Comp tia n+_session_07

CompTIA N+ Certification: Other Network Protocols and Local Area
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Installation
Network (LAN) Infrastructure
Objectives

In this session, you will learn to:
Identify the characteristics of a NetBEUI protocol
implementation.
Identify the characteristics of an IPX/SPX protocol
implementation.
Identify the characteristics of an AppleTalk protocol
implementation.
Identify the components of an IPv6 implementation.
Identify the functions of bridges and switches in LAN
networking.
Identify the components of LAN routing topology.

Ver. 1.0 Session 7 Slide 1 of 53

Objectives (Contd.)

Identify the components of a static routing
implementation.
Identify the components of a dynamic routing
implementation.
Identify the methods for controlling data movement with
filters and VLANs.


The NetBEUI Protocol

• NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI) is a legacy
protocol commonly found in older Windows networks.
• NetBEUI has the following features:
Implemented at the Data-link Layer of the OSI model.
Requires no administrative configuration.
Identifies each node by NetBIOS node name and by node’s
MAC address.


The NetBEUI Protocol (Contd.)

• NetBEUI is supported by Windows for:
Workgroups
Windows NT 3.1
Client1 Client2
00-60-08-cd-34-64 00-60-08-cd-34-52

NetBEUI

Server1 Client3
00-aa-00-62-c6-09 00-80-5b-a3-8d-a8


The IPX/SPX

• Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet
Exchange (IPX/SPX) is a proprietary, routable network
protocol developed by Novell for use in versions 3 and 4 of
the Novell NetWare network operating system.
• IPX/SPX protocol includes two protocols:
IPX
SPX
IPX/SPX protocol has the following features:
Routable
Multilayered


The IPX/SPX (Contd.)

OSI model

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

SPX Network

Data-link
IPX

Physical


IPX/SPX Node Addresses

All IPX/SPX nodes are assigned a 12-byte IPX internetwork
number represented by 24 hexadecimal digits, as:
8 hex digits: Represents the external network address and the
cable segment
12 hex digits: Represents the node address and is unique to
each network adapter.
4 hex digits: Represents the socket number representing the
service or application running on the node.

AAAAAAAA 00001B1EA1A1 0451
IPX external network number Node number Socket number


IPX/SPX Server Addresses

Servers on an IPX/SPX network are uniquely identified by:
Eight-character name
Eight-digit hexadecimal internal network number

FileServ
Route from internal address to
CAB04F01
multiple external addresses

AAAAAAAA BBBBBBBB CCCCCCCC


IPX Frame Types

There are four IPX/SPX frame types, each corresponding to
a different Ethernet standard.
The following table lists the various types of IPX/SPX frame
types available:

Frame Type Description

IEEE 802.2 Preferred frame type for Netware 3.12 and later.

IEEE 802.3 Preferred frame type for NetWare 3.11 and earlier.

Ethernet II Ethernet version that preceded IEEE 802.x.

Ethernet SNAP Used for AppleTalk connectivity.


Activity 8-2

Activity on Installing
the NWLink Protocol


AppleTalk

• AppleTalk is a routable protocol found in older Macintosh
networks.
Zone B
Zone A

Network
Socket Node


AppleTalk Addressing

There is a different addressing scheme for each of the
AppleTalk network components, such as:
Zones
Networks (non-extended)
Networks (extended)
Nodes
Sockets


The AppleTalk Protocol Suite

The AppleTalk protocol suite consists of a number of related
protocols, some of which function in the upper OSI layers
and others in lower OSI layers.
OSI model AppleTalk protocol suite

Application AppleTalk
Filing
Protocol
Presentation (AFP)

AppleTalk Data Zone AppleTalk Printer
Session Stream Protocol Information Session Protocol Access Protocol
(ADSP) Protocol (ZIP) (ASP) (PAP)
AppleTalk AppleTalk
Transport Transaction Echo Protocol
Protocol (ATP) (AEP)
Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP)
Network
AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol (AARP)
Ethertalk Link LocalTalk Link TokenTalk Link FDDITalk Link
Data-link Access Protocol Access Protocol Access Protocol Access Protocol
(ELAP) (LLAP) (TLAP) (FLAP)

IEEE 802.3 LocalTalk Token Ring FDDI
Physical Hardware Hardware IEEE 802.5 Hardware
Hardware


AppleTalk and TCP/IP Interoperability

Legacy AppleTalk networks can interoperate with TCP/IP-
based networks.
Apple and other third-party vendors provide AppleTalk over
IP support to enable AppleTalk clients to communicate with
servers on TCP/IP networks.
TCP/IP is supported natively in current Macintosh operating
systems.


Activity 8-3

the AppleTalk Protocol


AppleTalk and TCP/IP Interoperability (Contd.)

The AppleShare IP file-sharing service enables AppleShare
servers to provide web, file, and print resources to clients on
TCP/IP networks.

AppleShare IP AppleTalk over IP


The IP Version 4 (IPv4) Address Space

IP version 4 (IPv4) is the current version of TCP/IP.
Limitations of IPv4 are:
The 32-bit address space.
The division of the address space into fixed classes.
The depletion of Class A and Class B network address
assignments.
The unassigned and unused address ranges within existing
Class A and Class B blocks.


