The document discusses different views of scientific method, including: 1) The simplistic view that unbiased observation precedes theory is incorrect, as what we observe depends on our existing knowledge and theories. 2) Induction is problematic because there are multiple possible generalizations from any set of facts. 3) Falsificationism holds that theories should aim to disprove, not prove, themselves through falsifiable predictions. However, it is difficult to definitively falsify theories. 4) Scientism claims science can explain all human aspects, but this is self-refuting and ignores aspects beyond scientific quantification.

1. ?

2. Sumber: Philosophy, The Basics, Nigel
Warburton, 4th edition. 2006. Bab 5.
Science.

3. 1. Apa pandangan yang simplistic untuk
scientific method?
2. Apa kritik terhadap pandangan tersebut?
3. Apa kelemahan atau problem Induksi?
4. Apa solusi dari problem Induksi?
5. Apa itu Falsificationism?
6. Apa kritik terhadap Falsificationism?
7. Apakah itu Scientism?
8. Apa kritik terhadap Scientism?

6. Apa yang Salah?
Hukum dan
Teori
Induksi Deduksi
Fakta didapat Ramalan dan
dari Observasi Penjelasan

7. See: the movie
Our knowledge and our expectations of what we are likely
to see affect what we actually do see.

8. The Simplistic View of Scientific Method and
Its Criticism

Our knowledge and our expectations of what we are likely to see
affect what we actually do see.

What we see usually depends on what is called our mental set: our
knowledge and expectation, our cultural upbringing.

Note: A statement is theory-laden if its terms only make sense in
the light of a set of theoretical principles.

Theory always comes first: the simple view of scientific method is
completely wrong to suppose that unbiased observation always
precedes theory.

What you see usually depends on what you know, and the words
you choose to describe what you see always presuppose a theory
of the nature of the thing you see.

The scientists can't observe, recording each and every measure of
each and every phenomenon. They choose which aspects of any
situation they concentrate on, and this choice too involves
decisions which are theory-related.

9. Scientific Method and Science

Scientific Method arises because it relies on induction
rather than deduction.

Inductive vs Deductive

10. The Problem of Induction

Betrand Russel's Turkey

Inference to the Best Explanation – Abduction

Abduction – judge the plausibility of a hypothesis in
terms of the sort of explanation if offers.

Justification of generalizing about the future on the
basis of the past.

11. There are numerous very different generalizations we could
make on the basis of the past, all of which are consistent with
the available data.

12. COLOUR: GRUE

13. GRUE: some emerald can look blue and the other
green

14. Solutions to The Problem of Induction

If science is based on the principle of induction, we
have plenty of evidence that our faith in induction is
justified. (although it is a circular argument since it
relies on induction).

Some generalization seem more natural for us to make
than others.

Probability

15. Karl Popper (1902-1994): Science progresses by means of
conjecture and refutation (dugaan dan sanggahan)

16. Falsificationism
Deny that induction is the basis of scientific method.
Scientist do not begin by making observations, they
begin with a theory.
Scientific theories are not claims to truth, rather they
are speculative attempts to give an analysis of various
aspects of the natural world.
Not to prove the conjecture true (verification), but
rather to prove that it is false.
Science progresses by means of conjecture and
refutation.
The generalization is far easier to disprove than to
prove.

17. Patient's dream is really about an unresolved sexual conflict from
the patient's childhood?

18. Falsificationism

Falsificationism: the degree of usefulness of a theory is a
degree to which it is falsifiable.

Example: Psychoanalysis are logically unfalsifiable, and
therefore unscientific (or pseudoscience). If a psychoanalysis
claims that a certain patient's dream is really about an
unresolved sexual conflict from the patient's childhood, there
is no observation which could possibly falsify this claim. If
the patient denies that there was any conflict, the analyst
will take this as further confirmation that the patient is
repressing something. If the patient admits that the analyst's
interpretation is correct, then this too will provide
confirmation of hypothesis.

If there is no possibility of refuting them, then there is no
way of replacing them with a better theory.

19. Falsificationism

Many of the most revolutionary scientific theories have
originated from bold imaginative conjectures. Popper's
theory emphasizes the creative imagination involved in
thinking up new theories.

20. Critisism of Falsification

Falsificationism fails to take into account the role of
confirmation (successful prediction) of hypotheses in science
because the logical power of a single falsifying observation is
still always greater than any number of confirming
observations.

Tend to overthrow of a theory on the basis of a single
falsifying case; they should be skeptical and investigate
every possible source of error.

Falsificationist theory of science does not always fit well with
the actual history of science. Thomas Kuhn: Science does not
progress by conjecture and refutation, but by a series of
paradigm shifts.

21. Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996)

22. Scientism

Scientism: Science can explain everything that is important
about the human condition.

E. F. Schumacher in A Guide for the Perplexed: “The
architects of the modern worldview, notably Galileo and
Descartes, assumed that those things that could be weighed,
measured, and counted were more true than those that
could not be quantified. If it couldn’t be counted, in other
words, it didn’t count.”

The statement "no statements are true unless they can be
proven scientifically", is claimed to be self-refuting insofar
as the truth of the statement itself cannot be proven
scientifically; the same goes for essentially similar views like
"no statements are true unless they can be shown
empirically to be true"

23. What is love?

24. Criticism of Scientism

The statement "no statements are true unless they can be
proven scientifically", is claimed to be self-refuting insofar
as the truth of the statement itself cannot be proven
scientifically; the same goes for essentially similar views like
"no statements are true unless they can be shown
empirically to be true"

A totalizing view of science were not capable of describing all
reality and knowledge.

A border-crossing violation in which the theories and
methods of one (scientific) discipline are inappropriately
applied to another (scientific or non-scientific) discipline and
its domain.

25. Criticism of Scientism

Even though philosophy does not necessarily affect the way
scientist work, it can certainly change the way they
understand their work.