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Semantics in
Social Tagging Systems

                           Andreas Hotho

Dominik Benz, Robert Jäschke, Beate Krause, Christoph Schmitz, Gerd Stumme

    Hertie-Lehrstuhl für Wissensverarbeitung
   Universität Kassel & Forschungszentrum L3S


             C. Cattuto, A. Baldassarri, V. Loreto, V. D. P. Servedio
         Physics Department, University of Roma “La Sapienza”, Italy
Map of Web 2.0




                artwork by R. Munroe   http://xkcd.com/
Andreas Hotho                                             27.09.08   2
Everybody is tagging…


                                             simple and intuitive way to
                                              organize resources, immediately
                                              useful
                                             uncontrolled vocabulary
                                             however: evidence for converging
                                              vocabulary / emergent semantics
                                              due to
                                                shared implicit knowledge
                                                mutual influence of users
                                                underlying social networks




                         http://xkcd.com/


                         resource
            tag   user
Andreas Hotho                                                         27.09.08   3
Agenda


  BibSonomy – a social
   bookmark and publication
   sharing system


                                       0.4


  Overview Tagging Systems
                                                                                              quot;blogquot;
                                                                                                quot;cssquot;
                                                                                           quot;designquot;
                                                                                              quot;linuxquot;
                                      0.35                                                  quot;musicquot;
                                                                                             quot;newsquot;
                                                                                    quot;programmingquot;
                                                                                         quot;softwarequot;
                                       0.3                                                     quot;webquot;



                                      0.25




                              rank
                                       0.2




  Semantics between Tags             0.15



                                       0.1



                                      0.05
                                              0    2    4    6            8    10               12           14
                                                                 month




  Summary and Outlook




Andreas Hotho                                                27.09.08                                   4
BibSonomy ― a cooperative publication management system




Large User Basis:                          We use the system
      100.051 registered users              for our daily scientific work,
      288.849 bookmarks                     in European and other projects
      258.633 publications                  and for evaluating our algorithms.
   + 986.458 publications from DBLP.

  Integrated a.o. in Citavi and JabRef.   http://www.bibsonomy.org
  Andreas Hotho                                                           27.09.08   5
Topic-specific collection of references (here: Social Network Analysis)
 Andreas Hotho                                                            27.09.08   6
Export in over 30 formats, including BibTeX and Endnote

 Andreas Hotho                                            27.09.08   7
Generates publication lists for individuals, research groups, and projects
 Andreas Hotho                                                               27.09.08   8
Entry point for conference proceedings
 Andreas Hotho                           27.09.08   9
Basket functionality for libraries
 Andreas Hotho                       27.09.08   10
Back reference to the library
 Andreas Hotho                  27.09.08   11
Posting a new publication is easy:
                 Highlight reference
                 Click on “Post Publication” button



Andreas Hotho                                          27.09.08   12
Posting a new bookmark/publication:
                 Information Extraction (Mallet) fills form for you.
                 Just add your favorite tags.




Andreas Hotho                                                           27.09.08   13
Posting a new bookmark/publication:
                 That’s it!

                 Other options:
                        Scrapers (> 60), eg for Citeseer, ACM
                       Upload BibTeX
                        Enter information manually
                       JabRef interface

Andreas Hotho                                         27.09.08   14
Agenda


  BibSonomy – a social
   bookmark and publication
   sharing system


                                       0.4


  Overview Tagging Systems
                                                                                              quot;blogquot;
                                                                                                quot;cssquot;
                                                                                           quot;designquot;
                                                                                              quot;linuxquot;
                                      0.35                                                  quot;musicquot;
                                                                                             quot;newsquot;
                                                                                    quot;programmingquot;
                                                                                         quot;softwarequot;
                                       0.3                                                     quot;webquot;



                                      0.25




                              rank
                                       0.2




  Semantics between Tags             0.15



                                       0.1



                                      0.05
                                              0    2    4    6            8    10               12            14
                                                                 month




  Summary and Outlook




Andreas Hotho                                                27.09.08                                   15
Social Tagging Systems / Delicious.com