IPv6

IP version 6, or IPv6, is a proposed Internet standard that
increases the available pool of IP addresses by
implementing a 128-bit binary address space.
IPv6 has the following features:
Simplified headers
Hierarchical addressing
Time-sensitive data support
Unicast address structure

IPv6 128-bit address space


IPv6 Addresses

The IPv6 128-bit decimal address space is divided into eight
16-bit blocks, which are expressed in hexadecimal, and
divided by colons, such as:
• 128-bit decimal address:
11111110100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000
00000010011000000000100011111111111111101100110100110100
01010010
• Divided into eight 16-bit blocks:
1111111010000000.0000000000000000.0000000000000000.000000
0000000000.
0000001001100000.0000100011111111.1111111011001101.001101
0001010010
• Expressed in hexadecimal:
fe80:00000000:00000000:00000000:0260:08ff:fecd:3452
• Blocks of 0s are compressed:
fe80::260:8ff:fecd:3452


Activity 8-4

Activity on Installing IPv6


The Bridge Routing Table

• Bridges captures the source data for each data packet that
is sent on the local network.
• Bridge dynamically builds a bridge routing table of all the
source MAC addresses on each of its interfaces.
Local table for Int 1 Local table for Int 2
3B-07-81-15-AC-10 3B-07-81-82-46-AC
3B-07-81-72-12-A1 3B-07-81-A3-29-37
3B-07-81-29-81-83 3B-07-81-91-76-80

Bridge

3B-07-81-15-AC-10 3B-07-81-82-46-AC

3B-07-81-72-12-A1
3B-07-81-A3-29-37

3B-07-81-29-81-83
3B-07-81-91-76-80


Bridge Broadcasting

Broadcasts don’t have a single address therefore bridge
sends internetwork broadcasts to every interface, resulting
in:
Heavy broadcast traffic

Broadcast
Unicast


Types of Bridges

There are several types of bridges that you can deploy in
your network, such as:
Transparent: Connects networks of the same type
Source-route: Connects Token Rings networks
Translational: Connects dissimilar network types
Remote: Connects different networks across a remote
connection


Switch Performance

Switch performance is increased by:
Hardware implementation of the filtering algorithm that
reduces unwanted traffic while flooding broadcasts.
Isolating the traffic between two ports.
Switch is connected as shown in the following figure:
Eight-port switch

Client 1 Server 1 Server 2 Client 2


The Routing Process

Router is a common LAN infrastructure device having the
capability of connecting with Internet.
The following figure shows the routing process:
MAC address
changes on
each hop

Subnet 1 Subnet 2 Subnet 3

Source Destination
100.1.10.19 200.6.42.7

Destination IP address
does not change


Autonomous Systems (AS)

• AS is a self-contained network or group of networks
connected to the Internet that deploys a single protocol and
has a single administration.

Autonomous
System 1

Autonomous Autonomous
System 2 System 3


Router Roles in Autonomous Systems

Routers can play three different roles in autonomous
systems.

Autonomous Interior routers
Autonomous
System 1 on AS 1
System 1

Autonomous Autonomous Border routers
System 2 System 3 between AS1 and
AS3
Autonomous Autonomous
System 2 System 3

Routers on AS 3
are exterior to AS 1


Router Roles in Autonomous Systems (Contd.)

The routers can play the following roles in AS:
Interior router: Are arranged inside the AS and are
completely controlled by the AS administrator
Exterior router: Are arranged entirely outside the AS
Border router: Are situated on the edge of AS and have
more than one interface inside the AS


Activity 9-2

Multiple Network Adapters


Activity 9-3

Activity on Enabling
Routing on
Windows Server 2003


Static IP Routing

• Static routing is a process in which the network
administrator has to manually configure the routing table for
successful forwarding of the packets.
• Static routing is generally deployed on small networks as
compared to the medium and large sized networks.


Routing Tables

• A routing table is a database created manually or by a
route discovery protocol that contains network locations as
perceived by a specific router.
140.240.0.0 192.233.66.0 135.54.0.0 126.0.0.0

1 2 1 2 1 2

140.240.20.254 192.233.66.253 192.233.66.254 135.54.20.254 135.54.15.254 126.0.0.254

Routing table on router A

Destination Next Hop Type Cost Interface

140.240.0.0 140.240.20.254 Direct 1 1

192.233.66.0 192.233.66.253 Direct 1 2

135.54.0.0 192.233.66.254 Remote 2 2

126.0.0.0 192.233.66.254 Remote 3 2


Routing Entry Components

There are several components to each entry in a routing
table, such as:
Network destination
Netmask
Gateway
Interface
Metric
Network ID Mask for Address of Local port Route cost
of destination this entry first hop address (in hops)


Routing Table Entries

Routing table entries fall into four general categories:
Direct network routes: Are for the subnets to which the router
is directly attached
Remote network routes: Are subnets that are not directly
attached to the router
Host routes: Are for the routes to a specific IP address
Default routes: Are used when a better network or host route
isn’t found


Activity 9-4

Activity on Examining
Routing Entries


Dynamic Routing

• Dynamic routing is a process in which router configures
the routing table themselves.
• Dynamically built routing tables provide more accurate
picture of the routing table.

