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3. Life Processes
The word life processes means the
processes take place in the human
body which are needed for the
existence of life on Earth.
For example – Digestion,
respiration, excretion,
reproduction, etc.

4. Nutrition

5. Autotrophic Nutrition
• Synthesis of food by photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis equation- 6CO2+6H2O
(sunlight and chlorophyll)C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Two phases of photosynthesis- light and
dark reactions
• Light reaction- light energy absorbed, H2O
split into H2 and O2, ATP and NADPH2
synthesized
• Dark reaction- CO2 reduced to
carbohydrates

6. Heterotrophic Nutrition
Generally derive energy from
plants and animal sources
• Mainly of three types— holozoic
(Obtaining nourishment as animals do by ingesting complex
organic matter) , parasitic (having the nature or
habits of a parasite or leech), and saprophytic
(feeding on dead or decaying organic matter)
• Digestion- mechanical and
chemical reduction of ingested
nutrients

7. Photosynthesis
• Meaning – the process of the synthesis
of carbohydrates or food in presence of
carbon dioxide and light is called
photosynthesis
• The ways:
1. Absorption of light energy by
chlorophyll. 2. Conversion of light
energy to chemical energy and splitting
of water molecules into hydrogen and
oxygen 3.
Reduction of carbon dioxide to
carbohydrates.

8. Stomata
• Meaning - A minute epidermal pore in a
leaf or stem through which gases and
water vapor can pass
• The opening and closing of stomata is
controlled by guard cells
• When the guard cells absorb water the
stoma open and when guard cells don’t
have water, the stoma close.

10. Nutrition in Amoeba
• Amoeba takes in food using temporary
finger like extensions of cell surface
which fuse over food particle forming
food vacuole .
• Inside the food vacuole, complex
substances are broken down into simpler
ones which then diffuse into the
cytoplasm.
• The remaining undigested food is moves to
the surface of the cell and thrown out.

12. Nutrition in Human
Beings
• The nutrition in human beings
takes place in the human
alimentary canal.
• The food in taken in through
mouth which is mixed with the
saliva and passed to oesophagus.
Saliva contains salivary amylase
that breaks down starch which is
a complex molecule to give sugar.
• The food then goes to the stomach
where the digestion process
starts.
• The food is then passed to the
small and then large intestine
where it is reabsorbed and then is
thrown out through Anus.

13. Respiration
• Respiration involves the exchange of
gases and oxidation of food in the
presence of air to release energy.
• Inhalation and exhalation of air occur
due to change in air pressure in lungs
• Diffusion helps in exchange of gases in
lungs and tissues.

14. Transportation in
humans tissue that
• Blood is a fluid connective
circulates through heart and blood
vessels.
• Blood consists of plasma with RBC,
WBC and platelets. Arteries transport
blood from heart to the tissues.
• Blood pressure is the force that blood
exerts against the wall of a vessel.
Lymphatic system circulates Lymph or
tissue fluid.

15. Circulatory system in
humans
• Human heart is a 4 chambered muscular
pump located in our chest caviy.
• In humans the blood flows through 2 loops
-Pulmonary and systemic circulation.
• The heartbeat is initiated and regulated by
cardiac muscles.
• The fish and amphibians have 2 and 3
chambered heart respectively.

17. Transportation in
plants plants works
• The transport system in
with the help of conducting tubes
known as xylem and phloem.
• The rise of water and dissolved
minerals in the xylem vessels against
the force of gravity is known as Ascent
of sap.
• Transpiration is the process by which
water vapor escapes from the stomata
in the leaves of living plants.

18. The Digestive System

19. Digestion
• Processing of food
• Types
– Mechanical (physical)
• Chew
• Tear
• rind
• Mash
• Mix
– Chemical
• Catabolic reactions
• Enzymatic hydrolysis
– Carbohydrate
– Protein
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– Lipid

20. Digestion
•Phases
–Ingestion
–Movement
–Digestion
–Absorption
–Further digestion

21. Digestive System Organization
• Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract
(Alimentary canal)
– Tube within a tube
– Direct link/path between organs
– Structures
• Mouth
• Oral Cavity
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Duodenum
• Jejenum
• kIleum
• Cecum
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• Ascending colon

22. Digestive system
OrganizatiOn
• Descending colon
• Sigmoid colon
• Rectum
• Anus
• Accessory
structures
– Not in tube path
– Organs
• Teeth
• Tongue
• Salivary glands
• Liver
• Gall bladder
• Pancreas 22