Andreas Hotho                            27.09.08   16
Social Tagging Systems

 Simpy:
        free, “nicer” design
        special function: groups, a bookmark history function
 Mister Wong:
        Most popular system in Germany
        special function: every post has links to „recommended“ web
         sites.
    FURL and blinklist has a special rating function.
    Feed Me Links has a function to add bookmarks by mail.
    RawSugar provides an automatically generated hierarchy.
    backflip and AllMyFavorites.net uses folders.
    Chipmark, Spurl and Netvouz has tags and folders.
    http://www.simpy.com/, http://www.mister-wong.de/, http://www.furl.net/, http://
     www.blinklist.com/, http://feedmelinks.com/portal, http://www.rawsugar.com/, http://
     www.backflip.com/, http://www.allmyfavorites.net/, https://www.chipmark.com/Main,
     http://www.spurl.net/, http://www.netvouz.com/



Andreas Hotho                                                                           27.09.08   17
Social Cataloging Systems




Andreas Hotho               27.09.08   18
Social Cataloging Systems




Andreas Hotho               27.09.08   19
Social Cataloging Systems




Andreas Hotho               27.09.08   20
Social Cataloging Systems




Andreas Hotho               27.09.08   21
Social Cataloging Systems




Andreas Hotho               27.09.08   22
Social Cataloging Systems




Andreas Hotho               27.09.08   23
Agenda


  BibSonomy – a social
   bookmark and publication
   sharing system


                                       0.4


  Overview Tagging Systems
                                                                                              quot;blogquot;
                                                                                                quot;cssquot;
                                                                                           quot;designquot;
                                                                                              quot;linuxquot;
                                      0.35                                                  quot;musicquot;
                                                                                             quot;newsquot;
                                                                                    quot;programmingquot;
                                                                                         quot;softwarequot;
                                       0.3                                                     quot;webquot;



                                      0.25




                              rank
                                       0.2




  Semantics between Tags             0.15



                                       0.1



                                      0.05
                                              0    2    4    6            8    10               12            14
                                                                 month




  Summary and Outlook




Andreas Hotho                                                27.09.08                                   24
Andreas Hotho   27.09.08   25
Most related tags by cooccurrence / cosine simlarity

             art
          web2.0
                     design photography illustration blog graphics
                     ajax web tools blog webdesign                    freq
            news     blog technology politics media daily
           howto     tutorial reference tips linux programming
           video     music funny tv software media
            ajax     javascript web2.0 web programming webdesign
        tutorial     howto programming reference design css
      javascript     ajax programming css web webdesign




               art   graphic creative print portfolios nice    cosine
            web2.0   web2 web-2.0 webapp “web web_2.0
              news   blogs people weblog culture future
             howto   how-to guide tutorials help how_to
             video   entertainment awesome fun cool random
              ajax   dhtml dom js ecmascript webdev
          tutorial   tutorials tips coding code examples
        javascript   webdevelopment webdev example examples webprogramming




Andreas Hotho                                                        27.09.08   26
Semantic Grounding in WordNet



 WordNet is a large lexical database for English.

 Words with same meaning are grouped in synsets, which are ordered
  by an is-a hierarchy.

 Introduction of single artificial root node enables application of
  graph-based similarity metrics between pairs of nouns / pairs of
  verbs.

 Inclusion of top n del.icio.us tags in WordNet:
        100: 82%
     1,000: 79%
     5,000: 69%
     10,000: 61%

Andreas Hotho                                                 27.09.08   27
Example of Semantic Grounding




                                                Wordnet Synset Hierarchy:
 Original tag:
       „java“                                                     computers



 Most similar tag:                                 programming



       Freq, folkrank:      map
                                       design_patterns             languages
        „programming“
       Cosine:
        „python“                                            java                    python
                          Grounded
                          similarity




 Andreas Hotho                                                           27.09.08        28
shortest paths in WordNet




                               random




                                          siblings
                length of shortest path
                  to most related tag
Andreas Hotho                                        27.09.08   29
Results for delicious together with similarity pruning




Andreas Hotho                                            27.09.08   30
Results for delicious together with similarity pruning




Andreas Hotho                                            27.09.08   31
Association Rules           ≅ transactions

                            ≅ items

    K1 = (U £ R, T, I1)
    If users tag some resource with tag ti,
     they frequently also use tj for it.

    Usage:
       tag recommendations
       learning implications (tag hierarchy)




Andreas Hotho                                   27.09.08   32
Association Rules




    K2 = (T £ U, R, I2)
    If users tag a resource ri with a particular tag,
     they frequently also use this tag for rj .

    Usage:
       finding communities
       resource recommendations
Andreas Hotho                                            27.09.08   33
Association Rules




   K2 = (T £ U, R, I2)
   If users tag a resource ri with a particular tag,
    they frequently also use this tag for rj .