Route discovery builds
routing tables


Distance-Vector Routing

In distance-vector routing:
Each router passes a copy of its routing table to its adjacent
neighbors which in turn as the route to its own table.
The distance is given as a hop count.
When a router has two routes to the same network, the router
selects the one with the lowest metric.
Distance-vector routing algorithm is implemented by
configuring the router to local interfaces.
Hop Hop

Endpoint 1 Endpoint 2
Cost based on
hops to endpoint


Link-State Routing

In Link-State routing :
Builds and maintains a more complex route database with
more information about the network.
Routers can exchange information about the router, such as:
Quality
Bandwidth
Availability
Hop 1 Hop 2

T1 T1

Endpoint 1 Hop 1 Endpoint 2
Dial-up line

Possible routes:
2 hops by T1 lines: metric = 20
1 hop by dial-up: metric = 200


Convergence

Convergence is the period of time between the network
change and the router updates in dynamic routing.
Data delivery can be unreliable during convergence.

Still thinks
Network becomes
route is good
unreachable

Convergence
Change


Count-to-infinity Loops

• A count-to-infinity loop can occur when a router or
network goes down if one of the remaining routers does not
realize that a route can no longer be reached.
• Count-to-infinity problem can be prevented by:
Split horizon
Poison reverse
Router 3: One hop from Router 4 fails;
Router 2: Two hops router 2; calculates three network E is
from network E hops from network E unreachable

Network A Network B Network C Network D Network E

Router 1 Router 2 Router 3
Router 4


Routing Loops

• Routing loops occur when two routers discover different
routes to the same location that include each other but
never reach the endpoint.
• Routing loops can be prevented by proper router
configuration. Router B knows
multiple routes
to router D

Router B

Router A Router D
Endpoint 1 Endpoint 2

Router C


Router Discovery Protocols

• Router discovery protocols are the language that routers
use to talk to each other, such as:
Routing Information Protocol (RIP): Is a simple distance-vector
protocol that works well within a simple AS
RIPII: Supports the following features:
• Next Hop Addressing
• Authentication
• Subnet mask
• Multicast packet
• Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP): Is a distance-vector
routing protocol that works with interior router within AS
• Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP):
Supports features such as classful and classless subnet
masks
• Open Shortest Path First (OSPF): Is used to build the shortest
possible path to destinations on the internetwork

Activity 9-5

Activity on Implementing
Dynamic Routing


Data Filtering with Routers

Routers provide filtering of data at layer 3 of the OSI model
by :
Making decisions to block or pass data based on the:
• Network ID
• Node ID
• Port number
• Filtering either input or output.
Data not allowed
into interface

Input filtering

Data to be filtered
Data not allowed
out of interface

Output filtering

Data to be filtered Data allowed out
of interface


Virtual LANs (VLANs)

• VLAN is a point-to-point logical network with no real
physical characteristics and is implemented with VLAN
switch.

Point-to-point
connections

VLAN switch

Point-to-point
connections


VLAN Switch Functions

VLAN switch builds a network by:
Physical segmentation

Subnet 1 Subnet 2 Subnet 3


VLAN Switch Functions (Contd.)

Logical segmentation

VLAN switch

VLAN 10 VLAN 30

VLAN 20


Layer 2 VLAN Operation

• In layer 2 of OSI model operation, each VLAN interface is a
switched port so each node is tied to a contention domain of
one.
• A VLAN switch passes only data bound for the MAC
address on the port, and broadcasts for the node’s subnet.


Layer 3 VLAN Operation

• In layer 3 of OSI model operation, an administrator groups
nodes together and the nodes are assigned a VLAN
identifier inside the switch.
• The VLSN identifier is used to segment the network into its
subnets.
• The logical subnets determine the broadcast domains and
the data filters.


Routing in a VLAN

• When a VLAN switch receives data, it routes the data based
on the destination IP address.
• There are no local routes more than two hops away.
• Exterior routes sent to a default gateway and routed to
distant networks.


Activity 9-6

Activity on Implementing
Data Filtering


Summary

In this session, you learned that:
• NetBEUI is a legacy protocol commonly found in older
Windows networks.
• IPX/SPX is a proprietary, routable network protocol developed
by Novell for use in versions 3 and 4 of the Novell NetWare
network operating system.
• AppleTalk is a routable protocol found in older Macintosh
networks.
• IP version 6, or IPv6, is a proposed Internet standard that
increases the available pool of IP addresses by implementing
a 128-bit binary address space.
• Bridge dynamically builds a bridge routing table of all the
source MAC addresses on each of its interfaces.
• AS is a self-contained network or group of networks connected
to the Internet that deploys a single protocol and has a single
administration.

Summary (Contd.)

– Static routing is a process in which the network
administrator has to manually configure the routing
table for successful forwarding of the packets.
– Dynamic routing is a process in which router configures
the routing table themselves.
– VLAN is a point-to-point logical network with no real
physical characteristics and is implemented with VLAN
switch.


Comp tia n+_session_07

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