2. Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, Roman Imperial. 113-116 or after 117 CE

3. Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius, Roman Imperial, c. 176 CE.

4. Arch of Constantine. Roman Imperial. 312-315 CE.

6. Arch of Titus ✪ Sacked Jerusalem in 79 CE Titus  79-80 CE

8. Arch of Titus Sacred Way

9. *Triumphal Arch Arch of Titus, Rome, c. 81 CE.

10. The Senate and the Roman People to the Divine Titus, Vespasian Augustus, son of Vespasian. Arch of Titus, Rome, c. 81 CE.

11. Arch of Titus, Rome, c. 81 CE.

12. Coffer Relief Arch of Titus, Rome, c. 81 CE.

13. Apotheosis of Titus Arch of Titus, Rome, c. 81 CE.

14. Eagle = Jupiter Apotheosis of Titus, Arch of Titus, Rome, c. 81 CE.

15. Triumph of Titus, Arch of Titus, Rome, c. 81 CE.

16. The Senate granted a triumph, or an event in which victorious troops left weapons outside the city and paraded through Rome Winged Victory Titus Triumph of Titus, Arch of Titus, Rome, c. 81 CE.

17. *Also paraded through the city was the booty of military conquests Standards Standards Standards Menorah Sacred silver trumpets that are sounded at Rosh Hashanah Spoils from the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem, Arch of Titus, Rome, c. 81 CE.

18. Spoils of War Spoils from the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem, Arch of Titus, Rome, c. 81 CE.

19. Column of Trajan Dacia Trajan  98-117 CE

20. Column of Trajan

21. Approx. 130 feet tall Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, 113-116 or after 117 CE

22. River God (typically a reclining and perhaps monumental figure) Danube River Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, 113-116 or after 117 CE

23. River God (typically a reclining and perhaps monumental figure) Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, 113-116 or after 117 CE

24. Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, 113-116 or after 117 CE

25. Column of Trajan. Forum of Trajan. 113-116 or after 117 CE. (Stokstad 6-43) Trajan

26. Column of Trajan. Forum of Trajan. 113-116 or after 117 CE. (Stokstad 6-43) Augustus of Primaporta. Copy of a bronze original of c.20 BCE. Trajan

27. Roman Roman Parthian Dacian Battle between Romans and Dacians, Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, 113-116 or after 117 CE

28. Originally, a statue of Trajan, but now a statue of St. Peter, the first Bishop of Rome Battle between Romans and Dacians, Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, 113-116 or after 117 CE

29. Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius Barbarians Marcus Aurelius  161-180 BCE

30. Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius Possible Location of the Equestrian Statue

31. Marcus Aurelius. c. 161-180 CE. Hadrian. c. 117-138 CE

32. Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius, Rome, c. 176 CE.

33. Vanquished enemy

34. Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius, Rome, c. 176 CE.

35. Caracalla and the 3rd Century Crisis Caracalla  c. 211-217 CE

36. Caracalla. c. 211-217 CE. Marcus Aurelius. c. 161-180 CE. Hadrian. c. 117-138 CE

37. Caracalla (211-217 CE) Schematic

38. The Tetrarchs. Venice. c. 300 CE.

39. The Tetrarchs. Venice. c. 300 CE.

40. The Tetrarchs. Venice. c. 300 CE.

41. Colossal Head of Constantine. Rome. c. 312-315 BCE. The Tetrarchs. Venice. Porphyry. c. 300 CE.

42. The Arch of Constantine Constantine the Great  307-337 CE

43. Arch of Constantine The Arch of Constantine

44. Arch of Constantine (south side). Rome. 312-315 CE.

45. Arch of Titus. Rome. c.81 CE. Arch of Constantine (south side). Rome. 312-315 CE.

46. Trajan Marcus Aurelius Hadrian Hadrian Arch of Constantine (south side). Rome. 312-315 CE.

47. Arch of Constantine (south side). Rome. 312-315 CE.

48. Hadrian Arch of Constantine (south side). Rome. 312-315 CE.

49. Arch of Constantine (south side). Rome. 312-315 CE.

50. Triumphal arch Triumphal arch Constantine Oration Scene, Arch of Constantine. Rome.312-315 CE.

51. Constantine Arch of Constantine (south side). Rome. 312-315 CE.

52. Marcus Aurelius Hadrian Constantine Arch of Constantine (south side). Rome. 312-315 CE.

53. Imperial procession. Detail of the relief on the south frieze of the AraPacisAugustae. Rome. c. 19 BCE Arch of Constantine. Rome. 312-315 CE.

54. Critical Thinking Questions How are gestures important to the communication of emperorship in Imperial Rome? What is a triumph? What are some essential aspects of a triumph scene? What are some of the important shifts in the grooming of emperors? How does this indicate a different conception of rulership? What is spolia? To what effect has it been used in imperial political art?