SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 56
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
ĐỘNG TỪ BẤT QUI TẮC (IRREGULAR VERBS)
  arise         arose       arisen
  be            was/were    been
  bear          bore        borne/born
  become        became      become
  begin         began       begun
  bend          bent        bent
  bet           bet         bet
  bid           bid         bid
  bind          bound       bound
  bite          bit         bitten
  bleed         bled        bled
  blow          blew        blown
  break         broke       broken
  breed         bred        bred
  bring         brought     brought
  broadcast     broadcast   broadcast
  build         built       built
  burst         burst       burst
  buy           bought      bought
  cast          cast        cast
  catch         caught      caught
  choose        chose       chosen
  cling         clung       clung
  come          came        come
  cost          cost        cost
  creep         crept       crept
  cut           cut         cut
  deal          dealt       dealt
  dig           dug         dug
  do            did         done
  draw          drew        drawn
  eat           ate         eaten
  fall          fell        fallen
  feed          fed         fed
  feel          felt        felt
  fight         fought      fought
  find          found       found
  fit           fit         fit
  flee          fled        fled
  fling         flung       flung
  fly           flew        flown
  forbid        forbade     forbidden
  forecast      forecast    forecast
  forget        forgot      forgotten
  forgive       forgave     forgiven
  forsake       forsook     forsaken
  freeze        froze       frozen
  get           got         gotten
  grind         ground      ground
grow      grew            grown
hang      hung            hung
have      had             had
hear      heard           heard
hide      hid             hidden
hit       hit             hit
hold      held            held
hurt      hurt            hurt
keep      kept            kept
know      knew            known
lay       laid            laid
lead      led             led
leave     left            left
lend      lent            lent
let       let             let
lie       lay             lain
light     lit/lighted     lit/lighted
lose      lost            lost
make      made            made
mean      meant           meant
meet      met             met
mislay    mislaid         mislaid
mistake   mistook         mistaken
pay       paid            paid
quit      quit            quit
read      read            read
rid       rid             rid
ride      rode            ridden
ring      rang            rung
rise      rose            rosen
run       ran             run
say       said            said
see       saw              seen
seek      sought          sought
sell      sold            sold
send      sent            sent
set       set             set
shake     shook           shaken
shed      shed            shed
shine     shone/shined    shone/shined
shoot     shot            shot
show      showed          shown/showed
shrink    shrank/shrunk   shrunk
shut      shut            shut
sing      sang            sung
sit       sat             sat
sleep     slept           slept
slide     slid            slid
slit      slit            slit
speak     spoke           spoken
speed        sped/speeded    sped/speeded
spend        spent           spent
spin         spun            spun
spit         spit/spat       spit/spat
split        split           split
spread       spread          spread
spring       sprang/sprung   sprung
stand        stood           stood
steal        stole           sotlen
stick        stuck           stuck
sting        stung           stung
stink        stank/stunk     stunk
strive       strove          striven
strike       struck          struck/stricken
string       strung          strung
swear        swore           sworn
sweep        swept           swept
swim         swam            swum
swing        swung           swung
take         took            taken
teach        taught          taught
tear         tore            torn
tell         told            told
think        thought         thought
throw        threw           thrown
thrust       thrust          thrust
understand   understood      understood
undertake    undertook       undertaken
upset        upset           unset
wake         woke/waked      woken/waked
wear         wore            worn
weave        wove            woven
weep         wept            wept
win          won             won
wind         wound           wound
withdraw     withdrew        withdrawn
wring        wrung           wrung
write        wrote           written
CÁC THÌ TRONG TIẾNG ANH
THÌ HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN
(Simple present)
I. CÔNG THỨC
Số nhiều: We/ I/ They/ You + V (Động từ nguyên thể không có “to”)
Số ít:      He/ She/ It/ Peter + V-s/es
II. Chú ý: Cách thêm -s/-es vào động từ số ít
Thêm –es vào động từ tận cùng bằng : - o (do/does); -ch (catch/ catches); -s
(miss/misses); -x (mix/mixes); -sh (push/pushes)
Động từ tận cùng bằng một phụ âm và một nguyên âm Y, Đổi Y thành I rồi thêm –es
Ex: Study → studies
Động từ tận cùng bằng một nguyên âm và Y: thì không đổi chỉ thêm –s
Ex: Play→ plays
III. CÁCH DÙNG:
1.Chỉ chân lý ( Sự thật lâu dài)
         Ex: Winter follows autumn ( Mùa đông đến sau mùa thu)
2.Sự thật ở hiện tại
         Ex: We live in Cao Lanh city
3. Thói quen ở hiện tại, thường có trạng từ đi kèm : always, usually, normally,
typically, commonly, often, frequently, sometimes, seldom, rarely, everyday, now and
then, from time to time.
        Ex: I seldom finish my work before 6:00
        (Tôi hoàn thành công việc trước 6 giờ)
4. Chỉ tương lai (theo thời khóa biểu hay chương trình thường lệ)
        Ex: The last bus leaves at 7 p.m. this evening. (chuyến xe buýt cuối cùng sẽ
rời vào lúc 7 giờ tối nay).

THÌ HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN
(Present progressive)
    I.    CÔNG THỨC: Chủ từ + be(am,is,are) + V-ing
          1. Động từ tận cùng bẳng e, bỏ e trước khi thêm ing
              Ex: Make→ Making
           2. Động từ một vần tận cùng bằng một nguyên âm và một phụ âm, gấp
đôi phụ âm cuối.
             Ex: Run→ Running
           3. Động từ hai vần, có dấu nhấn đặt ở vần thứ hai, tận cùng bằng một
nguyên âm và một phụ âm, gấp đôi phụ âm cuối.
             Ex: Begin→ Beginning
           4. Động từ tận cùng bằng –ie, đổi thành y trước khi thêm –ing
             Ex: Lie→ Lying
           5. Động từ tận cùng bằng –ic, thêm –k trước khi thêm –ing
             Ex: Traffic→ Trafficking
    II. CÁCH DÙNG
          1.Hành động xảy ra vào thời điểm đang nói
             Ex: We are studying English at the moment.
             (Hiện giờ chúng ta đang học tiếng Anh)
           2. Hành động diễn ra tại một thời điểm nhất thời ở hiện tại ( không nhất
              thiết phải xảy ra lúc đang nói), thường dùng với this week, this month,
              this year.
Ex: We are taking ten subjects this semester.
           3. Đã dự định làm gì trong tương lai:
              Ex: I’m going to the English speaking club next Sunday.
              ( Tôi sẽ đến câu lạc bộ tiếng Anh vào chủ nhật tới)
              Có thể dùng [be(is,are, am) going to]
           4. Một số trạng từ dùng với thì này (now, at the moment, still, today,
              nowadays, these days, right now, this morning, etc...)
           5. Một số động từ không được dùng với thì tiếp diễn, chỉ dùng với hiện
              tại đơn, mặc dù nói hành động đang diễn ra.
              Belong, believe, forget, hate, hear, know, like, love, mean, need, prefer
              remember, realise, see, seem, suppose, understand, want.

                 EXERCISE
Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present or the present continuous tense.
1. Dennis (drink, usually) coffee with his breakfast, but this morning he (drink) tea
instead.
2. Jane (take) the bus to work everyday. She (wait, usually) for the bus at the corner of
5th and Pine.
3. This morning it (rain). I can see Janet from my window. She (stand) at the corner of
5th and Pine. She (hold) her umbrella over head. She (wait) for the bus.
4. Mike (take) three classes this semester. Every morning he (study) French at 9
o’clock. He (take, also) chemistry and accounting. He (like) chemistry best of all, but
he (has) better grades in accounting and French.
5. Cuckoos (not build) nests. They (use) the nests of other birds.
6. I (wear) my sunglasses today because the sun is very strong.
7. Right now I (look) around the classroom. Yoko (write) in her book. Carlos (bite)
his pencil. Wan-Ning (scratch) his head. Ahmed (stare) out the window. He (seem) to
be daydreaming, but perhaps he (think) hard about verb tenses. What (think, you)
Ahmed (do)?
                 THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH
                 (Present perfect)
        I. CÔNG THỨC
                Chủ từ + have/has + V3/ed (quá khứ phân từ)
                I/We/they/you + have
                She/he/it/Peter +has              + V3/ed (qkpt)
        II. CÁCH DÙNG
            1.Xảy ra ở thời điểm không xác định rõ ở quá khứ
               Ex: I have already seen that movie
               (Tôi đã xem bộ phim đó rồi)
            2. Vừa mới xảy ra hay vừa chấm dứt
               Ex: I have just lost my key. Can you help me to find it?
               ( Tôi vừa đánh mất chìa khóa. Bạn có thể giúp tôi tìm nó không?)
            3 Hành động bắt đầu ở quá khứ kéo dài đến hiện tại.
               Ex: We have learned English for 6 years.
               ( Tôi đã học tiếng Anh được 6 năm rồi)
            4. thường dùng để chỉ từ trước đến nay mình đã từng hay chưa từng làm
một việc gì.
               Ex: Ann has never smoked cigarettes.
               ( An chưa bao giờ hút thuốc)
            5. Hành động đã xảy ra và chưa hoàn thành lúc đang nói.
Ex: I have smoked ten cigarettes today.
                (Hôm nay tôi đã hút 10 điếu thuốc)
            6. Một số từ chỉ thời gian dùng với thì này : for, since, so far, today, till
                now, up to now, never, ever, just. Already, yet, recently.
       III. CHÚ Ý
            Động từ bất quy tắc, dùng cột 3 (qkpt)
            (I sell/ just) have just sold my bicycle
            Động từ theo quy tắc thêm “-ed”

THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN
( present perfect continous)
     I. CÔNG THỨC:
         Chủ từ + have/has + been + V-ing
I/you/we/they + have
She/he/it/Peter + has             + been + V-ing
     II. CÁCH DÙNG:
             1. Hành động xảy ra ở quá khứ và tiếp tục tới hiện tại (có thể dùng hiện
                 tại hoàn thành)
                          Ex: We have been learning English for 6 years.
             2. Hành động xảy ra mới đây trước thời điểm đang nói, thường lưu lại
                 dấu vết
                          Ex: The ground is still wet. It is clear that it has been raining
             lately.
             3. So sánh với hiện tại hoàn thành
                          Ex1: I’ve been painting this room. It will look good when it’s
             finished ( Tôi đã và đang sơn xong cái phòng này. Nó sẽ trông đẹp khi tôi
             sơn xong nó). Công việc chưa hoàn thành.
             Ex2: I have already painted this room. Does it look good? (tôi đã sơn xong
             cái phòng này rồi. Nó trông có đẹp không?). Công việc đã hoàn thành.
             EXERCISE
Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the present perfect continuous
tense. (In some cases either could be used.)
1. It (snow) all day. I wonder when it will stop.
2. We (have) three major snowstorms so far this winter. I wonder how many more we
will have.
3. It’s ten P.M. I (study) for two hours and probably won’t finish until midnight.
4. I (write) them three times, but I still haven’t received a reply.
5. I (live) here since last March.
6. The telephone (ring) four times in the last hours, and each time it has been for my
roommate.
7. The telephone (ring) for almost a minute. Why doesn’t someone answer it?
8. The little boy is dirty from head to foot because he (play) in the mud.

           THÌ QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN
           (Simple past)
   I. CÔNG THỨC
           S + V-2/ed
    II. CHÚ Ý
        Động từ bất quy tắc dùng cột 2 ( quá khứ đơn)
           Ex: I (go) went to the cinema last night.
Động từ theo quy tắc thêm –ed
         Cách thêm –ed
             Động từ một vần tận cùng bằng một nguyên âm và một phụ âm thì gấp đôi
phụ âm cuối.
             Ex:Stop→ stopped.
         Động từ tận cùng bằng –e chỉ thêm –d
             Ex: arrive→ arrived
         Động từ hai vần, có dấu nhấn ở vần thứ hai, tận cùng bằng một nguyên âm và
một phụ âm thì gấp đôi phụ âm cuối.
             Ex: Admit→ Admitted
         Động từ tận cùng bằng một phụ âm + Y, -Y đổi thành –I trước khi –ed.
             Ex: Study→studied
         Động từ tận cùng bằng một phụ âm + Y, - Y để nguyên, chỉ thêm –ed
             Ex: Play→played
     III.CÁCH DÙNG:
         Hành động xảy ra và chấm dứt ở quá khứ, dùng với những trạng từ (ago,
     yesterday, last night, last month, last week, in 1990, etc...)
             Ex: I (see) saw Lan yesterday.
             (Tôi gặp Lan ngày hôm qua)
     EXERCISE
Use the simple past or the present perfect.
1. What (learn, you) since you (come) here? How many friends (make, you)? I hope
you (meet, already) a lot of interesting people.
2. Since classes began, I (have, not) much free time. I (have) several big tests to study
for.
3. Last night my roommate and I (have) some free time, so we (go) to a show.
4. I admit that I (get) older since I last (see) you, but with any luck at all, I (get, also)
wiser.
5. The science of medicine (advance) a great deal in the nineteenth century.
6. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, medical scientists (make) many
important discoveries.
7. Libraries today are different from those in the 1800s. For example, the contents of
libraries (change) greatly through the years. In the 1800s, libraries (be) simply
collections of books. However, today most libraries (become) multimedia centers that
contain tapes, computers, disks, films, magazines, music, and paintings. The role of
the library in society (change, also). In the 1800s, libraries (be) open only to certain
people, such as scholars or the wealthy. Today libraries serve everyone.

    QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN
    (Past continuous)
    I. CÔNG THỨC:
        S + be(was/were) + V-ing
        We/they/you + were            +V-ing
        She/he/I      + was
    II. CHÚ Ý: CÁCH THÊM –ING NHƯ PHẦN CHÚ Ý CỦA THÌ HIỆN TẠI
            TIẾP DIỄN.
    III. CÁCH DÙNG:
            1. Người nào đamg làm gì tại một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ.
                      Ex: This time last year I was living in Brazil
( Năm ngoái vào lúc này tôi đang sống ở Bra xin)
             2. Dùng với thì quá khứ đơn để diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra giữa một
                hành động khác ở quá khứ (Xảy ra trước dùng quá khứ tiếp diễn)
                         Ex: While I was walking down the street, it began to rain.
                         (Khi tôi đang đi xuống đường thì trời bắt đầu mưa)
             3. Dùng với những trạng từ: a few minute (moments) ago, at that time,
                then, just, at this time last week (year, month), during (in,by) + time.
Use the simple past or the past progressive.
1. Tommy went to his friend’s house, but the boys (be, not) there. They (play) soccer
in the vacant lot down the street.
2. Stanley (climb) the stairs when he (trip) and (fail). Luckily, he (hurt, not) himself.
3. While Mrs Emerson (read) the little boy a story, he (fall) asleep, so she (close) the
book and quietly (tiptoe) out of the room.
4. I really enjoyed my vacation last January. While it (snow) in Iowa, the sun (shine)
in Florida. While you (shovel) snow in Iowa, I (lie) on the beach in Florida.
5. While Ted (shovel) snow from his driveway yesterday, his wife (bring) him a cup
of hot chocolate.

