Comp tia n+_session_04

CompTIA N+ Certification: Network ImplementationsInstallation with
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended and Network
TCP/IP
Objectives

In this session, you will learn to:
Identify the purpose and components of the OSI model.
Identify ways that network clients access network resources.
Identify the components of an Ethernet network
implementation.
Identify the components of a Token Ring network
implementation.
Identify the components of a FDDI network implementation.
Identify the components of a wireless network implementation.
View the protocols bound to a network interface card in
Windows Server 2003.
View the TCP/IP information for your computer.

Ver. 1.0 Session 4 Slide 1 of 53

TCP/IP
The OSI Model

• The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a
seven-layer framework that defines and describes how
software or hardware operating at that layer will act on the
data packet being sent.
Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data-link

Physical


TCP/IP
The OSI Layers

The OSI model comprises of seven layers:
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer


TCP/IP
The OSI Layers (Contd.)

• Application Layer
Provides services and utilities that enables:
Application programs to access a network and its resources.
Applications to save files to the network server or print to network
printers.
Resource advertising that each system is available for network
use.

Application


TCP/IP

• Presentation Layer
• Translation of data so that it can be moved on the network.
• Data compression and encryption.

Application

Presentation


TCP/IP

• Session Layer
Establishing the connection between network devices.
Maintaining the connection and then terminating it when
appropriate.
Controlling how, when, and for how long a device transmits.

Application

Presentation

Session


TCP/IP

• Transport Layer
• Reliable data transmission.
• Some error correction and sending acknowledgements.
• Gateways to operate at this layer.

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport


TCP/IP

• Network Layer
• Addressing and ensures delivery of packets across a network.
• Protocol address to be attached to the data packet that is used by
routing devices to make their decisions.
• Routers and some switches to operate at this layer.

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network


TCP/IP

• Data-link Layer
• Individual frames move from one device to another without error.
• Bridges and some switches to operate at this layer.
The Data-link layer can be divided into two sections:
• Logical Link Control (LLC)
• Media Access Control (MAC)

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data-link


TCP/IP

• Physical Layer
• Movement of data bits on and off the physical cabling media.
• Network adapters, hubs, and wireless access points operate at
this layer.

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data-link

Physical


TCP/IP
The OSI Process

When data is sent to a network, it is added to the top layer
of the OSI model first.
When data is received, it goes through the reverse process.

Application Application

Presentation Presentation

Session Session

Transport Transport

Network Network

Data-link Data-link

Physical Physical

Packet flow


TCP/IP
Network Resources

• A network resource is any device that is external to the
client computer and is accessible by multiple users.


TCP/IP
Network Browsing

• Network browsing is the act of searching through an
automated information system to locate or acquire a
resource without necessarily knowing the existence of that
resource.

Network browsing

Network resources


TCP/IP
Network Searching

• Network searching is a built-in function that enables users
to find network resources such as printers and servers by
name or by location.


TCP/IP
Ethernet Networks

Ethernet technology is the most popular networking
technology used today.
Both large and small-sized networks use Ethernet
technology to provide both backbone and end-user
services.


TCP/IP
Ethernet

• An Ethernet network is a segmented LAN technology that
uses Ethernet NICs and twisted pair, coax, or fiber media.
• Ethernet is used to connect computers, printers, and
servers within the same building or campus.

Ethernet LAN within
a single building


TCP/IP
Switched Ethernet

• Switched Ethernet is a LAN technology that connects host
computers and network segments by using switches.

Switched connection
utilizes full bandwidth


TCP/IP
Ethernet Frames

• Ethernet frames control data sent between two nodes.
• Each frame consists of several fields as shown in the
following figure:
8 bytes 6 bytes 6 bytes 2 bytes 46 1500 bytes 4 bytes

Preamble Destination Source Frame Data CRC
address address type

Footer
Header = 22 bytes Data
payload


TCP/IP
The IEEE 802. x Standard

• The 802.x standards are a family of networking standards
developed by the IEEE in 1980
• Subcategories of 802.x Standard are:
802.2 Standard
802.3 Standard
802.5 Standard 802.2

802.x Standard 802.3

802.5


TCP/IP
802.3 Standards

• The 802.3 specification standardizes Ethernet and expands
it to include a wide range of cable media.

