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Nominal Scaling of Print Substrates
Nathan Moroney & Giordano Beretta
Hewlett-Packard Laboratories
17th IS&T/SID Color Imaging Conference
Pagination Humor?
CIC 17 - Nominal Scaling of Print Substrates
CIC 17 - Nominal Scaling of Print Substrates
Substrates
• Specialty Media Swatchbook
• 72 alphabetical samples
Metrology


                             Spectrophotometer                                     Glossmeter                                         Profilometer                                              Multi-Angle Imaging
                      0.45                                                                                         1.5

                       0.4
                               Red Apple
                      0.35                                                      Illumination      Detection          1
Percent Reflectance




                       0.3
                                                                                                                   0.5
                      0.25
                                                                                            20°
                       0.2




                                                                                                              um
                                                                                                                     0
                                                                                                                          1   3   5   7   9   11   13   15   17   19   21   23   25   27   29
                      0.15
                                                                                                                   -0.5
                       0.1

                      0.05                                                            60°                           -1
                        0
                         380   430   480     530     580      630   680   730      85°                             -1.5
                                           Wavelength (nm )                                                                                             Length




                                                                          Thickness                   Fluoresence                                            Opacity
Roughness vs. Gloss
Thickness, Fluoresence, Lightness &
              Opacity
Are Ratio Scales Longer?




C.J. Bartleson and F. Grum eds., Optical Radiation Measurements, Volume 5 Visual
Measurements, Academic Press, p. 341 (1984).
Nominal Scaling Undignified?
• “…until the
  phenomena of any
  branch of knowledge
  have been subjected
  to measurement and
  numbers, it cannot
  assume the status of
  dignity of a science"
     • Sir Francis Galton,
                             Father of  and psychometric experiments
       Psychometric
       Experiments, (1875)
Media Corpus Experiment




   Visual                   Tactile

“…choose best words or phrases to describe the
visual and tactile properties of the sample…”
Media Corpus Experiment
    Corpus             Cleaning         Stemmer   Word Frequencies



    Laboratory                                       Stop Words
      Viewing

                                                      Proportions
Elicited, Contextual
  And Distributed                 Visual &
                                   Tactile        Substrates-Words Matrix
                                  Anchors

                                                     Cluster Analysis



                           By Keywords               By Samples
21 Participants




+450 tokens, +150 hapaxes, 20 keywords > 1% relative frequency
Substrates-Words Matrix
                                        Substrates

                   S1   S2   S3   S4   S5   S6   S7      S8   S9   S10   S11   S12

        smooth     17   16    8   11   13    4       4    7    7    13     1    15

        white      11   13    5   11   12    9       7   10    0     3    12     2

        matte       1    2    4    2    1    0       0    6    0     6     4     4

                    9    8    1    8    7    2       2    3    5     5     0     1
Words




        gloss


        offwhite    5    3    4    5    5    2       2    4    0     1     4     1

        texture     0    1    2    0    0    6       6    1    0     1     8     0

        yellow      0    0    9    0    0    0       2    3    0     0     0    15

        semi        4    3    4    3    3    3       1    2    1     4     0     1
Dendrograms
                      Recursive pair-wise visualization
                      of a distance matrix.




40 U.S. cities. Neighboring branches are closer.
Clustering by Word




Top 64 words agglomeratively clustered using
Kendall’s tau for the correlation matrix.
Unrooted Phylogentic Tree




Minimize the length of the branches.
Top 32 Keywords, 25% also in online color naming experiment.
Clustering by Substrate
Thinner,
Plain Papers
Dull, Semi-Gloss, Papers
Thicker, Glossy Papers
Textured
 Papers
Transparent
and Metallic
   Media
Words vs. Measurements
Summary

• Anchored elicitation of unconstrained
  natural language descriptions of the visual
  and tactile perceptual properties of print
  substrates can be used to create a
  clustering of samples by word and vice
  versa.
• Consider the rehabilitation of nominal
  scales?
• Slides posted to http://mostlycolor.ch

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CIC 17 - Nominal Scaling of Print Substrates

  • 1. Nominal Scaling of Print Substrates Nathan Moroney & Giordano Beretta Hewlett-Packard Laboratories 17th IS&T/SID Color Imaging Conference
  • 5. Substrates • Specialty Media Swatchbook • 72 alphabetical samples
  • 6. Metrology Spectrophotometer Glossmeter Profilometer Multi-Angle Imaging 0.45 1.5 0.4 Red Apple 0.35 Illumination Detection 1 Percent Reflectance 0.3 0.5 0.25 20° 0.2 um 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 0.15 -0.5 0.1 0.05 60° -1 0 380 430 480 530 580 630 680 730 85° -1.5 Wavelength (nm ) Length Thickness Fluoresence Opacity
  • 9. Are Ratio Scales Longer? C.J. Bartleson and F. Grum eds., Optical Radiation Measurements, Volume 5 Visual Measurements, Academic Press, p. 341 (1984).
  • 10. Nominal Scaling Undignified? • “…until the phenomena of any branch of knowledge have been subjected to measurement and numbers, it cannot assume the status of dignity of a science" • Sir Francis Galton, Father of  and psychometric experiments Psychometric Experiments, (1875)
  • 11. Media Corpus Experiment Visual Tactile “…choose best words or phrases to describe the visual and tactile properties of the sample…”
  • 12. Media Corpus Experiment Corpus Cleaning Stemmer Word Frequencies Laboratory Stop Words Viewing Proportions Elicited, Contextual And Distributed Visual & Tactile Substrates-Words Matrix Anchors Cluster Analysis By Keywords By Samples
  • 13. 21 Participants +450 tokens, +150 hapaxes, 20 keywords > 1% relative frequency
  • 14. Substrates-Words Matrix Substrates S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 smooth 17 16 8 11 13 4 4 7 7 13 1 15 white 11 13 5 11 12 9 7 10 0 3 12 2 matte 1 2 4 2 1 0 0 6 0 6 4 4 9 8 1 8 7 2 2 3 5 5 0 1 Words gloss offwhite 5 3 4 5 5 2 2 4 0 1 4 1 texture 0 1 2 0 0 6 6 1 0 1 8 0 yellow 0 0 9 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 15 semi 4 3 4 3 3 3 1 2 1 4 0 1
  • 15. Dendrograms Recursive pair-wise visualization of a distance matrix. 40 U.S. cities. Neighboring branches are closer.
  • 16. Clustering by Word Top 64 words agglomeratively clustered using Kendall’s tau for the correlation matrix.
  • 17. Unrooted Phylogentic Tree Minimize the length of the branches. Top 32 Keywords, 25% also in online color naming experiment.
  • 25. Summary • Anchored elicitation of unconstrained natural language descriptions of the visual and tactile perceptual properties of print substrates can be used to create a clustering of samples by word and vice versa. • Consider the rehabilitation of nominal scales? • Slides posted to http://mostlycolor.ch