    Usage:
            finding communities
Andreas Hotho resource recommendations
                                                       27.09.08   34
Agenda


  BibSonomy – a social
   bookmark and publication
   sharing system


                                       0.4


  Overview Tagging Systems
                                                                                              quot;blogquot;
                                                                                                quot;cssquot;
                                                                                           quot;designquot;
                                                                                              quot;linuxquot;
                                      0.35                                                  quot;musicquot;
                                                                                             quot;newsquot;
                                                                                    quot;programmingquot;
                                                                                         quot;softwarequot;
                                       0.3                                                     quot;webquot;



                                      0.25




                              rank
                                       0.2




  Semantics between Tags             0.15



                                       0.1



                                      0.05
                                              0    2    4    6            8    10               12            14
                                                                 month




  Summary and Outlook




Andreas Hotho                                                27.09.08                                   35
Summary and Outlook

   Our FolkRank algorithm supports search in folksonomies.


   Relatedness measures on tags in folksonomies are a good basis
    to extract semantic relations

   Trend detection in Social Bookmarking Systems

   Tag Recommender allows to recommend user specific tags for new
    post

   Detecting Spam is a major challenge

   LogSonomies - analysing the structure of search engine query log
    files

   Learning some kind of synsets, relations and hierarchy of tags
Andreas Hotho                                                 27.09.08   36
Similar tags live on www.bibsonomy.org




                              Thanks for your attention!
                              contact:
                              hotho@cs.uni-kassel.de




Andreas Hotho                                       27.09.08   37

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Semantics in Social Tagging Systems