             THÌ QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH
             (Simple present perfect)
     I. CÔNG THỨC
         S + had + pp(qkpt)
     II. CÁCH DÙNG
              1.Hành động xảy ra trước một hành động khác ở quá khứ
                            Ex: When I arrived, Ann had left
                            (Khi tôi đến, An đã đi rồi)
              2. Một số từ dùng với thì này
     - Liên từ: When, after, as, as soon as, by the time that
     - Trạng từ : Already, ever, never.......before
     EXERCISE
Use the simple past or the past perfect.
1. He (be) a newspaper reporter before he (become) a businessman.
2. I (feel) a little better after I (take) the medicine.
3. I was late. The teacher (give, already) a quiz when I (get) to class.
4. The anthropologist (leave) the village when she (collect) enough data.
5. It was raining hard, but by the time class (be) over, the rain (stop).

             THÌ QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN
     I. CÔNG THỨC:
             S + had + been + V-ing
      II. CÁCH DÙNG
          Hành động mang tính chất diễn tiến trong quá khứ thường để lại dấu vết
             Ex: Her eyes were red. It was clear that she had been crying
             (Đôi mắt cô ấy đỏ. Rõ ràng cô ấy đã khóc)
Use the present perfect progressive or the past perfect progressive.
1. It is midnight. I (study) for five straight hours. No wonder I’m getting tired.
2. It was midnight. I (study) for five straight hours. No wonder I was getting tired.
3. Jack suddenly realized that the teacher was asking him a question. He couldn’t
answer because he (daydream) for the last three minutes.
4. Wake up. You (sleep) long enough. It’s time to get up.
THÌ TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN
             (Simple future)
     I. CÔNG THỨC:
              S + will/shall + infinitive (nguyên thể không có to)
              I/We + shall hoặc will
     II. CÁCH DÙNG:
              1. Tiên đoán điều gì sẽ xảy ra trong tương lai
                           Ex: It will rain tomorrow.
                           (Ngày mai trời sẽ mưa)
Nếu tiên đoán có cơ sở hoặc dựa vào tình huống hiện tại mà đoán dùng BE GOING
TO + V
Ex: Terry is doing his examinations tomorrow. He hasn’t done any work for them and
he is not intelligent. He is going to fail. (Ngày mai Terry thi mà nó không có học hành
gì hết và nó không thông minh nữa. Nó sẽ rớt chắc.)
Will hoặc be going to có thể dùng trong trường hợp này:
Ex: According to the weather report, it will/ is going to be cloudy tomorrow. (Theo
dự báo thời tiết thì ngày mai trời sẽ có mây.)
              2. Hứa làm điều gì ở tương lai
                           Ex: I will buy you a bicycle for your birthday.
                           (Anh sẽ mua cho em chiếc xe đạp nhân ngày sinh nhật của
              em)
              3. Yêu cầu làm việc gì hay sẵn sàn làm điều gì:
                           Ex1: Will you hold the door open for me, please?
                           (Nhờ anh mở cửa ra giùm em)
Ex2: “I need some money”. “Don’t worry. I’ll lend you some.” (Em cần một số tiền.
Đừng lo. Anh sẽ cho em mượn.)
              4. Quyết định làm điều gì lúc đang nói.
                           Ex:
                            Mother: Have you cleaned the floor?
                           Con đã lau nhà chưa?
                           Daughter: Not yet. I will do it rightnow.
                           Chưa. Con sẽ lau ngay bây giờ.
Nếu có dự định trước dùng BE GOING TO
Ex: A: Why did you buy this paint? (Tại sao anh mua loại sơn này?)
B: I’m going to paint my bedroom tomorrow. (Anh dự dịnh sơn phòng ngủ của anh
vào ngày mai.)
NOTE: Không dùng will trong mệnh đề chỉ thời gian (when, before, after, as soon as,
until/till, while, as, since) khi nói về tương lai, chỉ dùng hiện tại đơn hoặc hiện tại
hoàn thành.
Ex: I will call you before we start the trip. (Anh sẽ đt cho em trước khi chúng ta bắt
đầu chuyến đi.)
EXERCISE
Put the verb in the correct form using will or be going to.
1. A: I’ve got a terrible headache.
B: Have you? Wait there and I (get) an aspirin for you.
2. Why are you filling that bucket with water?
B: I (wash) the car.
3. A: I’ve decided to repaint this room.
B: Oh, have you? What colour (you/paint) it?
4. A: Look! There’s coming out of that house. It’s on fire.
B: Good heavens! I (call) the fire-brigade immediately.
5. A: The ceiling in this room doesn’t look safe, does it?
B: No, it looks as if it (fall) down.
6. A: Where are you going? Are you going shopping?
B: Yes, I (buy) something for dinner.
7. A: I can’t work out how to use this camera.
B: It’s quite easy. I (show) you.
8. A: What would you like to drink – tea or coffe?
B: I (have) tea, please.
             THÌ TƯƠNG LAI TIẾP DIỄN
             (Future continuous)
     I. CÔNG THỨC:
         S + will + be + V-ing
     II. CÁCH DÙNG:
             1.Diễn tả hành động sẽ đang xảy ra vào thời điễm ở tương lai.
                           Ex: By this time tomorrow we’ll be sitting in class.
         (Ngày mai vào lúc này là chúng ta sẽ đang đang ngồi học trong lớp)
             2. Dự định làm gì ở tương lai ( Như thì hiện tại tiếp diễn)
                           Ex: We will be spending the winter in Australia.
                           (Chúng tôi sẽ trải qua mùa đông ở Úc)
EXERCISE
Use the future progressive or the simple present.
1. Right now I am attending class. Yesterday I was attending class. Tomorrow at this
time, I (attend) class.
2. Tomorrow I’m going to leave for home. When I (arrive) at the airport, my whole
family (wait) for me.
3. When I (get) up tomorrow morning, the sun (shine), the birds (sing), and my
roommate (lie/still) in bed fast asleep.
4. Next year at this time I (do) exactly what I am doing now. I (attend) school and
(study) hard next year.
5. (you/use) your bicycle this evening? No, you can take it.
     THÌ TƯƠNG LAI HOÀN THÀNH
     (Future perfect)
     I. CÔNG THỨC
         S + will + have + V3/ed (qkpt)
     II. CÁCH DÙNG:
             1. Hành động sẽ được hoàn thành trước một thời điểm nào đó ở tương
                 lai.
                           Ex: They will have completed the new bridge by the end of
             the year. ( Họ sẽ hoàn thành cây cầu mới vào cuối năm nay)
             2. Những trạng từ thường được dùng: before, when, by the time,... by +
                 date or time.

           THÌ TƯƠNG LAI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN
           (Future perfect continuous)

    I. CÔNG THỨC
       S + will + have + been + V-ing
II. CÁCH DÙNG:
              1. Hành động đã xảy ra bao lâu trong tương lai và còn tiếp tục
      Ex: Tomorrow I will start working at 7:00. Mary will come to see me at 8:00.
When she arrives, I will have been working for an hour.
              2. Trạng từ được dùng như tương lai hoàn thành.
EXERCISE
Use the future progressive, the future perfect, or the future perfect continuous.
1. Tonight the film on VTV3 begins at 9 o’clock and ends at 11 o’clock. My brother
will come home at 10 o’clock tonight. When he gets home, I (watch) the film and I
(watch) it for an hour, and after 11 o’clock, I (watch) it.
2. I (retire) by the end of this year.
3. By the end of the week, I (wait) seventeen weeks for my phone to be repaired.
4. Do you realize that on August 15, we (live) in this house for fifty years.
5. I hope I (finish) this report by the end of the day.
6. She (leave) for work before the children get home from school.
7. We (fly) nonstop for fourteen hours before we get to the U.S.




EXERCISE
    1. “Hurry up! We’re waitting for you. What taking is so long?”
     “ I _____for an important phone call. Go ahead and leave without me”
         A. wait          B. will wait     C. am watting         D. have waited
2. “ Robert is going to be famous someday. He _____ in three movies already.”
     “ I’m sure he’ll be a star.”
             A. has benn appearing                B. had appeared
             C. has appeared                      D. appeared
3. “ Where’s Polly?”
     “ She _____”
             A. in her room studying              B. in her room in studying
             C. studies in her room               D. has in her room studied
4. “ Hello? Alice? This is Jeff. How are you?”
     “Jeff? What a coincidence! I _____ about you when the phone rang.”
             A. was just thinking                 B. just thought
             C. have you thought                  D. was just thought
5. “ What _____ about the new simplified tax law?”
     “ It’s more confusing than the old one.”
             A. are you thinking                  B. do you think
             C. have you thought                  D. have you been thinking
6. “ When is Mr. Fields planning to retire?”
     “ Soon, I think. He _____here for a long time. He’ll probably ritire either next
year or the year after that.”
             A. worked                            B. had been working
             C. has been working                  D. is working
7. “ Why this you buy all this sugar and chocolate?”
     “ I _____ a delicous dessert for dinner tonight.”
             A. make                              B. will make
             C. am going to make                  D. will have make
8. “ Let’s go! What’s taking you so long?”
“ I’ll be there as soon as I _____my key.”
             A. found              B. will find     C. find         D. am finding
9. Next week when there _____a full moon, the ocean tides will be higher.
             A. is being           B. is            C. will be      D. will have been
10. While I _____ TV last night, a mouse ran across the floor.
             A. watch              B. watched       C. was watching D. am watching
11. Fish were among the earliest forms of life. Fish _____ on earth for ages and ages
             A. existed            B. are existing C. exist         D. have existed
12. The phone _____constanly since Jack announced his candidacy for president
     morning.
             A. has been ringing                    B. rang
             C. had rung                            D. had been ringing
13. The earth _____on the sun for its heat and light.
             A. is depend          B. depending     C. has depend          D. depends
14. I don’t feel good. I _____ home from work tomorrow.
             A. am staying                          B. stay
             C. will have stay                      D. stayed
15. Today there are weather satellites that beam down information about the earth’s
atmosphere. In the last two dacades, space exploration _____great contribution to
weather forcasting.
             A. is making          B. has made      C. made         D. makes
16. On July 20, 1969, Astronaut Neil Armstrong _____ down onto the moon, the first
person ever to set foot on another celestial body.
             A. was stepping       B. stepped       C. has stepped         D. was step
17. The plane’s departure was delayed because of machanical difficulties. When the
weary passengers finally boarded the aircraft, many were annoyed and irritable
because they _____ in the airport for three and a half hours.
             A. are watting                         B. were waitting
             C. have been waitting                  D. had been waitting
18. If coastal erosion continues to take place at the present rate, un another fifty years
this beach _____ anymore.
             A. doesn’t exist                       B. isn’t going to exist
             C. isn’t existing                      D. won’t be existing
19. Homestead High School’s football team _____championship until last season,
when the new coach led them to take first place in their league.
             A. has never won                       B. is never winning
             C. had never been winning              D. had never won
20. Many years of intensive language study are required for non-native speakers to be
able to qualify as interpeters. By the end of this year, Chen _____ English for three
years, but he will still need more training and experience before he masters the
language.
             A. will be studying                    B. has studied
             C. will have been studying             D. has been studying
21. “ May I speak to Dr. Paine, please?”
     “ I’m sorry, he _____a patient at the moment. Can I help you?’
             A. is seeing                           B. sees
             C. has been seeing                     D. was seeing
22. “ When are you going to ask your boss for a raise?”
     “_____ to her twice already! I don’t think she wants to give me one.”
             A. I’ve talked                         B. I’ve been talking
C. I was talking                        D. I’d talked

23. “ Do you think Harry will want something to eat after he gets here?”
     “ I hope not. It’ll probably be after midnight, and we _____.”
             A. sleeping                             B. will be sleeping
             C. have been sleeping                   D. be sleeping
24. Paul, could you please turn off the stove? The potatoes _____for at least thirty
minutes.”
     “ I can’t. I’m feeding the baby.”
             A. are boiling                          B. boiling
             C. have been boiling                    D. were boiling

25. “ It is true that spaghetti didn’t originate in Italy?”
     “ Yes. The Chinese _____spaghetti dishes for a long time before Marco Polo
brought it back to Italy.”
              A. have been making                      B. have made
              C. had been making                       D. make
26. “ I once saw a turtle that had wings. The turtle flew into the air to catch insects.”
     “ Stop kidding. I _____ you!”
              A. don’t believe                         B. am not believing
              C. didn’n believe                        D. wasn’t believing
27. “ Could someone help me lift the lawnmower into the pickup truck?”
     “ I’m not busy. I _____you.”
     “ Thanks.”
              A. help                                  B. will help
              C. am going to help                      D. am helping
28. My family love this house. It _____the family home ever since my grandfather
built it 60 years ago.
              A. was               B. has been         C. is          D. will be
29. Here’s an interesting statistic: On a typical day, the average person _____ about
48,000 words. How many words did you speak today?
              A. spoke             B. was speaking C. speaks          D. is speaking
30. I know you feel bad now, Tommy, but try to put it out of your mind. By the time
you’re an adult, you _____all about it.
              A. forget                                B. will have forgotten
              C. will be forgetting                    D. forgot
31. It’s against the law to kill the black rhinoceros. They _____ extinct.
              A. became            B. have become C. become D. are becoming
32. After ten unhappy years, Janice finally quit her job. She _____ along with her
boss for a long time before she finally decided to look for a new position.
              A. hadn’t been getting                   B. isn’t getting
              C. didn’t get                            D. hasn’t been getting
33. The Nation Hurricane Center is closely watching a strong hurricane over the
Atlantic Ocean. When it _____the coast of Texas sometime tomorrow afternoon, it
will bring with it great destructive force.
              A. reaches           B. will reach       C. is reaching D. reaching