802.3 Standard

Media type Transmission speed Signal type

10 Mbps
Baseband

100 Mbps
Broadband

1000 Mbps


TCP/IP
802.2 Standards

• The 802.2 standard was developed to address the need for
MAC-layer addressing in bridges.
• The 802.2 standard specifies frame size and rate.

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

802.2 Standard Network

LLC
Data-link
MAC

Physical


TCP/IP
The 10Base Standards

• The 10Base standards describe the type of media used and
the speeds at which each type of media operates.
• The 10Base standard contains three components as shown
in the figure.

10 Mbps

100 Mbps

1000 Mbps
10Base Standard

Signal type

100BaseTX
Speed Media


TCP/IP
Token Ring Networks

Token Ring technology is used in high performance
industrial networks.
Token Ring technology is widely used for contention-based
networking.


TCP/IP
Token Ring Standards

• There are two Token Ring standards that are very similar:
IBM Token Ring and IEEE 802.5.
Token Ring Characteristics IBM Token Ring IEEE 802.5

Transmission speed 4/16 Mbps 4/16 Mbps

Physical topology Star Not specified

Number of nodes per ring STP-260; UTP-72 250

Media type STP/UTP listed as Category 1, 2, or 3 cable Not specified

Signaling Baseband Baseband

Access method Token passing Token passing

Encoding Differential Manchester Differential Manchester


TCP/IP
Token States

• There are four states that a token can be in while on the
network:
Available state
Captured state
Acknowledged state
Reserved state Available

Captured Reserved

Acknowledged


TCP/IP
Multi Station Access Units ( MSAUs)

Multi Station Access Units (MSAUs) are wired together to
form one large ring using patch cables and lobe cables for
connections.
IBM Token Ring network stations are directly connected to
MSAUs.

MSAU MSAU


TCP/IP
Token Ring Failure Recovery

Token Ring networks take on a start configuration when a
device is turned off or disconnected from the network.
In such situations, the MSAU bypass the disconnected
devices.


TCP/IP
Beaconing

• Beaconing is a process used to ensure that all systems on
a ring are responsive.

Upstream neighbor
notifies network


TCP/IP
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) Networks

• FDDI is used in the network that uses a ring topology.
• FDDI networks is used in situations that require redundant,
high capacity netwroking with fault tolerance.


TCP/IP
FDDI

• Fiber Distributed Data Interface, or FDDI, is a networking
technology that uses a dual fiber ring operating at 100
Mbps.

One ring carries control
signals

One ring carries data


TCP/IP
FDDI Connection Devices

Nodes are connected to the FDDI network in one of two
ways:
Dual attached stations (DAS)
Single attached stations (SAS)

DAS SAS


TCP/IP
FDDI Failure Recovery

DAS nodes provide fault tolerance measures that detect
loss of connectivity and then loop back the signal—a
process known as auto-reconfiguration.
SAS nodes, the concentrator provides fault tolerance
through isolation.
Auto-reconfiguration Isolation


TCP/IP
Wireless Technologies and Standards

Wireless networks are the networks that connect without
using a physical cable.
Wireless networks are relatively easier to install and have a
lot of flexibility.
Wireless networks provides roaming users both in business
and leisure environments to have freedom to work from
anywhere.


TCP/IP
When to Use Wireless Technologies

Types of wireless technologies are:
Infrared
Radio
Microwave

Infrared Radio Microwave


TCP/IP
What is a WAP?

A WAP, or wireless access point, is a wireless connectivity
device that enables multiple wireless nodes to communicate
with each other and with other networks.
Wireless and wired networks can coexist in the same
environment.


TCP/IP
The IEEE 802.11 Standard

• 802.11 standard is a family of specifications developed by
the IEEE for wireless LAN technology.
• 802.11 specifies an over-the-air interface between a wireless client
and a base station or between two wireless clients.
• 802.11 defines the access method as CSMA/CA.