23. Anatomy of the
Mouth and Throat
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24. Human Deciduous and
Permanent Teeth
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25. Dorsal Surface of the
Tongue
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26. The Major Salivary Glands
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27. Deglutition (swallowing)
• Sequence
– Voluntary stage
• Push food to back of
mouth
– Pharyngeal stage
• Raise
– Soft palate
– Larynx + hyoid
– Tongue to soft
palate
– Esophageal stage
• Contract
pharyngeal muscles
• Open esophagus
• Start peristalsis
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28. Esophagus
• Usually collapsed (closed)
• 3 constrictions
– Aortic arch
– Left primary bronchus
– Diaphragm
• Surrounded by
– SNS plexus
– Blood vessels
• Functions
– Secrete mucous
– Transport food
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29. Peristalsis and Segmentation

30. Esophagus
• Sphincters
– Upper
– Lower
• Abnormalities
– Achalasia
– Atresia
– Hernia
– Barret’s esophagus
– Esophageal varices

31. Stomach
• Usually “J” shaped
• Left side, anterior to the spleen
• Mucous membrane
– G cells – make gastric
– Goblet cells – make mucous
– Gastric pit – Oxyntic gland – Parietal
cells – Make HCl
– Chief cells – Zymogenic cells
• Pepsin
• Gastric lipase
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32. Anatomy of the
Stomach

33. Stomach
• 3 muscle layers
– Oblique
– Circular
– Longitudinal
• Regions
– Cardiac sphincter
– Fundus
– Antrum (pylorus)
– Pyloric sphincter
• Vascular
• Inner surface thrown
into folds – Rugae
• Contains enzymes that work
best at pH 1-2

34. Small Intestine
• Extends from
pyloric sphincter
 valve
• Regions
– Duodenum
– Jejenum
– Ileum
• Movements
– Segmentation
– Peristalsis

35. Small Intestine
• Histology
– Intestinal glands – Intestinal enzymes
– Duodenal glands – Alkaline mucous
– Paneth cells – Lysozyme
– Microvilli
– Lacteals
– Plica circularis
– Smooth muscle
– Lymphatic tissue – GALT
– Vascular

36. Structure of the Villi in
the Small Intestine

37. Small Intestine
• Control
• Requires
pancreatic
enzymes &
bile to
complete
digestion
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38. Large Intestine
• Extends from ileocecal valve to
anus
• Regions
– Cecum – Appendix
– Colon
• Ascending
• Transverse
• Descending
– Rectum
– Anal canal .

39. Anatomy of the Large
Intestine

40. Large Intestine
• Functions
– Mechanical digestion
– Absorbs
• Haustral churning
• Peristalsis •More water
• Reflexes •Vitamins
– Gastroileal –B
–K
– Gastrocolic
– Chemical digestion – –
Bacterial digestion Concentrate/elim
• Ferment carbohydrates inate wastes
• Protein/amino acid
breakdown

41. Feces Formation and
Defecation
• Chyme dehydrated
to form feces • Control
• Feces composition – Parasympathetic
– Water – Voluntary
– Inorganic salts
– Epithelial cells
– Bacteria
– Byproducts of
digestion
• Defecation
– Peristalsis pushes
feces into rectum
– Rectal walls stretch 41

42. • Location
Liver
– R. Hypochondrium
– Epigastric region
• 4 Lobes
– Left
– Quadrate
– Caudate
– Right
• Each lobe has lobules – Contains
hepatocytes – Surround sinusoids –
Feed into central vein

43. Liver
• Fun ctions
– Makes bile
•Detergent –
emulsifies fats
•Release promoted
by:
– Vagus n.
– CCK
– Secretin
•Contains
– Water
– Bile salts
– Bile pigments

44. – Detoxifies/removes
Liver
• Drugs
• Alcohol
– Stores
• Gycolgen
• Vitamins (A, D, E, K)
• Fe and other minerals
• Cholesterol
– Activates vitamin D
– Fetal RBC production
– Phagocytosis
– Metabolizes absorbed
food molecules
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins 44

45. The Duodenum and
Related Organs

46. The Organs and Positions
in the Abdominal Cavity
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47. Structures of the Alimentary
Canal

48. Excretion
• Biological process of eliminating
metabolic waste substances is called
excretion.
• Human excretory system consists of pair
of kidney and ureter, a Urinary bladder
and a urethra.
• Nephrons are structural and functional
units of kidney. Ultra filtration, Tubular
reabsorption, and Tubular secretion are
the steps of Urine formation inside a
nephron.

49. PRESENTED
BY NIDHI
CHOURASIA
X D

50. The End
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