34. At one time, huge prehistoric reptiles dominated the earth. This Age of Dinosaurs
_____ much longer than the present Age of Mammals has lasted to date.
            A. lasted          B. was lasting     C. has lasted D. had lasted
35. Jim, why don’t you take some time off? You _____too hard lately. Take a short
vacation.
               A. worked                               B. work
               C. were working                         D. have been working
36. The city is rebuilding its dilapidated waterfront, transforming it into a pleasant and
fashionable outdoor mall. Next summer when the tourists arrive, they _____104
beautiful new shops and restaurants in the area where the old run-down waterfront
properties used to stand.
               A. will found                           B. will be finding
               C. will have found                      D. will find
37. A minor earthquake occurred at 2:07 on January 3. Most of the people in the
village _____at the time and didn’t even know it had occurred until the next morning.
               A. slept            B. had slept        C. were sleeping    D. sleep
38. The little girl started to cry. She _____ her doll, and no one was able to find it for
her.
39. According to reasearch reports, people usually _____in their sleep 25 to 30 times
each night.
               A. turn             B. are turning      C. have turned      D. turned
40. Jane’s eyes burned and her shoulders ached. She _____ at the computer for 5
straight hours. Finally, she took a a break.
               A. is sitting                           B. has been sitting
               C. was sitting                          D. had been sitting
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
1. Mr Pike started using this car ten years ago.
→ Mr Pike has
2. I last saw him three years ago.
→ I haven’t
3. He hasn’t seen such a nice woman before.
→ She
4. It is three years since I separated her.
→I
5. The last time Jim smoked was ten months ago.
→ Jim hasn’t
6. My dad started living here in 2000.
→ My dad has
7. Bill hasn’t played football for 2 years.
→ Jack last
8. I have never drunk beer before.
→ This is the first
9. He worked as a TV reporter, then he became a businessman.
→ Before he
10. Bob will graduate from university in June, and then he will open a company.
→ By the time Jack
IF SENTENCES
      I. Có thật ở hiện tại/ tương lai:
          If + hiện tại đơn                    hiện tại đơn
                                               Will + động từ nguyênthể không có “to”

                        Ex: If I have enough time, I write to my parents every week
                        (Nếu tôi có đủ thời gian, tôi viết thư cho cha mẹ tôi mỗi tuần)
Ex: If I have enough time tomorrow, I will write to my parents.
           (Ngày mai nếu tôi có đủ thời gian, tôi sẽ viết thư cho cha mẹ tôi)



    II. Không có thật ở hiện tại/ tương lai:
        If + quá khứ đơn             would/should/might/could + V (nguyên thể)


           Ex: If I were a bird, I would fly everywhere
           ( Nếu là chim, tôi sẽ bay mọi nơi)
NOTES:
- If ……would khi chúng ta yêu cầu người nào đó làm 1 điều gì bằng 1 cách trịnh
trọng.
Ex1: “Shall I close the door?” “Yes, please, if you would.” (Tôi đóng cửa nhe. Vâng,
cứ đóng nếu bạn muốn).
Ex2: I would be very grateful if you would send me your brochure and price as soon
as possible. (Tôi sẽ cám ơn bạn nhiều nếu ban gởi cho tôi quyển sách QC và giá càng
sớm càng tốt)
- Be → was/were (nhưng WERE mang tính trang trọng hơn khi câu nói mang tính
nghi ngờ).
Ex: If I was/were you, I would buy that coat.
Tuy nhiên dùng were, không dùng was khi câu nói mang tính tưởng tượng, thể hiện
lời khuyên, giải thích điều gì đó đã không xảy ra.
Ex1: If I were the Queen of Sheba, you’d be King Solomon.
Ex2: If it weren’t for your help, I would still be homeless.
     III.Không có thật ở quá khứ
        If + quá khứ hoàn thành             would/should/could/might have + pp(qkpt)


            Ex: Last month if I had had enough money, I would have bought that car.
            (Tháng rồi nếu tôi có đủ tiền, tôi sẽ mua chiếc xe đó)
     IV. Kết hợp loại 2 và 3
- If + TYPE 3 (S + had + v3/ed), TYPE 2 (S + would + v0)
- If + TYPE 2 (S + V2/ed, TYPE 3 (S + WOULD + HAVE + V3/ed)
Ex1: If I had stayed up late last night, I wouldn’t have a headache now.
Ex2: If you knew me better, you wouldn’t have said that.
V. Mệnh lệnh + liên từ (and, or, or else, otherwise) + S + will
Ex: Stop eating sweets, or you won’t get any dinner.
→ If you don’t stop eating sweets, you won’t get any dinner.
NOTE:
- unless = if….not = except if: trừ phi, nếu….không, (không dùng will sau chúng)
Ex: We’ll be late unless we hurry. (= except if we hurry) (chúng ta sẽ bị trễ nếu chúng
ta không đi gấp)
- as/so long as = providing (that) = provided (that): miễn là, (không dùng will sau
chúng)
Ex: Providing (that) she studies hard, she should pass the examination. (Ắt hẳn cô ta
sẽ thi đậu miễn là cô ta học chăm chỉ.)
- in case + mệnh đề, in case of + (cụm) danh từ: nếu, dự phòng, trong trường hợp,
( không dùng will sau chúng.)
Ex1: I will draw a map for you in case you can’t find my house. (Tôi vẽ cho bạn sơ đồ
nếu bạn không tìm được nhà tôi.)
Ex2: In case of emergency, telephone this number. (Trong trường hợp khẩn cấp, hãy
gọi số đt này.
- Bỏ IF: Were/Was/Should/Had + S
Ex1: If it were not for your help, I would still be homeless.
→ Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless.
Ex2: If he had been here yesterday, he could have told us.
→ Had he been here yesterday, he could have told us.


WISH SENTENCES
                 I.Ước muốn về tương lai:
                                 Would
Wish + that + S +                were going to
                                 Could/ should/ might
             Ex: I wish that I would be a billionaire.
                 II. Ước muốn về hiện tại:
                                               quá khứ đơn
                 Wish + (that) + S             were + V-ing
                                               Could
             Ex: I wish I could speak Japanese
NOTE:
- Be → was/were (nhưng WERE mang tính trang trọng hơn khi câu nói mang tính
nghi ngờ)
Ex: I wish Mary was/were here now.
                 III. Ước muốn về quá khứ:
                                               Quá khứ hoàn thành
                 Wish + (that) + S +           Could + have + P.P
             Ex: I wish Mary could have come yesterday
EXERCISE
1. If I was offered the job, I think I (take) it.
2. Would George be angry if I (take) his bicycle without asking?
3. Our earth will be destroyed if no measures (be) taken to protect it.
4. He (join) us in the trip tomorrow if he is free.
5. If he (call), tell him I’ll ring back.
6. If I should see him, I (ask) him to bring you.
7. I’d have sent you a postcard while I was on holiday if I (have) your address.
8. If he had missed the train, he (be) late for his interview.
9. I have eaten too much and now I feel sick. I wish I (not/eat) so much.
10. It probably won’t happen. Tim wishes it (happen).
11. I don’t know many people and I’m lonely. I wish I (know) more people.
12. Jack didn’t visit me yesterday. I wish Jack (visit) me yesterday.
13. Take a taxi, otherwise you (miss) your train.
14. I will buy some more food in case Tom (come).
15. Had the management acted soon, the strike (not/happen).


Exercise
1. When I stopped talking, Sam finnished my sentence for me as though he______my
mind.
          A. would read       B. could be C. were                  D. had been
2. If you______, I would have brought my friends over to your house this evening to
watch TV, but I didn’t want to brother you.
          A. had studied      B. studied     C. hadn’t been studying D. didn’t studied
3. I wish I______you some money for your rent, but I’m broke myself.
          A. can land         B. would land          C. could land      D. could come
4. If someone______into the store, smile and say, “May I help you?”
          A. comes            B. came        C. would come         D. could come
5. “Are we lost?”
     “I think so. I wish______we a map with us today,”
          A. were bringing    B. brought C. had brought            D. would bring
6. “ Here’s my phone number.”
     “ Thanks. I’ll give you a call if I______some help tomorrow.”
          A. will need        B. need        C. would need         D. needed
7. If I weren’t working for an accounting firm, I______in a bank.
          A. work                            B. will work
          C. have worked                     D. would be working
8. Ed invested a lot of money with a dishonest advisor, and lost nearly all of it. Now
he is having serious financial problems. He ______ in this position if he had listened
to some of his friends.
          A. will be          B. wouldn’t be         C. will be    D. hadn’t been
9. The world______ a better place if we had known a hundred years ago what we
know today about the earth’s enviroment.
          A. will be          B. was         C. should be          D. might be
10. The medicine made me feel dizzy. I felt as thought the room______around and
around.
          A. were spinning                   B. will spin
          C. spins                           D. would be spinning
11. “I’m really sorry about what happened during the meeting. I felt I had no choice.”
     “ It’s okay. I’m sure you wouldn’t have done it if you______.”
          A. Should have                     B. had to
          C. hadn’t dad to                   D. have to
12. ______you, I’d think twice about that decision. It could be a bad move.
          A. If I had been                   B. Were I
          C. Should I be                     D. If I am
13. “ Was Pam seriously injured in the automobile accident?”
          A. will be                         B. would have been
          C. was                             D. were

14. If my cadidate had won the election, I ______happy now.
        A. am                 B. would be C. was                 D. can be
15. I wish Janet______to the metting this afternoon.
        A. came               B. will come C. can come           D. could come
16. I______you to the woman I was speaking with, but I couldn’t think of her name.
        A. will introduce                   B. would introduce
        C. would have introduce             D. couldn’t have introduce
17. “What______today if you hadn’t cone here this weeken?”
    “I guess I’d be putting in extra hours at my office.”
A. did you do                        B. can you do
         C. will you be doing                 D. would you be doing
18. Page 12 of the manual that came with the applicance says, “______any problem
with the merchandise, contact your local dealer.”
         A. You should have                   B. Do you have
         C. Had you have                      D. Should you have
19. Magre walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she______something she
would regret later.
         A. will say           B. said        C. might say          D. might have said
20. I would never have encourageed you to go into this field______it would be so
stressful for you. I’m sorry it’s been so difficult for yo.
         A. had I know                        B. and I had know
         C. should I know                     D. but I knew
21. Please keep your voice down in this section of the library. If you_______ to talk
loudly, I will have to ask you to leave.
         A. continued          B. could continue C. will continue         D. continue
22. Gloria never sems to get tired. I sure wish I_______her energy.
         A. would have         B. have               C. have had          D. had
23. “Why didn’t Bill get the promotion he was expecting?”
         A. would have been given                    B. were given
         C. would be given                           D. was given
24. If I could find Rob’s phone number, I_______him about the change in plans. May
be somebody else will call him.
         A. called             B. had called         C. could call        D. will call
25. “ How do you like your new apartment?”
     “ The apartment itself it great, but I wish I_______used to the constant noise from
the street below.”
         A. got                B. could get          D. had gotten        D. am
26. I was very engrossed in that presentation an Australia. The video taps were so
realistic that it was as though we_______there, driving through the outback country.
         A. were               B. could get          C. had gotten        D. will be
27. If I_______following that other car too closely, I would having been able to stop
in time instead of running into it.
         A. wasn’t             B. would have been C. was                  D. hadn’t been
28. “ Why aren’t you going mountain climbing with the rest of us next weeken?”
     “ To be honest with you, I’m a coward. If I were brave, I_______with you.
         A. would have gone                          B. would go
         C. go                                       D. willl go
29. “ Will you see Tom at lunch today? I’d like you to give him a massage for me.”
     “ I’m not going to lunch, but if I_______him later, I’ll give him your message.”
         A. should see         B. will see           C. would see         D. could see
30. I’m really sleepy today. I wish I_______Bob to the airport late last night.
         A. didn’t have to take                      B. weren’t talking
         C. hadn’t had to take                       D. didn’t take
31. Hurry! We’ve got to leave the house immediately. Otherwise, _______the
opening ceremony.
         A. we’d miss                                B. we’d have missed
         C. we miss                                  D. we’re going to miss
32. “Why didn’t you tell me you were having so many problem?”
“ I_______you, but I figured you had enough to worry about without my
problems, so I said nothing.”
         A. would tell        B. would have told C. would be telling D. had told
33. A natiom’s balance of trade is considered unfavorable if it_______more money on
imports than it agains from exports.
         A. will spend        B. would spend         C. can spend          D. spends
34. Many people who live near nuclear plans are concerned. _______ go wrong, the
impact on the surrounding area could be disastrous.
         A. something would                          B. something will
         C. should something                         D. does something
35. Had I know the carpenter was going to take three days to show up, I_______the
materials and done the work myself. It would be finished by now.
         A. will get                                 B. would have gotten
         C. might get                                D. will have gotten
36. I wish you_______making that noise. It’s bothering me.
         A. would stop        B. are going to stop C. stop                 D. can stop
37. A huge three crashed through the bedroom roof and broke my bed and most of the
other furniture. _______in the room, I would have been killed.
         A. Should be                                B. Had I been
         C. Would have I been                        D. Would I be
38, If everyone _______, how would we control air traffic? Surely, we’d all be
crashing into each other.
         A. can fly           B. will fly            C. flies              D. could fly
39. If the world’s tropical forests continue to disapear at their presner rate, many
animal species_______extinct.
         A. became                           B. would have become
         C. will become                      D. would become
40. When my lost briefcase was returned with my year-long research results intact, I
felt tremendously relieved. It was as if a huge and heavy weight_______from my
shoulders.
         A. had been lifted                  B. is being lifted
         C. would be lifted                  D. is lifting

SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
1. I don’t love you, so I don’t marry you.
→ If
2. He is fat because he doesn’t take any exercise.
→ If
3. She didn’t come, so I was disappointed.
→ If
4. You got into so much trouble because you didn’t listen to me.
→ If
5. I’m sorry that I don’t know anything about cars.
→ I wish……..
6. I regret that I misunderstood her.
→ I wish
7. My friend won’t lend me his car for my date tomorrow night.
→ I wish
8. Drop that gun, or I’ll shoot you.
→ If
9. If the referee had seen it, our team would have won the game.
→ Had
10. Without your help, I couldn’t have done it.
→ If



