13. Nodular Hyperplasia (Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy) Related to effects of androgens (DHT) probably mediates prostatic growth Estrogen (estradiol) may further sensitize the prostate to the effects of DHT
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20. Prostatic Carcinoma Most common form of cancer in men Unknown (advancing age, race, hormonal influence, genetic and environmental factors)
30. Stage I – Microscopic A1 – focus A2 – diffuse Usually asymptomatic Favorable prognosis
31. Stage II – Macroscopic B1 – one lobe, 1.5 cm nodule B2 – both lobes, > 1.5 cm Palpable prostatic nodule Progress to locally aggressive Metastasize if untreated
32. Stage III – Extracapsular C1 – localized, 70 gm C2 – fixed to pelvic wall, > 70 gm Locally advanced Urinary obstruction, local pain, bone pain
33. Stage IV – Metastatic D1 – confined to pelvis D2 – extrapelvic Signs and symptoms secondary to metastatic foci
34. Diseases of the Testis Congenital Anomalies Cryptorchidism = failure of descent Atrophy Primary (Klinefelter’s syndrome) Secondary (vascular disease, inflammatory, hypopituitarism, malnutrition, etc.)
35. Inflammatory Conditions With epididymitis which secondarily involve the testis (except in syphilis) Nonspecific Granulomatous (Autoimmune) Specific (gonorrhea, tuberculosis, syphilis, etc.)
36. Vascular Disturbances TORSION Twisting of the spermatic cord With pre-existing lesion – cryptorchidism Congestion to interstitial hemorrhage (depending on the duration and severity)
