Comp tia n+_session_05

CompTIA N+ Certification: Network with TCP/IP and Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended TCP/IP Services

Objectives

In this session, you will learn to:
Describe a default IP addressing scheme.
Create custom IP addressing schemes.
Identify the major protocols and utilities in the TCP/IP protocol
suite.
Configure a computer to get its IP address statically and
dynamically.
Identify host name resolution methods on a TCP/IP network.

Ver. 1.0 Session 5 Slide 1 of 38


Default IP Addresses

TCP/IP addresses are controlled to ensure that there are
no duplicate addresses worldwide.
Companies and Internet Service Providers (ISP) lease
addresses for their networks and customers to gain
Internet access.

TCP/IP

139.80.100.10 139.90.100.10
255.255.0.0 255.255.0.0

139.80.100.20 139.90.50.10
255.255.0.0 255.255.0.0



The ICANN

• An international organization called the Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
controls the leasing and distribution of IP addresses on the
Internet.
• The IP address of every node on the Internet must be
unique.
ICANN

139.80.0.0 208.123.45.0



IP Address Classes

• The TCP/IP suite defined five blocks of addresses, called
IP address classes, for specific network uses and sizes.
Address Class Range Default Subnet Mask Networks/Nodes

Class A 1.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 255.0.0.0 126 networks of up to 16,777,214 nodes each

128.0.0.0 to 191.255.
Class B 255.255.0.0 16,382 networks of up to 65,534 nodes each
255.255

192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255 .
Class C 255.255.255.0 2,097,150 networks of up to 254 nodes each
255

224.0.0.0 to All members of the multicast session share the same
Class D None
239.255.255.255 IP address

240.0.0.0 to
Class E None Strictly for research and experimentation purposes
255.255.255.255



Private Nonroutable Addresses

ICANN has set aside three nonroutable address ranges that
a company can use internally to enable their network nodes
to communicate with one another using TCP/IP.
The private, nonroutable IP address ranges are:

10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255

172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255

192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255



Custom IP Addresses

• Custom IP Addresses can be created by the network
administrators.
• Class B networks are at times divided into multiple
subnetworks due to fixed number of default networks and
hosts available on Class B.
• Multiple small subnets can be combined into highly
subnetted network using Class C networks.



TCP/IP Subnets

• A TCP/IP subnet is a class of leased addresses that has
been divided up into smaller groups to serve the network’s
needs.

203.175.10.0

203.175.10.1 - 62 203.175.10.65 - 126 203.175.10.129 - 190 203.175.10.193 - 254

255.255.255.192 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.192



Custom Subnet Masks

• Custom subnet masks are used to separate a single IP
address block into multiple subnets.

203.175.10.0
Class C network
address

11001011.10101111.00001010.00000000

Custom subnet
255.255.255.192
mask

11111111.111111111.11111111.11000000

Borrowed bits



Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSMs)

• VLSM is used to create subnets containing different
numbers of nodes.
• VLSM uses the custom subnet mask to provide the number
of nodes required for each subnet.

203.175.10.0
255.255.255.254

Subnet 1 Subnet 2 Subnet 3

6 addresses 14 addresses 30 addresses

5 nodes 12 nodes 28 nodes

255.255.255.248 255.255.255.240 255.255.255.224



Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR)

• CIDR is a subnetting method that treats a VLSM as a 32-bit
binary word.
• CIDR notation combines the network address with a single
number to represent the number of one bits in the mask.
• With CIDR, multiple class-based networks can be
represented as a single block.
192.168.12.0
255.255.255.0

192.168.13.0 192.168.12.0
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.254 192.168.12.0/23



The TCP/IP Protocol Suite

The TCP/IP protocol suite consists of complementary
protocols and standards that work together to provide the
functionality that make the TCP/IP networks very popular.
The TCP/IP protocol suite defines how applications on
separate nodes establish a connection and track
communications.



The TCP/IP Network Model

TCP/IP is a four-layer network model that loosely follows the
seven-layer OSI model.
OSI model

Application
TCP/IP model

Presentation
Application

Session
Transport

Transport
Internet

Network
Network

Data-link

Physical



TCP and UDP Transport Protocols

The TCP/IP Protocol suite includes two transport-layer
protocols:
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) TCP/IP model

– Connection-oriented
– Guaranteed delivery Application
Application
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
– Connectionless TCP/UDP
– Best-effort delivery TCP/UDP

Internet
Internet

Network



The Internet Protocol (IP)

• IP assigns the correct destination address to a data packet.

TCP/IP model TCP/IP model

Application Application

203.175.10.25 Transport Transport 203.175.10.50
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

IP IP

Network Network

IP manages addressing



The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

• ARP supports the Internet Protocol by resolving IP
addresses to MAC addresses.

TCP/IP model

Application

Transport

IP address
IP 203.175.10.25
ARP
MAC address
00–aa–00–62–c6–09

Network



The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

• ICMP is a service added to the IP protocol that attempts to
report on the condition of a connection between two nodes.

Sending node Receiving node

Flood warning

1 Data 2 Receiving node buffers fill

3 Source quench message



The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)

• IGMP supports multicasting in a routed environment.