ĐỘNG TỪ TÌNH THÁI (MODAL AUXILIARIES)
ĐỘNG TỪ TT     CÁCH DÙNG           HIỆN                             QUÁ KHỨ
                                   TẠI/TƯƠNG LAI
may            (1) yêu cầu lịch sự May I borrow
               (polite request)    your pen?
                                   Cho phép tôi mượn
                                   bút nhé?
               (2) cho phép trịnh  You may leave the
               trọng (formal       room. Bạn có thể ra
               permission)         khỏi phòng
               (3) < 50% chắc      - Where’s John?                  He may have been
               chắn (less than     He may be at the                 at the library. Nó
               50% certainty)      library. Có lẻ John              đã có thể ở thư viện
                                   ở thư viện
might          (1) < 50% chắc      - Where’s John?                  He might have
               chắn (less than     He might be at the               been at the library
               50% certainty)      library
               (2) yêu cầu lịch sự Might I borrow
               (polite request) ít your pen?
               dùng
should         (1) khuyên          I should study                   I should have
               (advisability)      tonight. Tôi nên                 studied last night.
                                   học tối nay.                     Lẽ ra tối qua tôi
                                                                    nên học
                     (2) 90% chắc chắn       She should do well     She should have
                     90% certainty           on the test. Cô ấy     done well on the
                                             chắc sẽ làm bài thi    test. Cô ấy chắc đã
                                             tốt (chỉ dùng ở        làm bài thi tốt
                                             tương lai)
ought to             (1) khuyên              I ought to study       I ought to have
                     (advisability)          tonight. Tôi nên       studied last night.
                                             học tối nay            Lẽ ra tối qua tôi
                                                                    nên học
                     (2) 90% chắc chắn       She ought to do        She ought to have
                     90% certainty           well on the test. Cô   done well on the
                                             ấy chắc sẽ làm bài     test. Cô ấy chắc đã
                                             thi tốt (chỉ dùng ở    làm bài thi tốt
                                             tương lai)
had better           (1) khuyên với đe       You had better be      Dạng QK không
                     dọa hậu quả xấu         on time, or we will    phổ biến
                     (advisability with      leave without you.
                     threat of bad result)
be supposed to       (1) mong đợi            Class is supposed      Class was
(expectation)        to begin at 10. Lớp   supposed to begin
                                   học sẽ bắt đầu lúc    at 10. Lớp học đã
                                   10 giờ                phải bắt đầu lúc 10
                                                         giờ
be to         (1) mong đợi mạnh You are to be here You were to be
              mẽ (strong           at 9:00. bạn phải có here at 9:00. bạn đã
              expectation)         mặt ở đây lúc 9       phải có mặt ở đây
                                   giờ.                  lúc 9 giờ.
must          (1) cần thiết mạnh   I must go to class    I had to go to class
              mẽ (strong           today. Hôm nay tôi yesterday. Hôm
              necessity)           phải đi học.          qua tôi phải đi học.
              (2) cấm (phủ định). You must not
              Prohibition          open that door.
              (negative)           Bạn không được
                                   mở cửa đó
              (3) 95% chắc chắn Mary isn’t in class. Mary must have
              (certainty)          She must be sick,     been sick
                                   Mary không có         yesterday. Hôm
                                   trong lớp. Ắt hẳn     qua ắt hẳn Mary đã
                                   nó ốm (chỉ dùng       ốm.
                                   hiện tại)
have to       (1) cần thiết        I have to go to       I had to go to class
              (necessity)          class today. Hôm      yesterday. Hôm
                                   nay tôi phải đi học. qua tôi phải đi học.
              (2) không cần thiết I don’t have to go I didn’t have to go
              (lack of necessity)  to class today. Hôm to class yesterday.
              phủ định             nay tôi không phải Hôm qua tôi không
                                   đi học.               phải đi học.
have got to   (1) cần thiết        I have got to go to I had to go to class
              (necessity)          class today. Hôm      yesterday. Hôm
                                   nay tôi phải đi học. qua tôi phải đi học.
will          (1) 100% chắc chắn He will be here at
                                   6:00. Anh ta sẽ ở
                                   đây lúc 6 giờ (chỉ
                                   dùng tương lai)
              (2) sự sẵn lòng      - The phone’s
                                   ringing. I’ll get it.
                                   ĐT reo. Để tôi trả
                                   lời
              (3) yêu cầu lịch sự Will you please
                                   pass the salt? Xin
                                   đưa giùm muối ạ
be going to   (1) 100% chắc chắn He is going to be
                                   here at 6:00. Anh ta
                                   sẽ ở đây lúc 6 giờ
                                   (chỉ dùng tương
                                   lai)
              (2) kế hoạch xác     I’m going to paint I was going to
              định (definite plan) my room. Tôi sẽ       paint my room, but
                                   sơn phòng của tôi.    I didn’t have time.
Tôi đã định sơn
                                                           phòng của tôi,
                                                           nhưng không có
                                                           thời gian
can          (1) khả năng, sự có     I can run fast. Tôi   I could run fast
             thể                     có thể chạy nhanh.    when I was a child,
             (ability/possibility)                         but now i can’t.
                                                           Hồi còn bé tôi có
                                                           thể chạy nhanh
                                                           được, nhưng bây
                                                           giờ thì không.
             (2) cho phép thân       You can use my
             mật (informal           car tomorrow. Bạn
             permission)             có thể sử dụng xe
                                     tôi ngày mai.
             (3) yêu cầu lịch sự     Can I borrow your
             thân mật                pen? Cho tôi mượn
             (informal polite        bút nhé?
             request)
             (4) impossibility   That can’t be true.       That can’t have
             (không có khả năng Không thể có thật          been true. Điều đó
             (phủ định)          được.                     đã không thể có
                                                           thật được.
could        (1) khả năng quá                              I could run fast
             khứ (past ability)                            when I was a child.
                                                           Hồi còn bé tôi chạy
                                                           nhanh được
             (2) yêu cầu lịch sựCould I borrow
             (polite request)   your pen? Cho
                                mượn bút nhé
             (3) gợi ý          - I need help in           You could have
             (suggestion)       math. You could            talked to your
                                talk to your               teacher. Bạn đã có
                                teacher. Tôi cần           thể nói với GV.
                                giúp đỡ môn toán.
                                Bạn có thể nói GV
             (4) < 50% chắc     - Where’s John?            He could have
             chắn (less than    He could be at             been at home. Nó
             50% certainty)     home. John đâu?            đã có thể ở nhà
                                Nó có thể ở nhà.
             (5) impossibility  That couldn’t be           That couldn’t have
             (không có khả năng true. Không thể có         been true. Điều đó
             (phủ định)         thật được.                 đã không thể có
                                                           thật được.
be able to   (1) khả năng            I am able to help     I was able to help
             (ability)               you. I will be able   him. Tôi đã có thể
                                     to help you. Tôi có   giúp hắn.
                                     thể sẽ giúp bạn.
would        (1) yêu cầu lịch sự     Would you please
             (polite request)        pass the salt? Bạn
đưa giùm muối ạ?
                                           Would you mind
                                           if I left early?
                     (2) ưa thích          I would rather go     I would rather
                     (preference )         to the park than      have gone to the
                                           stay home.            park. Tôi đã thích
                                                                 đi công viên hơn.
                     (3) repeated action                         When I was a child,
                     in the past. Hành                           I would visit my
                     động lập trong quá                          grandparents every
                     khứ                                         weekend. Hồi còn
                                                                 nhỏ, tôi thường đến
                                                                 thăm ông bà tôi
                                                                 mỗi cuối tuần
used to              (1) repeated action                         I used to visit my
                     in the past. Hành                           grandparents every
                     động lập trong quá                          weekend. tôi
                     khứ                                         thường đến thăm
                                                                 ông bà tôi mỗi cuối
                                                                 tuần
shall                (1) câu hỏi lịch sự   Shall I open the
                     để gợi ý (polite      window. Tôi mở
                     question to make a    cửa dổ nhé
                     suggestion)
                     (2) chỉ tương lai.,   I shall/will arrive
                     dùng với “I” và       at nine. Will phổ
                     “we”                  biến hơn.
EXERCISE
1. Al painted his bedroom black. It looks dark and dreary. He_______a different colo
      A. had yo choose
                      ĐỘNG TỪ
              1. Động từ + to + động từ ( nguyên thể)
              Phủ định: V + not to + V (infinitive)
            Ex: I refuse to answer his question
              Một số động từ dạng này:
            Afford : đủ tiền/ khả năng                   Dare        : dám
            Agree : đồng ý                               Dicide      : quyết định
            Appear : có vẻ                               Fail        : thất bại
            Arrange : xếp đặt                            forget      : quên
            Attempt : cố gắng                            Hope        : hy vọng
            Learn     : học                              Promise     : hứa
            Manage : điều khiển                          Refuse      : từ chối
            Offer     : sẵn sàng, giúp                   Seem        : dường như
            Pretend : Giả vờ                             Tend        : xu hướng
            Plan      : dự định                          Threaten    : dọa
              2. Tình từ + To + động từ (nguyên thể):
            Ex: I’m glad to see you again
            Một số tính từ:
            Glad      : vui vẻ                           Content     : vừa lòng
            Happy : Hạnh phúc                            Relived     : khuây khỏa
Pleased : Vui                                    Lucky          : May mắn
           fortunate : may                                  Sad: buồn
           Delight : vui                                    Upset :buồn
              3.Động từ + where/ what/ when/how + to + nguyên thể:
           Ex: I don’t know how to do this
              4.          Động từ + in order to/ so as to + nguyên thể
           Ex: I go out so as to see the machine
           ( Tôi ra ngoài để xem cái máy)
              5. Động từ + túc từ + to nguyên thể
           Ex: He asked me to come in
              Một số động từ:
           Enable : tạo điều kiện                           Remind         : nhắc nhở
           Force        : bắt buộc                          Persuade       : thuyết phục
           Get          : thuyết phục                       Teach : dạy
           Invite       : mời                               Tell: kể
           Order        : ra lệnh                           Warn : cảnh báo
              Dạng bị động:
           Be + P.P + to + nguyên thể
           Ex: I was asked to come in
              6. V + to (nguyên thể) or V-ing
           Ex: it starts to rain
                 it starts raining
           Một số động từ :           Begin, start (bắt đầu), continue (tiếp tục), intend
           (dự định), can’t bear (không chịu nổi), can’t stand, commence (bắt đầu)
           V + to + v/v-ing (đổi nghĩa)
           Try + to V0 ( cố gắng)                    Need + to Vo (cần thiết)
           Try + V-ing (thử)                         Need + V-ing ( bị động)

                                                           To + Vo: Chuyện chưa xáy ra
           Remember, forget, reget( hối hận) +             V-ing : xảy ra rồi
Ex1: I need to learn English.
Ex2: My car needs washing. (to be washed)
           7. V + V-ing ( động từ thêm ing)
           Một số động từ dạng này:
              Amit : nhận                                  Involve        : quan tâm
              Avoid : tránh                                Miss           : bỏ lở
              Consider: xem như                            Pospone        : hoản lại
              Delay : hoản lại                             Pratice        : thực hành
              Enjoy : thích thú                            Regret         : hối hận
              Fancy : tưởng tượng                          Risk           :liều, mạo hiểm
              Finish : hoàn thành                          Stop           : dừng lại
              Imagine: tưởng tượng                         Suggest        : đề nghị
              Ex: I enjoy listening to music
                                                                          V-ing
             Advise, permit, suggest, allow, ban, forbid+                 O + to Vo

             8. Động từ + giơií từ + V-ing
             Ex: I give up smoking
             Giới từ:      in, on, that, under, off, of, beneath, above, up,etc...
             9. Động từ + túc từ + giới từ + V-ing
Ex: My mother prevents me from smoking
             (Mẹ tôi ngăn tôi hút thuốc)
             10. Go + V-ing
             Ex: Do you go swimming?
             11. Thành ngữ + V-ing
             Một số thành ngữ:
                    It’s (no) good        : không tốt
                    It’s (no) use         : không lợi ích
                    It’s (not) worth      : không giá trị
                    There’s is no point in: không cần thiết
                    Spend/ waste (time/ money)
                    Have + difficultty/ trouble/ fun/ a good time
             12. Động từ + động từ ( không to)
           ` Ex: He make her cry
             Một số động từ dạng này
           Make     : làm
           Let      : để cho              Know/help (có hoặc không có to)

             Have (nhờ) + someone + V0 = get + someone + to V
             Get/Have + O + V3/ed = ask + someone + to V
             Ex1: I had my brother carry my suitcase.
             Ex2: I got my watch repaired.
                13.    V-ing (chủ động) : This film is interesting
                       V-ed ( bị động ) : I’m interested in the film
               14. It’s time + someone + quá khứ đơn
               Ex: It’s time we went home
                       Had better                         Nên
                       Ought to                           Nên
                       Be able to           + Vo          Có thể
                       Used to                            Thường ở quá khứ
               Be used to + V-ing ( thường ở hiện tại)
               See, watch, hear
               Notice, feel, listen to             Vo / V-ing
                                            Vo
                 Would rather +             Someone + simple past
                 Ex: I’d rather you cooked the dinner now
                       ( Tôi muốn (thích) bạn nấu cơm chiều ngay bây giờ)
1. Let’s not (argue) about it
2. He was made (work) twenty hours a day
3. Miss prouty made the boys (stay) in after school
4. I’d rather (work) on the land than (work) in a factory
5. You’d better not (go) near the edge
6. My mother helped me (do) my homework
7. He was known ( have) had a quick temper as a boy
8. I saw him (be) taken away by the police
10. I’ll have you (speak) English in 6 months
11. You shut the door quietly so as (not/wake) the baby
12. It’s nogood (swim) alone in a big river
13. I can’t afford (buy) a house
14. She is able (work) as a secretary
15. Joe used (get) up late 5 years ago
16. Now Joe is used to (get) up early
17. There is no point in (go) there by bus
18. My sister advises (read) more books
19. I learn how (ride) a bicycle
20. Please show me where (go)
21. He was kind (help) me
22. John always remembers (lock) the door when he goes out
23. They accused him of (steal) their purse
24. Practise (write) essays everyday!
25. He is the First (arrive)
26. My bicycle needs (repair)
27. Jane had the waiter (bring) her some tea.
28. When I walked into my office, I found George (use) my telephone.
29. Edward stood on the beach (look) out over the ocean.
30. When I walked into my office, I caught a thief (look) through my desk drawers.
II. Rewrite these sentences.
1. He usually smoked in the past. (used to)
2. She usually does morning exercise. (be used to)
3. Jack finds it easy to drive a car. (be used to)
4. They find it difficult to swim across the channel. (not be used to)
5. I will ask someone to paint my house. (have)
6. Jim asked someone to cut his hair. (had)
7. He is now sorry that he didn’t study harder when he was at college. (regret)
8. Could you turn the radio down, please? (mind)
9. The sudden noise caused me to jump. (made)
10. The batteries in this radio need changing. (need to)
11. Tom went to bed but first he had a hot drink. (before)
12. The plane took off and soon afterwards it crashed. (soon after)
13. We didn’t eat at home. We went to a restaurant instead. (instead of)
14. You put people’s lives in danger if you drive dangerously. (by)
15. He hurt his leg but he managed to win the race. (in spite of)
16. Bill is a very good cook. (good at)
17. I don’t intend to lend her any money. (have no intention of)
18. George took more exercise and so lost weight. (by)
19. He was angry with me because I was late. (angry…with…for)
20. Tom thinks that doing nothing is better than working. (prefer…to)


