.5852174
,13z?hl=en
Law J.H.Y. The Bioclimatic Approach to High-rise Building Design: An Evaluation of Ken Yeang’s
Bioclimatic Principles and Responses in Practice to Energy Saving and Human Well-being, De-
cember 2001.
Powell R.Rethinking the Skyscraper: The Complete Architecture of Ken Yeang, 1999re-
trieved from http://www.worldcat.org/title/rethinking-the-skyscraper-the-complete-architec-
ture-of-ken-yeang/oclc/43097372
Principles of Passive Solar Design. (2008, January 1). Green Building. Retrieved April 26, 2014,
from http://www.greenbuilding.com/knowledge-base/principles-passive-solar-design
Passive Design. (1994, January 1). . Retrieved April, 2014, from http://wiki.naturalfrequency.com/
wiki/Passive_Design
What is thermal comfort?.(n.d.).HSE. Retrieved May , 2014, from http://www.hse.gov.uk/tempera-
ture/thermal/explained.htm
Safamanesh, K. (1995). Technical Reviw Summary.
The Aga Khan Development Network. (2007). Menara Mesiniaga. Retrieved from Aga Khan Award
for Architecture: http://www.akdn.org/architecture/project.asp?id=1356
Wind Finder (n.d.). Wind & weather statistics Morib/Kuala Lumpur Airport (near Putrajaya Lake)
- Windfinder. Retrieved May 4, 2014, from http://www.windfinder.com/windstatistics/morib_kua-
la_lumpur?fspot=putrajaya_lake
Webkey (2008). Solaripedia | Green Architecture And Green Building. Retrieved April 28, 2014,
from http://www.solaripedia.com/images/large/3414.jpg
Yeang K. & Hamzah T. R. Menara Mesiniaga Features Bioclimatic, 2010 retrieved from
http://www.solaripedia.com/13/302/3419/menara_mesiniaga_sun_roof.html
31
41. 32
IMAGE REFERENCE
Image 1 : retrieved by http://mssb.mesiniaga.com.my/asset/scms/image/public/mesiniaga.jpg
Image 2 : retrieved by http://www.akdn.org/assets/7/1573.JPG
Image 3 : retrived by https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8046/8085414843_4f4e66e12c.jpg
Image 4 : retrieved by http://mw2.google.com/mw-panoramio/photos/medium/62479721.jpg
Image 5 : retrieved by Google Map
Image 6 : retrieved by http://www.solaripedia.com/images/large/3411.jpg
Image 7 : retrieved by http://img.docstoccdn.com/thumb/orig/134430345.png
Image 8 : retrieved by http://www.solaripedia.com/images/large/3413.jpg
Image 9 : retreived by http://www.archilibra.com/thesis/case_studies/menara_mesiniaga/east-west-section.jpg
Image 10 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS
Image 11 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS
Image 12 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS
Image 13 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS
Image 14 : Sketch by Zhafri Azman
Image 15 : Ecotech Analysis by Zhafri Azman
Image 16 : Ecotech Analysis by Zhafri Azman
Image 17 : Ecotech Analysis by Zhafri Azman
Image 18 : Ecotech Analysis by Zhafri Azman
Image 19 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS
Image 20 : Massing Model edited by Adila ZAAS
Image 21 : Massing Model edited by Adila ZAAS
Image 22 : Massing Model edited by Adila ZAAS
Image 23 : Massing Model edited by Adila ZAAS
Image 24 : Retrieved by http://myweb.wit.edu/oakess/Catalog/MM_ventilation.html
Image 25 : Photograph taken by Kee Ting Ting
Image 26 : Photograph taken by Kee Ting Ting
42. 33
Image 27 : Photograph taken by Kee Ting Ting
Image 28 : Photograph and Edited by Trevor Nico
Image 29 : Photograph and Edited by Trevor Nico
Image 30 : Edited by Trevor Nico
Image 31 : Edited by Trevor Nico
Image 32 : Edited by Trevor Nico
Image 33 : Edited by Trevor Nico
Image 34 : Edited and sketched by Trevor Nico
Image 35 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana
Image 36 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana
Image 37 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana
Image 38 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana
Image 39 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana
Image 40 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana
Image 41 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana
43. 34
FIGURE REFERENCE
Figure 1 : Ecotech graph by Zhafri Azman
Figure 2 : Ecotech graph by Zhafri Azman
Figure 3 : Ecotech graph by Zhafri Azman
Figure 4 : Ecotech graph by Zhafri Azman
Figure 5 : Retrieved by http://www.windfinder.com/windstatistics/morib_kuala_lumpur?fspot=putrajaya_lake
COVER PAGE REFERENCE
Cover page 1 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS
Cover page 2 : Introduction : The Building Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS
Cover page 3 : Natural and Man Made Factor Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS
Cover page 4 : Climate Analysis Retrieved by http://pws.yeesiang.com/upload/wysiwyg/image/blank_
malaysia_map/blank_malaysia_map.png
Cover page 5 : Sun Analysis Retrieved by http://www.solaripedia.com/images/large/3419.jpg
Cover page 6 : Wind Analysis Photograph taken by Kee Ting Ting
Cover page 7 : Thermal Analysis Photograph taken by Trevor Nico
Cover page 8 : Concept Analysis Photograph taken by Nur Adila ZAAS
