10. Peripheral smear
• Oval macrocytes, hypersegmented neutrophils –
megaloblastic anaemia
• Leuko-erythroblastic blood picture – marrow
infiltration
• Leuko-erythroblastic picture with tear drop
cells – marrow fibrosis
• Blast or atypical lymphoid cells – haematological
malignancy
• Dysplastic feature – MDS, drugs or HIV infection
11. Leukaemia
• Pancytopenia or bicytopenia – Can it be
haematological malignancy? CBC &
peripheral smear
• Avoid steroids prior to confirmation of
diagnosis
13. Acute Leukaemia
• Comprises approximately 30 percent of all childhood
malignancies
• An incidence of 2.8 cases per 100,000
• The peak incidence 2-5 Yrs
• Studies of the relationship between childhood ALL,
urban/rural status and population density, as well as
other possible etiologic factors (eg, environmental exposures,
abnormal immune response to common infections) have yielded
inconsistent results
14. Acute leukaemia
• Persistent or progressive lymphadenopathy
that does not respond to antibiotic therapy
suggests the need for more extensive
evaluation.
15. Differential diagnosis
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Osteomyelitis
Epstein-Barr virus
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Pertussis, parapertussis
Aplastic anemia
Acute infectious lymphocytosis
Other malignancies with bone marrow involvement
(eg, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma
38. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
• INDUCTION THERAPY
– To eradicate more than 99 percent of the initial burden.
– to restore normal hematopoiesis
– Usually last for 4-5 weeks
• Intensification (consolidation) therapy
– High dose methotrexate
– Reinduction therapy
• CNS targeted therapy
– Intrathecal chemo, cranial RT, High Mtx
• Maintenance therapy
– Oral 6MP and Mtx
• Allogenic bone marrow transplantation
39. Acute myeloid leukaemia
• Induction therapy
– Cytarabine (7 days) & Daunorubicine (3days)
• Consolidation therapy
– 3-4 cycles of high dose cytarabine
• Autologous and allogenic bone marrow
transplantation