Exercise:
                                   ͢
     1. I don’t blame you for not________ outside in this awful weather.
         A. wanting to go     B. to have had    C. to have     D. having
2. I think I hear someone ________ the back window. Do you hear it, too?
         A. trying often      B. trying to open C. trying open        D. try to open
3. When Alan was questioned by the police, he amitted knowing about the
embezzlement of funds from his company, but he dinied ________ in anyway
                       A. to be involved        B. involving
                       C. having involved       D. being involved
4. Mr. Lee was upset by ________him the truth.
                       A. our not having told   B. us not tell
C. we didn’r tell           D. not to tell
5. We considered________after work
                        A. to go shop               B. going shoping
                        C. going to shop            D. to go to shop
6. Jack offerd________ care of my garden while I was out of town.
        A take          B. taking                   C. to have taken        D. to take
7. Could you please come over ? I need you________ the refrigerator.
                        A. help me moving           B. helping me to move
                        C. to help me move          D. help me to move
8. I just hear that there’s been a major accident that has all of the traffic tied up. If we
want to get to the play on time, we’d better avoid ________ the highway.
        A. having taken         B. take                     C. to take              D.
taking
9. The painting was beautiful. I stood there________it for a long time.
        A. for admiring         B. being admired    C. admire               D. admiring
10. Jim should have asked for help instead________ to do it himself.
        A. of trying            B. to try           C. try                  D. from trying
11. A plan with an engine on fire approached the runway. ________ was frightening.
There could have been a terrible accident.
                        A. watching it landing      B. watching it land
                        C. To watch to it land      D. Watching to landed
12. The costoms officer opened the suitcase________ if anything illegal was being
brought into the country.
        A. seeing       B. for seeing               C. see                  D. to see
13. Sometimes very young children have trouble________ fact from fiction and may
believe that dragons acctually exist.
                        A. to separate              C. separating
                        C. to be separated          D. for separating
14. Do you have an excuse________ late to class two days in a row ?
        A. for to be            B. for being        C. to be                D. being
15. Jack made me ________ him next week.
                        A. to promsise to call      B. to promise calling
                        C. promise to call          D. promise calling
16. I got Barbara________ her car for the weekend.
                        A. to let me to borrow      B. let me borrow
                        C. to let me borrow         D. let me to borrow
17. I’ll never forget________ that race. What a thrill !
        A. to win               B. win              C. being won            D. winning
18. No one has better qualifications. Carol is certain________ for the job.
        A. to choose            B. having chosen    C. to be chosen         D.being chosen
19. I was enjoying my book, but I stopped ________ a program on TV
                        A. reading to watch         B. to read to watch
                        C. to read for watching     D. reading for to watch

20. Who is the women talking to Mr. Quinn? I don’t recall ________ her around the
office before.
        A. to have seen     B. seeing             C. to see          D. being seeing
21. Roger proved that the accident wasn’t his fault by________ two witnesses who
testified in his favor.
        A. produce          B. produced           C. to produced     D. producing
22. The front door is warped from the humidity. We have a difficult time________it.
        A. open               B. to open           C. having opened D. opening
23. I stood up at the meeting and demanded________. At last, I got the chance to
express my opinion.
24. Did you ever finish ________ the office for that new client of yours?
        A. to design          B. designing         C. designed D. having designed
25. It’s a beautiful day, and I have my brother’s boat. Would you like to go?
        A. to sail            B. sailing           C. to sailing        D. for sailing
26. I called a plumber________ the kitchen sink.
        A. for repairing      B. for to repair     C. to repair D.to be repaired
27. I’m anrgy because you didn’t tell me the truth. I don’t like________
                       A. deceiving                B. to deceive
                       C. being decived            D. having decieved
28. A good teacher makes her students________ the world from new perspectives.
        A. to view            B. viewing           C. view       D. to be viewed
29. Please remember________ your hand during the test if you have a question.
        A. raising            B. to raise          C. having raiseed    D. to have
raised
30. It is important ________ care of your health.
         A. to take           B. to be taken       C. take              D. taken

31. ________in restaurant as often as they do is very expensive.
                      A. being eaten              B. having eaten
                      C. having been eating       D. eating
32. I expect Mary_______here early tonight. She should arrive in the next half hour.
        A. to come            B. coming           C. having come       D.to have come
33. I avised my niece not_______at an early age.
                      A. marrying                 B. to marry
                      C. being married            D. to have been married
34. Shhh. I hear someone_______in the distance. Do you here it, too?
        A. shout              B. shouted          C. to shout            D. shouting
35. I don’t understand_______your job so suddenly. Why did you do that?
                      A. your quitting            B. you to have quit
                      C. to quit                  D. you quit
36. Last night, we saw a mtero_______through the sky.
                      A. streaked                 B. to streak
                      C. streak                   D. to have streaked
37. My parents wouldn’t let me_______up late when I was a child.
        A. to be stay         B. staying          C. to stay     D. stay
38. Children should be encouraged_______their individual interests.
        A. develop            B. to be developed C. to develop D. developing
39. This room is to dark. We need_______a lighter shade.
                      A. to have it painted       B. to be painted
                      C. painting it              C. to have it paint

40. I’m sorry. I never graduated. I’ve always regretted not_______ colleage.
       A. to finish          B. finish            C. finished D. having finishing


SỰ HÒA HỢP
I. SỰ HÒA HỢP GIỮA CHỦ TỪ VÀ ĐỘNG TỪ
1. Chủ từ số ít + Động từ số ít
         Ex: Mary is a student
2. Chủ từ số nhiều + Động từ số nhiều
         Ex: Doctors work in hopitals
Danh từ số nhiều thường tận cùng bằng s/es (ta thêm s/es để thnàh lập danh từ
số nhiều).
         Doctor→ Doctors
* Một số danh từ không theo qui tắc
- Một số danh từ số nhiều không tận cùng bằng s/es, khi nó có nguồn gốc latinh:
Số ít
Criterion              tiêu chuẩn                                  criteria
Phenomenon             hiện tượng                                  phenomena
Cactus                 xương rồng                                  cactuses/ cacti
Stimulus               vật kích thích                              stimuli
Syllabus               chương trình học tập                        syllabi
Vertebra               đốt sống                                    vertebrae
Appendix               mục lục                                     appendices/ dixes
Bacterium              vi khuẩn                                    bacteria
Formala                công thức                                   formulae/ formulas
- Một số danh từ đặc biệt
Person → people/ persons, wife → wives, man → men, child → children, mouse →
mice, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, ox → oxen, goose → geese, woman → women
Danh từ số ít tận cùng bằng S:
     News : Tin tức
     Môn học: physic (lý học), economics (kinh tế học), statistics (thống kê học),
         maths/ mathematics (toán học).
     Bệnh: Measles (bệnh sởi), mumps (bệnh quai hàm), rickrets (bệnh còi xương)
     Tên riêng: Wales, the United State, the United Nation, the Philipines.
Động từ được dùng ở số ít khi một số chủ từ được kết hợp với những từ/ cụm từ
dưới đây:
Each, every, a, an, either, neither, danh từ không đếm được, danh từ số ít tận cùng
bằng s, little, much, a great deal of, v-ing, the number of, số lượng tiền (ten dollars),
thời gian (3 hours), đoạn đường ( six miles), noone, someone, somebody, something,
nothing, nobody, anything, anyone, anybody.
         Ex: Everyone has a book
Động từ được dùng ở số nhiều khi một số chủ từ số nhiều được kết hợp với
những từ/ cụm từ dưới đây :
Many, a few, a number of, several, both ... and, danh từ số nhiều, the +adj
         Ex: The rich are usually happy.
3. Danh từ số ít cũng như số nhiều
Deer (con nai), fish, means (phương tiện), sheep (con cừu), spieces (loài)
Ex: one deer is….; two deer are….
Not only ... but also, either ... or, neither ... nor: Động từ đi với chủ từ gần nhất.
         Ex: Not only my sister but also my parents are here
         ( Không những chị gái mà còn cả ba mẹ tôi ở đây nữa).
II. ADJ/DETERRMINER-NOUN AGREEMENT (SỰ HÒA HỢP GIỮA TÍNH
TỪ/ĐỊNH NGỮ VÀ DANH TỪ)
1. that/this book → those/these books
2. every girl → all girls
3. every day → every two days (hai ngày 1 lần)
4. another week → another two weeks (hai tuần nữa)
5. the other book is → the other books are
III. SỰ HÒA HỢP GIỮA DANH TỪ VÀ ĐẠI TỪ
1. Đại từ nhân xưng bất định:
Ex1: Somebody left his book on the desk. Formal (cách nói trịnh trọng)
Ex2: Everyone has his/her ideas. Formal
Ex3: Somebody left their book on the desk. Informal (cách nói thân mật hằng ngày)
Ex2: Everyone has their ideas. Informal
Ex5: One should take care of one’s/his health.
Ex6: One should take care of his or her health.
2. Danh từ tập hợp.
Audience (khán giả), couple (cặp), family, class, public, crowd, government, staff,
committee, falculty (khoa), group, team.
a. Khi một danh từ tập hợp đề cập đến một đơn vị không nhân xưng duy nhất,
đại từ it, its được dùng
Ex: My family is large. It is composed of nine members.
b. Khi danh từ tập hợp đề cập đến một tập hợp các cá nhân khác nhau, một đại
từ số nhiều they, them, their được dùng.
Ex: My family is loving and supportive. They are always ready to help me.
c. Đại từ phản thân (reflexive pronouns).
She/her → herself (chính cô ấy)
He/him → himself (chính anh ấy
It → itself (chính nó)
I/me → myself (chính tôi)
We/us → ourselves (chính chúng tôi)
You → yourself (chính bạn), yourselves (chính các bạn)
They/them → themselves (chính họ)
Ex1: They advised her to take care of herself.
Ex2: He answered the phone himself.
LƯỢNG TỪ (EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY)
Lượng từ                       Được dùng với danh từ     Được dùng với danh từ K
                               ĐĐ                        ĐĐ
one, each, every               apple (táo) số ít         Ø
Two, both, a couple of,        apples                    Ø
three, a few, several,
many, a number of
a little, much, a great deal Ø                           water
of
not any, no, some, a lot of, apple                       water
lots of, plenty of, most, all


Exercise
1.The science classes at this______difficult.
       A. schools are        B. school is       C. school are      D.school’s is
2. One of the______from Italy.
       A. student is         B. students are    C. student are     D. students is
3. ______to support the case against Janes?
A. Is there any proof                 B. Are there any proof
        C. Is there any proofs                       D. Are there any proofs
4. You have to pay extra if you take too______with you.
        A. much luggages B. many luggages C. much luggage D.many luggage
5. ______in your class have tickets for the lecture series?
        A. Do any of the student                     B. Does any of the student
        C. Do any of the students                    D. Does any of the students
6. Bob got fired. It’s going to be difficult for him to find______job.
        A. other               B. another            C. the other            D. the another
7. There______ available in his area of specializatiion.
        A. isn’t a lot of job                        B. aren’t a lot of jobs
        C. isn’t a lot of jobs                       D. aren’t a lot of job
8. He made the soup by mixing______ meat with some rice.
        A. little              B. few                C. a little             D. a few
9. Many of the______not expect to win.
        A. participants in the race do               B. participants in the races does
        C. participants in the race does             D. participants in the race does
10. The English______strong traditions.
        A. has many            B. have much          C. have many            D. has much
11. ______moved to that cidy recently.
        A. A number of Vietnamese have               B. A number Vietnamese has
        C. The number of Vietnamese has              D. The number of Vietnamese have
12. Each of the reference______available in the school library.
        A. books on that list is                     B. books on that list are
        C. book on that list is                      D. book on that list are
13. Several______sleeping under the tree.
        A. of lions were       B. lion was           C. of the lions was D. lions were
14. Many of the______ not used today. They are remnants of the past.
        A. railroad tracks around here are           B. railroad’s track around here is
15. As we walked through the jungle, the______unusually quiet.
        A. monkeys were B. monkeys was               C. monkies werw D.monkies was
16.At the new conference, serveral reporters didn’t get clear answers
to______questiions.
        A. theirs              B. their              C. his and hers         D. his and her
17. I have a______sister.
        A. seven years old B.seven-years-old C. seven-year-old D. seven year olds
18. There______in the world today.
        A. is many new computer company              B. is many computer companies
        C. is many new computers companies D. are many new computer companies
19. Self-esteem is important. It’s important for people to like______.
        A. oneself             B. yourself           C. him/herself          D. themselves
20. What______you used in picking up a winner in the art contest?
        A. is the criteira                           B. are the criteria
        C. are the criterion                         D. are the criterions
21. One of the dinner______broken.
        A. plate is            B. paltes are         C. paltes is            D. plate are
22. Most______hard.
        A. of students work                          B. students work
        C. student works                             D. of stdent works
23. Can you help me? I need ______information.
A. a little           B. little             C. a few              D. few
24. All of the althletes who took part in the international games should be very proud
of______.
        A. himself            B. oneself            C. themselves         D. yourselves
25. Snow and rain______of nature.
        A. are phenomenon B. are phenomena C. is phenomena D. is phenomenon
26. I accidently broke the______by stepping on it. I apologized them for my
carelessness.
        A. child’s toy        B. child’s toys       C. childrens’ toy D. childrens’s toy
27. Our weather is cloudy in the winter. We don’t have _______.
        A. many sunshines                           B. many sunshine
        C. much sunshines                           D. much sunshine
28. Several of my friends are_______repoters.
        A. newspaper                   B. newspapers        C. newspaper’s       D.
newspapers’
29. Construction workers need _______ to build a highway.
        A. an heavy equipment                       B. a heavy equipment
        C. heavy equipments                         D. heavy equipment
30. Our classroom is supplied with _______.
        A. a plenty of chalk                        B. plenty of chalk
        C. several chalks                           D. several chalk
31. Knowing several_______ helpful if you work for an international corporation.
        A. languages are      B. language is        C. languages is       D.language are
32. Two-third of my_______ from the Middle East.
        A. classmates is                            B. classmate are
        C. classmate is                             D. classmates are
33. There _______ in my country.
        A. are a lot of problem                     B. are a lot of problems
        C. is a lot of problems                     D. is a lot of problem
34. Winning a lottery is a rare accurrence. _______ very small.
        A. A number of winners is                   B. The number of winners is
        C. A number of winners are                  D. The number of winners are
35. There are several means of mass communication. The newspaper is one.
Television _______.
        A. other              B. the other          C. another            D. the another
36. Each of the _______ own cage.
        A. birds has their                          B. bird has its
        C. birds have their                         D. birds has its
37. I really need _______. Can we talk ?
        A. some advice        B. an advice          C. some advices       D. advices
38. Every _______ a license plate.
        A. cars have          B. cars has           C. cars has           D. car have
39. The swimming team has done well this year. All of _______ have trained very
hard.
        A. their members                            B. its members
        C. it’s members                             D. theirs members
40. Next week, we’re going to take a _______
        A. three day trips                          B. three-day trip
        C. three days trip                          D. three days’ trip
RELATIVE CLAUSE (MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ)
1. WHO, THAT thay thế chủ từ chỉ người (he, she, they)
Ex: The woman is a singer. She lives next door.
→ The woman who/that lives next door is a singer.
2. WHO, WHOM, THAT, Ø thay thế túc từ chỉ người (him, her, them)
Ex: The girl is pretty. I sometimes see her at the supermarket.
→ The girl who/whom/that/Ø I sometimes see at the supermarket is pretty.
3. WHICH, THAT thay thế cho chủ từ chỉ vật.
Ex: The book is interesting. It is on the table.
→ The book which/that is on the table is interesting.
4. WHICH/THAT/ Ø thay thế túc từ chỉ vật.
Ex: The film is interesting. I have seen it twice.
→ The film which/that/ Ø I have seen twice is interesting.
5. THAT, không dùng WHICH, sau all, everything, nothing, the only, so sánh
nhất.
Ex: Everything that must be done has been done.
THAT không thể thay thế cho WHO, WHOM, WHICH trong mệnh đề quan hệ bất
định.
Ex: New York, which is ice-free in all seasons, is the largest city in the U.S.
6. WHOSE chỉ sở hữu cho người và vật (its, her, his, their, your, Mary’s).
Ex1: The man is teaching us mathematics. His father is a great scientist.
→ The man whose father is a great scientist is teaching us mathematics.
Ex2: The table is made of wood. Its leg is broken.
→ The table whose leg is broken is made of wood.
Có thể dùng of which chỉ sở hữu cho vật.
→ The table, the leg of which is broken, is made of wood.
7. WHERE = GIỚI TỪ + WHICH thay thế cho trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn.
Ex: I love New York. My father is living there.
→ I love New York, where/in which my father is living.
8. WHEN GIỚI TỪ + WHICH thay thế cho trạng từ chỉ thời gian.
Ex: 1997 was the year. I graduated from university in that year.
→ 1997 was the year when/in which I graduated from university.
Note: the day/ the year/ the time (etc.) that….
Ex: Do you still remember the day that we first met.
9. WHY, THE REASON (WHY) thay thế cho trạng từ chỉ lí do.
Ex: The reason (why/that) I’m phoning you is to invite you to the party.
10. WHAT = THE THING(S) THAT; THE WAY/HOW.
Ex1: Did you hear what I said? (= the words that I said)
Ex2: This is the way/how he did it.
11. PRE (GIỚI TỪ) + WHICH/WHOM
EX: This is Mr Carter. I was telling you about him.
→ This is Mr Carter, who I was telling you about. (not whom)
→ This is Mr Carter, about whom I was telling you.
12. Lượng từ (ALL, MOST, NONE, MANY, MUCH, (A) FEW, EACH, BOTH,
NEITHER, HALF, EITHER, ONE/TWO, etc. + giới từ (of, among…) +
WHICH/WHOM
Ex: Norman won $ 20,000. He gave half of it to his parents.
→ Norman won $ 20,000, half of which he gave to his parents.
13. WHICH thay thế cho it, this, that, bổ nghĩa cho cả câu.
Ex: Minh married Linh. This surprised us.
→ Minh married Linh, which surprised us.
14. Cách giảm của mệnh đề quan hệ.
Khi giảm, bỏ đại từ quan hệ và đưa động từ về nguyên thể, thêm –ing. Nếu bị động
thì bỏ luôn to be
a. Dùng present participle (HTPT).
Ex: Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?
→ Do you know the girl talking to Tom?
b. Dùng past participle (QKPT).
Ex: The man who was injured in the accident was taken to hospital.
→ The man injured in the accident was taken to hospital.