TCP/IP
802.11 Modes

• There are two components to the 802.11 standard:
Infrastructure mode
Ad-hoc mode


TCP/IP
Bluetooth

• Bluetooth is a wireless protocol that is used to
communicate from one device to another in a small area,
usually less than 30 feet.

30 feet


TCP/IP
Families of Protocols

• Network Protocols are rules by which computers within a
network communicate among themselves.

Common
network protocol

Formats data
packets


TCP/IP
Network- and Transport- Layer Protocols

The Network and Transport layers contain several protocol
families, such as:
Reliability protocols
Connection protocols
Routing protocols


TCP/IP
Application-, Presentation-, and Session-Layer Protocols

The Application-, Presentation-, and Session-layers contain
several protocol families, such as:
Terminal-emulation protocols
File-access and file-transfer protocols
Email protocols
Remote-action and multiple-session protocols
Network-management protocols
Task-to-task protocols
Codeset-and-data-structure protocols


TCP/IP
Protocols Bindings

• Assigning a protocol to a network interface card is referred
to as protocol binding.

Network interface

Protocols bound to
the network interface


TCP/IP
Activity 6-1

Activity on Identifying
Families of Protocols


TCP/IP
The TCP/IP Protocol

• The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP) is a nonproprietary, routable network protocol suite
that enables computers to communicate over all types of
networks.

TCP/IP


TCP/IP
The IP Address

• An IP address is a 32-bit binary number assigned to a
computer on a TCP/IP network.

Binary 11010000.01111011.00101101.00010010

Decimal 208.123.45.18


TCP/IP
The Subnet Mask

• A subnet mask is a 32-bit number that is assigned to each
host address.
• A subnet mask divides the 32-bit binary IP address into
network and node portions.
Network portion
Node portion
Decimal IP
address 172.16.10.101
Binary IP
address 10101100.00001000.00001010.01100101
Subnet mask
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Binary network
ID 10101100.00001000.00000000.00000000
Decimal network
ID
172.16.0.0

TCP/IP
Subnet Mask Structure

To conform to TCP/IP standards, subnet masks must follow
the rules as shown in the following figure:

Subnet mask
255.255.255.0

Subnet mask
in binary
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

Ones always start at Ones must be Zeros always start
bit 32 contiguous at bit 1


TCP/IP
Binary ANDing

There are two rules in the binary AND operation:
Zero AND any value equals zero.
One AND one equals one.

0 0 1 1
AND
0 1 0 1

0 0 0 1


TCP/IP
Distinguishing Local and Remote Addresses

Subnet mask is used by the network client to determine
whether a data packet is bound for the local subnet or must
be routed to a remote subnet.
Different networks
Destination is remote

139.87.10.2 139.87.30.103
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0
139.87.10.0 139.87.30.0


TCP/IP
The Default Gateway

• The default gateway is the IP address of the router that will
route remote traffic from the computer’s local subnet to
remote subnets.

139.87.10.1

139.87.10.10


TCP/IP
IP Address Assignment Rules

For a valid node addressing on a TCP/IP network:
Nodes on a local subnet must have unique node IDs.
Nodes on different subnets can have the same node IDs if the
network IDs are different.
The node address cannot be all ones or all zeros.
The IP address 127.0.0.1 is reserved for testing and cannot be
used as a node ID.

TCP/IP

139.80.100.10 139.90.100.10
255.255.0.0 255.255.0.0

139.80.100.20 139.90.50.10
255.255.0.0 255.255.0.0


TCP/IP
Activity 6-2

Activity on Identifying the
Characteristics of a
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Implementation


TCP/IP
Summary

In this session, you learned that:
• The OSI model comprises of seven layers.
• The clients access resources on a live network by:
• Network browsing
• Network searching
Ethernet network is used in both large and small-sized
networks to provide both backbone and end-user services.
Token Ring technology is widely used for contention-based
networking.
FDDI networks is used in situations that require redundant,
high capacity netwroking with fault tolerance.
Wireless networks are the networks that connect without using
a physical cable.
The TCP/IP is a nonproprietary, routable network protocol
suite that enables computers to communicate over all types of
networks.

Comp tia n+_session_04

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