TCP/IP model

Application

Transport

IP
IGMP

Network



Ports

• In TCP and UDP networks, a port is the endpoint of a
logical connection.
• All ports are assigned a number in a range from 0 to 65,535.
• Port numbers are given as:
Well-Known Ports: 0 to 1,023
Registered Ports: 1,024 to 49,151
Dynamic or Private Ports: 49,152 to 65,535



Sockets

• A socket is a piece of software within an operating system
that connects an application with a network protocol, so that
the application can request network services from the
operating system.
• The socket address uses the form:
{protocol, local-address, local-process}

{tcp , 193.44.234.3 , 53}
Local IP address

Protocol Port number (DNS)



Static and Dynamic Addressing

TCP/IP address information can be assigned to nodes on
the network:
– Statically, by manually entering addressing information
on each individual network node.
– Dynamically, by using the Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP) service.

Static

DHCP

Dynamic



Static IP Address Assignment

Configuring TCP/IP statically on a network requires manual
assignment of IP address information on every node.
Advantages:
Used in systems with dedicated functionality
Disadvantages:
Time consuming
Prone to errors



Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

DHCP is a network service that provides automatic
assignment of IP addresses and other TCP/IP configuration
information on network nodes that are configured as DHCP
clients.
DHCP requires a DHCP server configured with at least one
DHCP scope.
192.168.100.151 192.168.100.150

192.168.100.152 DHCP



The DHCP Lease Process

The following figure shows the steps in the DHCP lease
process:

DHCP server DHCP client

DHCP discover

DHCP offer

DHCP request

DHCP acknowledge



Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)

APIPA is a service that enables a DHCP client computer to
configure itself automatically with an IP address in the range
of 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254
APIPA is used when none of the DHCP servers respond to
the client’s DHCP discover broadcast.
169.254.46.128 169.254.16.21

DHCP not
available

169.254.3.22 DHCP



The Ping Utility

• The ping command is used to verify the network
connectivity of a computer.
• Ping checks the host name, IP address, and that the remote
system can be reached.
• Ping uses ICMP ECHO_REQUEST datagrams to check
connections between hosts by sending an echo packet,
then listening for reply packets.

Resolving FQDN
to IP address

Four responses
from remote host

Network statistics



IP Configuration Utilities

The following IP configuration utilities can be used by
operating system to see TCP/IP configuration information:

Utility Name Operating Systems and Function

Supported on Windows Me, Windows 98, and Windows 95.
Winipcfg
Displays the network card driver, adapter address, IP address, subnet mask, and default
gateway. The More Info button displays additional information about the IP configuration.

Supported on Windows Server 2003, Windows XP, Windows 2000, Windows NT, and
NetWare.
Ipconfig
Displays connection-specific DNS suffix, IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway. Must
be run from a command line. To display additional information about the IP configuration, use
the /all parameter with the command.

Supported on Linux and UNIX.
Ifconfig
Displays the status of the currently active network interface devices. Using options, you can
dynamically change the status of the interfaces and change the IP address.



Activity 7-1

Activity on Manually
Assigning IP Addresses



Activity 7-2

Activity on Using APIPA



Activity 7-3

Activity on Assigning IP
Addresses with DHCP



Host Name Resolution

Each node on the network is assigned a descriptive name
along with an IP address.
Descriptive names are easier for users to remember.
Host name resolution is the service that resolves the
descriptive name to the corresponding IP address.



Host Names

• A host name is the unique name given to a network node
on a TCP/IP network.
• The host name combined with the host’s domain name
forms the node’s fully qualified domain name (FQDN).

Fully qualified domain
name (FQDN)

server03.ourglobalcompany.com

Host name Domain name



Activity 7-4

Activity on Identifying
the Local Host Name



Activity 7-5

Activity on Viewing a
Sample HOSTS File



The Domain Name System (DNS)

• DNS is a TCP/IP name resolution service that translates
FQDNs into IP addresses.

.com .org



The DNS Hierarchy

DNS names are built in a hierarchical structure.
The hierarchical structure is represented as shown in the
following figure:
“.” Root

.gov .com .edu .org

everythingforcoffee ourglobalcompany citizensinfo

books training

FQDN = training.ourglobalcompany.com



The DNS Name Resolution Process

In the DNS process, DNS servers work together as needed
to resolve names on behalf of DNS clients.

“.” Root

.gov .com .edu .org

everythingforcoffee ourglobalcompany citizensinfo

FQDN = training.ourglobalcompany.com DNS client



The HOSTS File

• A HOSTS file is a plain text file configured on a client
machine containing a list of IP addresses and their
associated host names, separated by at least one space.

IP address Host name

At least one space



Summary

In this session, you learned that:
The default IP address classes are Class A,B,C, D, and E.
The IP addresses can be customized by either subnetworking
an existing network or by combining a multiple small subnets
into one highly subnetted network.
The TCP/IP protocol suite defines how applications on
separate nodes establish a connection and track
communications.
The IP addresses can be assigned manually by an
administrator or can be assigned automatically by using DHCP
service.
The host name resolution is a service that maps the
descriptive names to the corresponding IP address.


Comp tia n+_session_05

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