EXERCISE
I. Combine the two sentences, using relative pronouns.
1. The students are from China. They sit in the front row.
2. Algebra problems contain letters. They stand for unknown numbers.
3. I liked the woman. I met her at the party last night.
4. The man is standing overthere. I was telling you about him.
5. I lave to call the man. I accidentally picked up his umbrella after the meeting.
6. The man poured a glass of water on his face. His beard caught on fire when he lit a
cigarette.
7. The city was beautiful. We spent our vacation there.
8. July is the month. The weather is usually the hottest in that month.
9. Mr Lee teaches chemistry. I met him yesterday.
10. After the riot, over one hundred people were taken to the hospital. Many of them
had been innocent bystanders.
11. They own an original Picasso painting. The value of the painting is over a million
dollars.
12. I shut the car door on my necktie. That was really stupid of me.
II. Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases.
1. There’s someone who is knocking at the door.
2. What can you do about a dog which is barking all night?
3. Customers who complain about the service should see the manager.
4. Trains which leave from this station take an hour to get to London.
5. Passengers who travel on planes shouldn’t smoke.
6. The experiment which was conducted at the university of Chicago was successful.
7. The photographs which were published in the newspaper were extraordinary.
8. We have an apartment which overlooks the park.

MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG TỪ (ADVERBIAL CLAUSES)
I. Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ thời gian:
       Nối với mệnh đề chính bằng những liên từ when, after, before, as soon as
(ngay khi), since (kể từ khi), while (trong khi), until, till.
       Ex: You didn’t look very well when you got up this morning.
III. Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn:
    -Những từ nối với mệnh đề chính như : where, wherever, anywhere, evereywhere
       Ex: You can’t camp where you like these days.
III. Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ lý do:
        Because, as, since, seeing that (bởi vì)
-    Sau nó dùng mệnh đề, sau because of dùng cụm từ (v-ing, danh từ) hay due to
        Ex: Because there was little support, the strike was not successful.
→ Because of the very little support, the strike was not successful
IV. Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ điều kiện:
        Assuming (that): Giả sử rằng, if, on condition (that): điều kiện là, as long as:
miễn là, unless (if not): trừ phi
        Ex: He will fail the test unless he studies well.
V. Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ:
        Athough, eventhough, though, even if (mặc dù), no matter what (what ever):
dù gì đi nữa.
        In spite of/ despite: mặc dù, sau nó dùng cụm từ V-ing, noun.
        Ex: I’m going to buy a computer eventhough I haven’t got much money/
inspite of (despite) not having got much money.
VI. Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ mục đích:
        So that
        In order that                 (để mà) + mệnh đề (S + can/could/will/may,etc..)
        To, so as to
        In order to                    Vo
        Ex: I’ve arrive early so that/ in order that I may/ can/ will/ get a good view
of the procession.
→ I’ve arrived early to/ so as to/ in order to get good view of the procession
VII. Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ kết quả:
        So + adj/ adv that (quá đến nổi mà)
        So + adj/adv + that …not = Too + adj/adv + to (quá đến nổi không thể)
        Such + (adj) n + that + mệnh đề
        Not + adj + enough to V
        Too + adj/adv + to V
        Ex: The coffee is so hot that I can not drink it
→ The coffee is too hot (for me) to drink
→ It is such hot coffee that I can’t drink it.

EXERCISE
1. Mr. Jackson hopes to avoid surgery. He will not agree to the operation_______ he
is convinced that it is absolutely necessary.
VIII. SO SÁNH (COMPARISON)
1. So sánh hơn
a. Tính từ và trạng từ 1 vần, và 1 số tính từ 2 vần tận cùng bằng –y, -le, -ow, -er, -et.
ADV/ADJ + -ER + (THAN)
Ex: The examination was easier than we expected.
Simple → simpler; narrow → narrower; quiet → quieter; clever → cleverer
b. Tính từ và trạng từ nhiều vần: MORE + ADJ/ADV + (THAN)
Ex: Her illness was more serious than we at first thought.
Notes:
Much, very much, far, a little, a bit, a lot, any, no, even, still + ADV/ADJ so sánh
hơn
2. So sánh nhất
a. Tính từ và trạng từ 1 vần, và 1 số tính từ 2 vần tận cùng bằng –y, -le, -ow, -er, -et.
THE + ADJ/ADV + EST
Ex: Yesterday was the hottest day of the year.
Narrow → (the) narrowest
Ngữ pháp
Ngữ pháp
Ngữ pháp
Ngữ pháp
Ngữ pháp
Ngữ pháp
Ngữ pháp
Ngữ pháp
Ngữ pháp
Ngữ pháp
Ngữ pháp
Ngữ pháp
Ngữ pháp
Ngữ pháp
Ngữ pháp
Ngữ pháp
Ngữ pháp
Ngữ pháp
Ngữ pháp
Ngữ pháp
Ngữ pháp

Más contenido relacionado

Was ist angesagt?

Pasado simple y participio de los verbos irregulares en Inglés.
Pasado simple y participio de los verbos irregulares en Inglés.Pasado simple y participio de los verbos irregulares en Inglés.
Pasado simple y participio de los verbos irregulares en Inglés.Juan Mira
 
Giáo trình ôn luyện thi vào lớp 10 (tập 3
Giáo trình ôn luyện thi vào lớp 10 (tập 3Giáo trình ôn luyện thi vào lớp 10 (tập 3
Giáo trình ôn luyện thi vào lớp 10 (tập 3AnAuCoeur
 
Giáo trình ôn luyện thi vào lớp 10 (tập 3
Giáo trình ôn luyện thi vào lớp 10 (tập 3Giáo trình ôn luyện thi vào lớp 10 (tập 3
Giáo trình ôn luyện thi vào lớp 10 (tập 3AnAuCoeur
 
Irregular Verbs 3 & 4 ESO
Irregular Verbs 3 & 4 ESOIrregular Verbs 3 & 4 ESO
Irregular Verbs 3 & 4 ESOPepe Bellés
 
50 common irregular_verbs_list
50 common irregular_verbs_list50 common irregular_verbs_list
50 common irregular_verbs_listMaria Loredo
 
Chart of Irregular Verbs
Chart of Irregular VerbsChart of Irregular Verbs
Chart of Irregular VerbsRoger Aguirre
 
Basic verbs
Basic verbsBasic verbs
Basic verbsdlhervas
 
Irregular verbs 7th grade
Irregular verbs 7th gradeIrregular verbs 7th grade
Irregular verbs 7th gradevickytg123
 
กริยา 3 ช่อง
กริยา 3 ช่อง กริยา 3 ช่อง
กริยา 3 ช่อง pingpingmum
 
English verbs conjugation
English verbs conjugationEnglish verbs conjugation
English verbs conjugationEstela Marcía
 
Irregular Verbs 1 & 2 Bachillerato
Irregular Verbs 1 & 2 BachilleratoIrregular Verbs 1 & 2 Bachillerato
Irregular Verbs 1 & 2 BachilleratoPepe Bellés
 
125 verbos irregulares en ingles en 12 grupos
125 verbos irregulares en ingles en 12 grupos125 verbos irregulares en ingles en 12 grupos
125 verbos irregulares en ingles en 12 gruposCherye alarc?
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Pasado simple y participio de los verbos irregulares en Inglés.
Pasado simple y participio de los verbos irregulares en Inglés.Pasado simple y participio de los verbos irregulares en Inglés.
Pasado simple y participio de los verbos irregulares en Inglés.
 
Giáo trình ôn luyện thi vào lớp 10 (tập 3
Giáo trình ôn luyện thi vào lớp 10 (tập 3Giáo trình ôn luyện thi vào lớp 10 (tập 3
Giáo trình ôn luyện thi vào lớp 10 (tập 3
 
Giáo trình ôn luyện thi vào lớp 10 (tập 3
Giáo trình ôn luyện thi vào lớp 10 (tập 3Giáo trình ôn luyện thi vào lớp 10 (tập 3
Giáo trình ôn luyện thi vào lớp 10 (tập 3
 
Irregular Verbs
Irregular VerbsIrregular Verbs
Irregular Verbs
 
Irregular Verbs 3 & 4 ESO
Irregular Verbs 3 & 4 ESOIrregular Verbs 3 & 4 ESO
Irregular Verbs 3 & 4 ESO
 
50 common irregular_verbs_list
50 common irregular_verbs_list50 common irregular_verbs_list
50 common irregular_verbs_list
 
Irregular verbs
Irregular verbsIrregular verbs
Irregular verbs
 
Chart of Irregular Verbs
Chart of Irregular VerbsChart of Irregular Verbs
Chart of Irregular Verbs
 
Basic verbs
Basic verbsBasic verbs
Basic verbs
 
Irregular verbs 7th grade
Irregular verbs 7th gradeIrregular verbs 7th grade
Irregular verbs 7th grade
 
กริยา 3 ช่อง
กริยา 3 ช่อง กริยา 3 ช่อง
กริยา 3 ช่อง
 
89389771 tabla-de-verbos-en-pasado-simple
89389771 tabla-de-verbos-en-pasado-simple89389771 tabla-de-verbos-en-pasado-simple
89389771 tabla-de-verbos-en-pasado-simple
 
Irregular verbs list
Irregular verbs listIrregular verbs list
Irregular verbs list
 
Verb list irregular
Verb list irregularVerb list irregular
Verb list irregular
 
Simple past
Simple pastSimple past
Simple past
 
Irregulares
IrregularesIrregulares
Irregulares
 
English verbs conjugation
English verbs conjugationEnglish verbs conjugation
English verbs conjugation
 
Irregular Verbs 1 & 2 Bachillerato
Irregular Verbs 1 & 2 BachilleratoIrregular Verbs 1 & 2 Bachillerato
Irregular Verbs 1 & 2 Bachillerato
 
Irregular verb
Irregular verbIrregular verb
Irregular verb
 
125 verbos irregulares en ingles en 12 grupos
125 verbos irregulares en ingles en 12 grupos125 verbos irregulares en ingles en 12 grupos
125 verbos irregulares en ingles en 12 grupos
 

Ähnlich wie Ngữ pháp

Ähnlich wie Ngữ pháp (20)

SIMPLE PAST
SIMPLE PASTSIMPLE PAST
SIMPLE PAST
 
List of irregular verbs
List of irregular verbsList of irregular verbs
List of irregular verbs
 
Irregular verb
Irregular verbIrregular verb
Irregular verb
 
Irregular verbs
Irregular verbsIrregular verbs
Irregular verbs
 
Verb Tense - Simple Past
Verb Tense - Simple PastVerb Tense - Simple Past
Verb Tense - Simple Past
 
Verbos irregulares
Verbos irregularesVerbos irregulares
Verbos irregulares
 
Irregulars Bookmark
Irregulars BookmarkIrregulars Bookmark
Irregulars Bookmark
 
Lista de palavras em inglês verbos irregulares
Lista de palavras em inglês   verbos irregularesLista de palavras em inglês   verbos irregulares
Lista de palavras em inglês verbos irregulares
 
Irregular verb-list
Irregular verb-listIrregular verb-list
Irregular verb-list
 
Irregular verbs in English
Irregular verbs in EnglishIrregular verbs in English
Irregular verbs in English
 
IRREGULAR VERB
IRREGULAR VERBIRREGULAR VERB
IRREGULAR VERB
 
Irregular verbs
Irregular verbsIrregular verbs
Irregular verbs
 
List of irregular verbs
List of irregular verbsList of irregular verbs
List of irregular verbs
 
Language arts study guide second period 7 bd
Language arts study guide second period 7 bdLanguage arts study guide second period 7 bd
Language arts study guide second period 7 bd
 
Bảng động từ bất quy tắc
Bảng động từ bất quy tắcBảng động từ bất quy tắc
Bảng động từ bất quy tắc
 
Irregular Verbs Fourth Period
Irregular Verbs Fourth PeriodIrregular Verbs Fourth Period
Irregular Verbs Fourth Period
 
List of verbs
List of verbsList of verbs
List of verbs
 
Lista de verbos irregulares en inglés
Lista de verbos irregulares en inglésLista de verbos irregulares en inglés
Lista de verbos irregulares en inglés
 