  • 1. Semantics in Social Tagging Systems Andreas Hotho Dominik Benz, Robert Jäschke, Beate Krause, Christoph Schmitz, Gerd Stumme Hertie-Lehrstuhl für Wissensverarbeitung Universität Kassel & Forschungszentrum L3S C. Cattuto, A. Baldassarri, V. Loreto, V. D. P. Servedio Physics Department, University of Roma “La Sapienza”, Italy
  • 2. Map of Web 2.0 artwork by R. Munroe http://xkcd.com/ Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 2
  • 3. Everybody is tagging…  simple and intuitive way to organize resources, immediately useful  uncontrolled vocabulary  however: evidence for converging vocabulary / emergent semantics due to  shared implicit knowledge  mutual influence of users  underlying social networks http://xkcd.com/ resource tag user Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 3
  • 4. Agenda  BibSonomy – a social bookmark and publication sharing system  0.4  Overview Tagging Systems quot;blogquot; quot;cssquot; quot;designquot; quot;linuxquot;  0.35 quot;musicquot; quot;newsquot; quot;programmingquot; quot;softwarequot;  0.3 quot;webquot;  0.25 rank  0.2  Semantics between Tags  0.15  0.1  0.05  0  2  4  6  8  10  12  14 month  Summary and Outlook Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 4
  • 5. BibSonomy ― a cooperative publication management system Large User Basis: We use the system  100.051 registered users  for our daily scientific work,  288.849 bookmarks  in European and other projects  258.633 publications  and for evaluating our algorithms.  + 986.458 publications from DBLP.  Integrated a.o. in Citavi and JabRef. http://www.bibsonomy.org Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 5
  • 6. Topic-specific collection of references (here: Social Network Analysis) Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 6
  • 7. Export in over 30 formats, including BibTeX and Endnote Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 7
  • 8. Generates publication lists for individuals, research groups, and projects Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 8
  • 9. Entry point for conference proceedings Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 9
  • 10. Basket functionality for libraries Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 10
  • 11. Back reference to the library Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 11
  • 12. Posting a new publication is easy:  Highlight reference  Click on “Post Publication” button Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 12
  • 13. Posting a new bookmark/publication:  Information Extraction (Mallet) fills form for you.  Just add your favorite tags. Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 13
  • 14. Posting a new bookmark/publication:  That’s it!  Other options:  Scrapers (> 60), eg for Citeseer, ACM Upload BibTeX  Enter information manually JabRef interface Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 14
  • 15. Agenda  BibSonomy – a social bookmark and publication sharing system  0.4  Overview Tagging Systems quot;blogquot; quot;cssquot; quot;designquot; quot;linuxquot;  0.35 quot;musicquot; quot;newsquot; quot;programmingquot; quot;softwarequot;  0.3 quot;webquot;  0.25 rank  0.2  Semantics between Tags  0.15  0.1  0.05  0  2  4  6  8  10  12  14 month  Summary and Outlook Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 15
  • 16. Social Tagging Systems / Delicious.com Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 16
  • 17. Social Tagging Systems  Simpy:  free, “nicer” design  special function: groups, a bookmark history function  Mister Wong:  Most popular system in Germany  special function: every post has links to „recommended“ web sites.  FURL and blinklist has a special rating function.  Feed Me Links has a function to add bookmarks by mail.  RawSugar provides an automatically generated hierarchy.  backflip and AllMyFavorites.net uses folders.  Chipmark, Spurl and Netvouz has tags and folders.  http://www.simpy.com/, http://www.mister-wong.de/, http://www.furl.net/, http:// www.blinklist.com/, http://feedmelinks.com/portal, http://www.rawsugar.com/, http:// www.backflip.com/, http://www.allmyfavorites.net/, https://www.chipmark.com/Main, http://www.spurl.net/, http://www.netvouz.com/ Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 17
  • 24. Agenda  BibSonomy – a social bookmark and publication sharing system  0.4  Overview Tagging Systems quot;blogquot; quot;cssquot; quot;designquot; quot;linuxquot;  0.35 quot;musicquot; quot;newsquot; quot;programmingquot; quot;softwarequot;  0.3 quot;webquot;  0.25 rank  0.2  Semantics between Tags  0.15  0.1  0.05  0  2  4  6  8  10  12  14 month  Summary and Outlook Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 24
  • 25. Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 25
  • 26. Most related tags by cooccurrence / cosine simlarity art web2.0 design photography illustration blog graphics ajax web tools blog webdesign freq news blog technology politics media daily howto tutorial reference tips linux programming video music funny tv software media ajax javascript web2.0 web programming webdesign tutorial howto programming reference design css javascript ajax programming css web webdesign art graphic creative print portfolios nice cosine web2.0 web2 web-2.0 webapp “web web_2.0 news blogs people weblog culture future howto how-to guide tutorials help how_to video entertainment awesome fun cool random ajax dhtml dom js ecmascript webdev tutorial tutorials tips coding code examples javascript webdevelopment webdev example examples webprogramming Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 26
  • 27. Semantic Grounding in WordNet  WordNet is a large lexical database for English.  Words with same meaning are grouped in synsets, which are ordered by an is-a hierarchy.  Introduction of single artificial root node enables application of graph-based similarity metrics between pairs of nouns / pairs of verbs.  Inclusion of top n del.icio.us tags in WordNet:  100: 82%  1,000: 79%  5,000: 69%  10,000: 61% Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 27
  • 28. Example of Semantic Grounding Wordnet Synset Hierarchy:  Original tag:  „java“ computers  Most similar tag: programming  Freq, folkrank: map design_patterns languages „programming“  Cosine: „python“ java python Grounded similarity Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 28
  • 29. shortest paths in WordNet random siblings length of shortest path to most related tag Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 29
  • 30. Results for delicious together with similarity pruning Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 30
  • 31. Results for delicious together with similarity pruning Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 31
  • 32. Association Rules ≅ transactions ≅ items  K1 = (U £ R, T, I1)  If users tag some resource with tag ti, they frequently also use tj for it.  Usage:  tag recommendations  learning implications (tag hierarchy) Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 32
  • 33. Association Rules  K2 = (T £ U, R, I2)  If users tag a resource ri with a particular tag, they frequently also use this tag for rj .  Usage:  finding communities  resource recommendations Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 33
  • 34. Association Rules  K2 = (T £ U, R, I2)  If users tag a resource ri with a particular tag, they frequently also use this tag for rj .  Usage:  finding communities Andreas Hotho resource recommendations  27.09.08 34
  • 35. Agenda  BibSonomy – a social bookmark and publication sharing system  0.4  Overview Tagging Systems quot;blogquot; quot;cssquot; quot;designquot; quot;linuxquot;  0.35 quot;musicquot; quot;newsquot; quot;programmingquot; quot;softwarequot;  0.3 quot;webquot;  0.25 rank  0.2  Semantics between Tags  0.15  0.1  0.05  0  2  4  6  8  10  12  14 month  Summary and Outlook Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 35
  • 36. Summary and Outlook  Our FolkRank algorithm supports search in folksonomies.  Relatedness measures on tags in folksonomies are a good basis to extract semantic relations  Trend detection in Social Bookmarking Systems  Tag Recommender allows to recommend user specific tags for new post  Detecting Spam is a major challenge  LogSonomies - analysing the structure of search engine query log files  Learning some kind of synsets, relations and hierarchy of tags Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 36
  • 37. Similar tags live on www.bibsonomy.org Thanks for your attention! contact: hotho@cs.uni-kassel.de Andreas Hotho 27.09.08 37