Verbos irreglares
Verbos irreglaresVerbos irreglares
Verbos irreglares
 
English grammar-for-beginners
English grammar-for-beginnersEnglish grammar-for-beginners
English grammar-for-beginners
 

Mehr von Nguyễn Thị Chi

Mehr von Nguyễn Thị Chi (20)

Chuyên mục giới thiệu sách mới
Chuyên mục giới thiệu sách mớiChuyên mục giới thiệu sách mới
Chuyên mục giới thiệu sách mới
 
Giới thiệu sách mới
Giới thiệu sách mớiGiới thiệu sách mới
Giới thiệu sách mới
 
Powerpoint
PowerpointPowerpoint
Powerpoint
 
Thuat xu the cua nguoi xua 659
Thuat xu the cua nguoi xua 659Thuat xu the cua nguoi xua 659
Thuat xu the cua nguoi xua 659
 
Tam hon cao thuong
Tam hon cao thuongTam hon cao thuong
Tam hon cao thuong
 
Nhung buyoc duong tu tuong cua toi 961
Nhung buyoc duong tu tuong cua toi 961Nhung buyoc duong tu tuong cua toi 961
Nhung buyoc duong tu tuong cua toi 961
 
Hoc lam nguoi 455
Hoc lam nguoi 455Hoc lam nguoi 455
Hoc lam nguoi 455
 
Tu vung tieng anh trai cay
Tu vung tieng anh trai cayTu vung tieng anh trai cay
Tu vung tieng anh trai cay
 
Ngu phap thuong_dung
Ngu phap thuong_dungNgu phap thuong_dung
Ngu phap thuong_dung
 
Luyen dich tieng_anh
Luyen dich tieng_anhLuyen dich tieng_anh
Luyen dich tieng_anh
 
Loi chuc sms
Loi chuc smsLoi chuc sms
Loi chuc sms
 
1001 bai viet_tieng_anh_cho_nguoi_moi_hoc_-_phan_1
1001 bai viet_tieng_anh_cho_nguoi_moi_hoc_-_phan_11001 bai viet_tieng_anh_cho_nguoi_moi_hoc_-_phan_1
1001 bai viet_tieng_anh_cho_nguoi_moi_hoc_-_phan_1
 
76 tieng anh yeu em
76 tieng anh yeu em76 tieng anh yeu em
76 tieng anh yeu em
 
Hoc tieng anh
Hoc tieng anhHoc tieng anh
Hoc tieng anh
 
300 cau tieng anh
300 cau tieng anh300 cau tieng anh
300 cau tieng anh
 
Chính sách bổ sung vốn tài liệu trường tiểu học chu văn an
Chính sách bổ sung vốn tài liệu trường tiểu học chu văn anChính sách bổ sung vốn tài liệu trường tiểu học chu văn an
Chính sách bổ sung vốn tài liệu trường tiểu học chu văn an
 
Anhyeuht 120112140632-phpapp01
Anhyeuht 120112140632-phpapp01Anhyeuht 120112140632-phpapp01
Anhyeuht 120112140632-phpapp01
 
76 tieng anh yeu em
76 tieng anh yeu em76 tieng anh yeu em
76 tieng anh yeu em
 
Tách phông bằng công cụ refine edge trong cs5
Tách phông bằng công cụ refine edge trong cs5Tách phông bằng công cụ refine edge trong cs5
Tách phông bằng công cụ refine edge trong cs5
 
Bai tapnhom dangmo
Bai tapnhom dangmoBai tapnhom dangmo
Bai tapnhom dangmo
 

Ngữ pháp

  • 1. ĐỘNG TỪ BẤT QUI TẮC (IRREGULAR VERBS) arise arose arisen be was/were been bear bore borne/born become became become begin began begun bend bent bent bet bet bet bid bid bid bind bound bound bite bit bitten bleed bled bled blow blew blown break broke broken breed bred bred bring brought brought broadcast broadcast broadcast build built built burst burst burst buy bought bought cast cast cast catch caught caught choose chose chosen cling clung clung come came come cost cost cost creep crept crept cut cut cut deal dealt dealt dig dug dug do did done draw drew drawn eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found fit fit fit flee fled fled fling flung flung fly flew flown forbid forbade forbidden forecast forecast forecast forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven forsake forsook forsaken freeze froze frozen get got gotten grind ground ground
  • 2. grow grew grown hang hung hung have had had hear heard heard hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept know knew known lay laid laid lead led led leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain light lit/lighted lit/lighted lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met mislay mislaid mislaid mistake mistook mistaken pay paid paid quit quit quit read read read rid rid rid ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose rosen run ran run say said said see saw seen seek sought sought sell sold sold send sent sent set set set shake shook shaken shed shed shed shine shone/shined shone/shined shoot shot shot show showed shown/showed shrink shrank/shrunk shrunk shut shut shut sing sang sung sit sat sat sleep slept slept slide slid slid slit slit slit speak spoke spoken
  • 3. speed sped/speeded sped/speeded spend spent spent spin spun spun spit spit/spat spit/spat split split split spread spread spread spring sprang/sprung sprung stand stood stood steal stole sotlen stick stuck stuck sting stung stung stink stank/stunk stunk strive strove striven strike struck struck/stricken string strung strung swear swore sworn sweep swept swept swim swam swum swing swung swung take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn tell told told think thought thought throw threw thrown thrust thrust thrust understand understood understood undertake undertook undertaken upset upset unset wake woke/waked woken/waked wear wore worn weave wove woven weep wept wept win won won wind wound wound withdraw withdrew withdrawn wring wrung wrung write wrote written
  • 4. CÁC THÌ TRONG TIẾNG ANH THÌ HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN (Simple present) I. CÔNG THỨC Số nhiều: We/ I/ They/ You + V (Động từ nguyên thể không có “to”) Số ít: He/ She/ It/ Peter + V-s/es II. Chú ý: Cách thêm -s/-es vào động từ số ít Thêm –es vào động từ tận cùng bằng : - o (do/does); -ch (catch/ catches); -s (miss/misses); -x (mix/mixes); -sh (push/pushes) Động từ tận cùng bằng một phụ âm và một nguyên âm Y, Đổi Y thành I rồi thêm –es Ex: Study → studies Động từ tận cùng bằng một nguyên âm và Y: thì không đổi chỉ thêm –s Ex: Play→ plays III. CÁCH DÙNG: 1.Chỉ chân lý ( Sự thật lâu dài) Ex: Winter follows autumn ( Mùa đông đến sau mùa thu) 2.Sự thật ở hiện tại Ex: We live in Cao Lanh city 3. Thói quen ở hiện tại, thường có trạng từ đi kèm : always, usually, normally, typically, commonly, often, frequently, sometimes, seldom, rarely, everyday, now and then, from time to time. Ex: I seldom finish my work before 6:00 (Tôi hoàn thành công việc trước 6 giờ) 4. Chỉ tương lai (theo thời khóa biểu hay chương trình thường lệ) Ex: The last bus leaves at 7 p.m. this evening. (chuyến xe buýt cuối cùng sẽ rời vào lúc 7 giờ tối nay). THÌ HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN (Present progressive) I. CÔNG THỨC: Chủ từ + be(am,is,are) + V-ing 1. Động từ tận cùng bẳng e, bỏ e trước khi thêm ing Ex: Make→ Making 2. Động từ một vần tận cùng bằng một nguyên âm và một phụ âm, gấp đôi phụ âm cuối. Ex: Run→ Running 3. Động từ hai vần, có dấu nhấn đặt ở vần thứ hai, tận cùng bằng một nguyên âm và một phụ âm, gấp đôi phụ âm cuối. Ex: Begin→ Beginning 4. Động từ tận cùng bằng –ie, đổi thành y trước khi thêm –ing Ex: Lie→ Lying 5. Động từ tận cùng bằng –ic, thêm –k trước khi thêm –ing Ex: Traffic→ Trafficking II. CÁCH DÙNG 1.Hành động xảy ra vào thời điểm đang nói Ex: We are studying English at the moment. (Hiện giờ chúng ta đang học tiếng Anh) 2. Hành động diễn ra tại một thời điểm nhất thời ở hiện tại ( không nhất thiết phải xảy ra lúc đang nói), thường dùng với this week, this month, this year.
  • 5. Ex: We are taking ten subjects this semester. 3. Đã dự định làm gì trong tương lai: Ex: I’m going to the English speaking club next Sunday. ( Tôi sẽ đến câu lạc bộ tiếng Anh vào chủ nhật tới) Có thể dùng [be(is,are, am) going to] 4. Một số trạng từ dùng với thì này (now, at the moment, still, today, nowadays, these days, right now, this morning, etc...) 5. Một số động từ không được dùng với thì tiếp diễn, chỉ dùng với hiện tại đơn, mặc dù nói hành động đang diễn ra. Belong, believe, forget, hate, hear, know, like, love, mean, need, prefer remember, realise, see, seem, suppose, understand, want. EXERCISE Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present or the present continuous tense. 1. Dennis (drink, usually) coffee with his breakfast, but this morning he (drink) tea instead. 2. Jane (take) the bus to work everyday. She (wait, usually) for the bus at the corner of 5th and Pine. 3. This morning it (rain). I can see Janet from my window. She (stand) at the corner of 5th and Pine. She (hold) her umbrella over head. She (wait) for the bus. 4. Mike (take) three classes this semester. Every morning he (study) French at 9 o’clock. He (take, also) chemistry and accounting. He (like) chemistry best of all, but he (has) better grades in accounting and French. 5. Cuckoos (not build) nests. They (use) the nests of other birds. 6. I (wear) my sunglasses today because the sun is very strong. 7. Right now I (look) around the classroom. Yoko (write) in her book. Carlos (bite) his pencil. Wan-Ning (scratch) his head. Ahmed (stare) out the window. He (seem) to be daydreaming, but perhaps he (think) hard about verb tenses. What (think, you) Ahmed (do)? THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH (Present perfect) I. CÔNG THỨC Chủ từ + have/has + V3/ed (quá khứ phân từ) I/We/they/you + have She/he/it/Peter +has + V3/ed (qkpt) II. CÁCH DÙNG 1.Xảy ra ở thời điểm không xác định rõ ở quá khứ Ex: I have already seen that movie (Tôi đã xem bộ phim đó rồi) 2. Vừa mới xảy ra hay vừa chấm dứt Ex: I have just lost my key. Can you help me to find it? ( Tôi vừa đánh mất chìa khóa. Bạn có thể giúp tôi tìm nó không?) 3 Hành động bắt đầu ở quá khứ kéo dài đến hiện tại. Ex: We have learned English for 6 years. ( Tôi đã học tiếng Anh được 6 năm rồi) 4. thường dùng để chỉ từ trước đến nay mình đã từng hay chưa từng làm một việc gì. Ex: Ann has never smoked cigarettes. ( An chưa bao giờ hút thuốc) 5. Hành động đã xảy ra và chưa hoàn thành lúc đang nói.
  • 6. Ex: I have smoked ten cigarettes today. (Hôm nay tôi đã hút 10 điếu thuốc) 6. Một số từ chỉ thời gian dùng với thì này : for, since, so far, today, till now, up to now, never, ever, just. Already, yet, recently. III. CHÚ Ý Động từ bất quy tắc, dùng cột 3 (qkpt) (I sell/ just) have just sold my bicycle Động từ theo quy tắc thêm “-ed” THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN ( present perfect continous) I. CÔNG THỨC: Chủ từ + have/has + been + V-ing I/you/we/they + have She/he/it/Peter + has + been + V-ing II. CÁCH DÙNG: 1. Hành động xảy ra ở quá khứ và tiếp tục tới hiện tại (có thể dùng hiện tại hoàn thành) Ex: We have been learning English for 6 years. 2. Hành động xảy ra mới đây trước thời điểm đang nói, thường lưu lại dấu vết Ex: The ground is still wet. It is clear that it has been raining lately. 3. So sánh với hiện tại hoàn thành Ex1: I’ve been painting this room. It will look good when it’s finished ( Tôi đã và đang sơn xong cái phòng này. Nó sẽ trông đẹp khi tôi sơn xong nó). Công việc chưa hoàn thành. Ex2: I have already painted this room. Does it look good? (tôi đã sơn xong cái phòng này rồi. Nó trông có đẹp không?). Công việc đã hoàn thành. EXERCISE Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the present perfect continuous tense. (In some cases either could be used.) 1. It (snow) all day. I wonder when it will stop. 2. We (have) three major snowstorms so far this winter. I wonder how many more we will have. 3. It’s ten P.M. I (study) for two hours and probably won’t finish until midnight. 4. I (write) them three times, but I still haven’t received a reply. 5. I (live) here since last March. 6. The telephone (ring) four times in the last hours, and each time it has been for my roommate. 7. The telephone (ring) for almost a minute. Why doesn’t someone answer it? 8. The little boy is dirty from head to foot because he (play) in the mud. THÌ QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN (Simple past) I. CÔNG THỨC S + V-2/ed II. CHÚ Ý Động từ bất quy tắc dùng cột 2 ( quá khứ đơn) Ex: I (go) went to the cinema last night.
  • 7. Động từ theo quy tắc thêm –ed Cách thêm –ed Động từ một vần tận cùng bằng một nguyên âm và một phụ âm thì gấp đôi phụ âm cuối. Ex:Stop→ stopped. Động từ tận cùng bằng –e chỉ thêm –d Ex: arrive→ arrived Động từ hai vần, có dấu nhấn ở vần thứ hai, tận cùng bằng một nguyên âm và một phụ âm thì gấp đôi phụ âm cuối. Ex: Admit→ Admitted Động từ tận cùng bằng một phụ âm + Y, -Y đổi thành –I trước khi –ed. Ex: Study→studied Động từ tận cùng bằng một phụ âm + Y, - Y để nguyên, chỉ thêm –ed Ex: Play→played III.CÁCH DÙNG: Hành động xảy ra và chấm dứt ở quá khứ, dùng với những trạng từ (ago, yesterday, last night, last month, last week, in 1990, etc...) Ex: I (see) saw Lan yesterday. (Tôi gặp Lan ngày hôm qua) EXERCISE Use the simple past or the present perfect. 1. What (learn, you) since you (come) here? How many friends (make, you)? I hope you (meet, already) a lot of interesting people. 2. Since classes began, I (have, not) much free time. I (have) several big tests to study for. 3. Last night my roommate and I (have) some free time, so we (go) to a show. 4. I admit that I (get) older since I last (see) you, but with any luck at all, I (get, also) wiser. 5. The science of medicine (advance) a great deal in the nineteenth century. 6. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, medical scientists (make) many important discoveries. 7. Libraries today are different from those in the 1800s. For example, the contents of libraries (change) greatly through the years. In the 1800s, libraries (be) simply collections of books. However, today most libraries (become) multimedia centers that contain tapes, computers, disks, films, magazines, music, and paintings. The role of the library in society (change, also). In the 1800s, libraries (be) open only to certain people, such as scholars or the wealthy. Today libraries serve everyone. QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN (Past continuous) I. CÔNG THỨC: S + be(was/were) + V-ing We/they/you + were +V-ing She/he/I + was II. CHÚ Ý: CÁCH THÊM –ING NHƯ PHẦN CHÚ Ý CỦA THÌ HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN. III. CÁCH DÙNG: 1. Người nào đamg làm gì tại một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ. Ex: This time last year I was living in Brazil
  • 8. ( Năm ngoái vào lúc này tôi đang sống ở Bra xin) 2. Dùng với thì quá khứ đơn để diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra giữa một hành động khác ở quá khứ (Xảy ra trước dùng quá khứ tiếp diễn) Ex: While I was walking down the street, it began to rain. (Khi tôi đang đi xuống đường thì trời bắt đầu mưa) 3. Dùng với những trạng từ: a few minute (moments) ago, at that time, then, just, at this time last week (year, month), during (in,by) + time. Use the simple past or the past progressive. 1. Tommy went to his friend’s house, but the boys (be, not) there. They (play) soccer in the vacant lot down the street. 2. Stanley (climb) the stairs when he (trip) and (fail). Luckily, he (hurt, not) himself. 3. While Mrs Emerson (read) the little boy a story, he (fall) asleep, so she (close) the book and quietly (tiptoe) out of the room. 4. I really enjoyed my vacation last January. While it (snow) in Iowa, the sun (shine) in Florida. While you (shovel) snow in Iowa, I (lie) on the beach in Florida. 5. While Ted (shovel) snow from his driveway yesterday, his wife (bring) him a cup of hot chocolate. THÌ QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH (Simple present perfect) I. CÔNG THỨC S + had + pp(qkpt) II. CÁCH DÙNG 1.Hành động xảy ra trước một hành động khác ở quá khứ Ex: When I arrived, Ann had left (Khi tôi đến, An đã đi rồi) 2. Một số từ dùng với thì này - Liên từ: When, after, as, as soon as, by the time that - Trạng từ : Already, ever, never.......before EXERCISE Use the simple past or the past perfect. 1. He (be) a newspaper reporter before he (become) a businessman. 2. I (feel) a little better after I (take) the medicine. 3. I was late. The teacher (give, already) a quiz when I (get) to class. 4. The anthropologist (leave) the village when she (collect) enough data. 5. It was raining hard, but by the time class (be) over, the rain (stop). THÌ QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN I. CÔNG THỨC: S + had + been + V-ing II. CÁCH DÙNG Hành động mang tính chất diễn tiến trong quá khứ thường để lại dấu vết Ex: Her eyes were red. It was clear that she had been crying (Đôi mắt cô ấy đỏ. Rõ ràng cô ấy đã khóc) Use the present perfect progressive or the past perfect progressive. 1. It is midnight. I (study) for five straight hours. No wonder I’m getting tired. 2. It was midnight. I (study) for five straight hours. No wonder I was getting tired. 3. Jack suddenly realized that the teacher was asking him a question. He couldn’t answer because he (daydream) for the last three minutes. 4. Wake up. You (sleep) long enough. It’s time to get up.
  • 9. THÌ TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN (Simple future) I. CÔNG THỨC: S + will/shall + infinitive (nguyên thể không có to) I/We + shall hoặc will II. CÁCH DÙNG: 1. Tiên đoán điều gì sẽ xảy ra trong tương lai Ex: It will rain tomorrow. (Ngày mai trời sẽ mưa) Nếu tiên đoán có cơ sở hoặc dựa vào tình huống hiện tại mà đoán dùng BE GOING TO + V Ex: Terry is doing his examinations tomorrow. He hasn’t done any work for them and he is not intelligent. He is going to fail. (Ngày mai Terry thi mà nó không có học hành gì hết và nó không thông minh nữa. Nó sẽ rớt chắc.) Will hoặc be going to có thể dùng trong trường hợp này: Ex: According to the weather report, it will/ is going to be cloudy tomorrow. (Theo dự báo thời tiết thì ngày mai trời sẽ có mây.) 2. Hứa làm điều gì ở tương lai Ex: I will buy you a bicycle for your birthday. (Anh sẽ mua cho em chiếc xe đạp nhân ngày sinh nhật của em) 3. Yêu cầu làm việc gì hay sẵn sàn làm điều gì: Ex1: Will you hold the door open for me, please? (Nhờ anh mở cửa ra giùm em) Ex2: “I need some money”. “Don’t worry. I’ll lend you some.” (Em cần một số tiền. Đừng lo. Anh sẽ cho em mượn.) 4. Quyết định làm điều gì lúc đang nói. Ex: Mother: Have you cleaned the floor? Con đã lau nhà chưa? Daughter: Not yet. I will do it rightnow. Chưa. Con sẽ lau ngay bây giờ. Nếu có dự định trước dùng BE GOING TO Ex: A: Why did you buy this paint? (Tại sao anh mua loại sơn này?) B: I’m going to paint my bedroom tomorrow. (Anh dự dịnh sơn phòng ngủ của anh vào ngày mai.) NOTE: Không dùng will trong mệnh đề chỉ thời gian (when, before, after, as soon as, until/till, while, as, since) khi nói về tương lai, chỉ dùng hiện tại đơn hoặc hiện tại hoàn thành. Ex: I will call you before we start the trip. (Anh sẽ đt cho em trước khi chúng ta bắt đầu chuyến đi.) EXERCISE Put the verb in the correct form using will or be going to. 1. A: I’ve got a terrible headache. B: Have you? Wait there and I (get) an aspirin for you. 2. Why are you filling that bucket with water? B: I (wash) the car. 3. A: I’ve decided to repaint this room.
  • 10. B: Oh, have you? What colour (you/paint) it? 4. A: Look! There’s coming out of that house. It’s on fire. B: Good heavens! I (call) the fire-brigade immediately. 5. A: The ceiling in this room doesn’t look safe, does it? B: No, it looks as if it (fall) down. 6. A: Where are you going? Are you going shopping? B: Yes, I (buy) something for dinner. 7. A: I can’t work out how to use this camera. B: It’s quite easy. I (show) you. 8. A: What would you like to drink – tea or coffe? B: I (have) tea, please. THÌ TƯƠNG LAI TIẾP DIỄN (Future continuous) I. CÔNG THỨC: S + will + be + V-ing II. CÁCH DÙNG: 1.Diễn tả hành động sẽ đang xảy ra vào thời điễm ở tương lai. Ex: By this time tomorrow we’ll be sitting in class. (Ngày mai vào lúc này là chúng ta sẽ đang đang ngồi học trong lớp) 2. Dự định làm gì ở tương lai ( Như thì hiện tại tiếp diễn) Ex: We will be spending the winter in Australia. (Chúng tôi sẽ trải qua mùa đông ở Úc) EXERCISE Use the future progressive or the simple present. 1. Right now I am attending class. Yesterday I was attending class. Tomorrow at this time, I (attend) class. 2. Tomorrow I’m going to leave for home. When I (arrive) at the airport, my whole family (wait) for me. 3. When I (get) up tomorrow morning, the sun (shine), the birds (sing), and my roommate (lie/still) in bed fast asleep. 4. Next year at this time I (do) exactly what I am doing now. I (attend) school and (study) hard next year. 5. (you/use) your bicycle this evening? No, you can take it. THÌ TƯƠNG LAI HOÀN THÀNH (Future perfect) I. CÔNG THỨC S + will + have + V3/ed (qkpt) II. CÁCH DÙNG: 1. Hành động sẽ được hoàn thành trước một thời điểm nào đó ở tương lai. Ex: They will have completed the new bridge by the end of the year. ( Họ sẽ hoàn thành cây cầu mới vào cuối năm nay) 2. Những trạng từ thường được dùng: before, when, by the time,... by + date or time. THÌ TƯƠNG LAI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN (Future perfect continuous) I. CÔNG THỨC S + will + have + been + V-ing
  • 11. II. CÁCH DÙNG: 1. Hành động đã xảy ra bao lâu trong tương lai và còn tiếp tục Ex: Tomorrow I will start working at 7:00. Mary will come to see me at 8:00. When she arrives, I will have been working for an hour. 2. Trạng từ được dùng như tương lai hoàn thành. EXERCISE Use the future progressive, the future perfect, or the future perfect continuous. 1. Tonight the film on VTV3 begins at 9 o’clock and ends at 11 o’clock. My brother will come home at 10 o’clock tonight. When he gets home, I (watch) the film and I (watch) it for an hour, and after 11 o’clock, I (watch) it. 2. I (retire) by the end of this year. 3. By the end of the week, I (wait) seventeen weeks for my phone to be repaired. 4. Do you realize that on August 15, we (live) in this house for fifty years. 5. I hope I (finish) this report by the end of the day. 6. She (leave) for work before the children get home from school. 7. We (fly) nonstop for fourteen hours before we get to the U.S. EXERCISE 1. “Hurry up! We’re waitting for you. What taking is so long?” “ I _____for an important phone call. Go ahead and leave without me” A. wait B. will wait C. am watting D. have waited 2. “ Robert is going to be famous someday. He _____ in three movies already.” “ I’m sure he’ll be a star.” A. has benn appearing B. had appeared C. has appeared D. appeared 3. “ Where’s Polly?” “ She _____” A. in her room studying B. in her room in studying C. studies in her room D. has in her room studied 4. “ Hello? Alice? This is Jeff. How are you?” “Jeff? What a coincidence! I _____ about you when the phone rang.” A. was just thinking B. just thought C. have you thought D. was just thought 5. “ What _____ about the new simplified tax law?” “ It’s more confusing than the old one.” A. are you thinking B. do you think C. have you thought D. have you been thinking 6. “ When is Mr. Fields planning to retire?” “ Soon, I think. He _____here for a long time. He’ll probably ritire either next year or the year after that.” A. worked B. had been working C. has been working D. is working 7. “ Why this you buy all this sugar and chocolate?” “ I _____ a delicous dessert for dinner tonight.” A. make B. will make C. am going to make D. will have make 8. “ Let’s go! What’s taking you so long?”
  • 12. “ I’ll be there as soon as I _____my key.” A. found B. will find C. find D. am finding 9. Next week when there _____a full moon, the ocean tides will be higher. A. is being B. is C. will be D. will have been 10. While I _____ TV last night, a mouse ran across the floor. A. watch B. watched C. was watching D. am watching 11. Fish were among the earliest forms of life. Fish _____ on earth for ages and ages A. existed B. are existing C. exist D. have existed 12. The phone _____constanly since Jack announced his candidacy for president morning. A. has been ringing B. rang C. had rung D. had been ringing 13. The earth _____on the sun for its heat and light. A. is depend B. depending C. has depend D. depends 14. I don’t feel good. I _____ home from work tomorrow. A. am staying B. stay C. will have stay D. stayed 15. Today there are weather satellites that beam down information about the earth’s atmosphere. In the last two dacades, space exploration _____great contribution to weather forcasting. A. is making B. has made C. made D. makes 16. On July 20, 1969, Astronaut Neil Armstrong _____ down onto the moon, the first person ever to set foot on another celestial body. A. was stepping B. stepped C. has stepped D. was step 17. The plane’s departure was delayed because of machanical difficulties. When the weary passengers finally boarded the aircraft, many were annoyed and irritable because they _____ in the airport for three and a half hours. A. are watting B. were waitting C. have been waitting D. had been waitting 18. If coastal erosion continues to take place at the present rate, un another fifty years this beach _____ anymore. A. doesn’t exist B. isn’t going to exist C. isn’t existing D. won’t be existing 19. Homestead High School’s football team _____championship until last season, when the new coach led them to take first place in their league. A. has never won B. is never winning C. had never been winning D. had never won 20. Many years of intensive language study are required for non-native speakers to be able to qualify as interpeters. By the end of this year, Chen _____ English for three years, but he will still need more training and experience before he masters the language. A. will be studying B. has studied C. will have been studying D. has been studying 21. “ May I speak to Dr. Paine, please?” “ I’m sorry, he _____a patient at the moment. Can I help you?’ A. is seeing B. sees C. has been seeing D. was seeing 22. “ When are you going to ask your boss for a raise?” “_____ to her twice already! I don’t think she wants to give me one.” A. I’ve talked B. I’ve been talking
  • 13. C. I was talking D. I’d talked 23. “ Do you think Harry will want something to eat after he gets here?” “ I hope not. It’ll probably be after midnight, and we _____.” A. sleeping B. will be sleeping C. have been sleeping D. be sleeping 24. Paul, could you please turn off the stove? The potatoes _____for at least thirty minutes.” “ I can’t. I’m feeding the baby.” A. are boiling B. boiling C. have been boiling D. were boiling 25. “ It is true that spaghetti didn’t originate in Italy?” “ Yes. The Chinese _____spaghetti dishes for a long time before Marco Polo brought it back to Italy.” A. have been making B. have made C. had been making D. make 26. “ I once saw a turtle that had wings. The turtle flew into the air to catch insects.” “ Stop kidding. I _____ you!” A. don’t believe B. am not believing C. didn’n believe D. wasn’t believing 27. “ Could someone help me lift the lawnmower into the pickup truck?” “ I’m not busy. I _____you.” “ Thanks.” A. help B. will help C. am going to help D. am helping 28. My family love this house. It _____the family home ever since my grandfather built it 60 years ago. A. was B. has been C. is D. will be 29. Here’s an interesting statistic: On a typical day, the average person _____ about 48,000 words. How many words did you speak today? A. spoke B. was speaking C. speaks D. is speaking 30. I know you feel bad now, Tommy, but try to put it out of your mind. By the time you’re an adult, you _____all about it. A. forget B. will have forgotten C. will be forgetting D. forgot 31. It’s against the law to kill the black rhinoceros. They _____ extinct. A. became B. have become C. become D. are becoming 32. After ten unhappy years, Janice finally quit her job. She _____ along with her boss for a long time before she finally decided to look for a new position. A. hadn’t been getting B. isn’t getting C. didn’t get D. hasn’t been getting 33. The Nation Hurricane Center is closely watching a strong hurricane over the Atlantic Ocean. When it _____the coast of Texas sometime tomorrow afternoon, it will bring with it great destructive force. A. reaches B. will reach C. is reaching D. reaching 34. At one time, huge prehistoric reptiles dominated the earth. This Age of Dinosaurs _____ much longer than the present Age of Mammals has lasted to date. A. lasted B. was lasting C. has lasted D. had lasted
  • 14. 35. Jim, why don’t you take some time off? You _____too hard lately. Take a short vacation. A. worked B. work C. were working D. have been working 36. The city is rebuilding its dilapidated waterfront, transforming it into a pleasant and fashionable outdoor mall. Next summer when the tourists arrive, they _____104 beautiful new shops and restaurants in the area where the old run-down waterfront properties used to stand. A. will found B. will be finding C. will have found D. will find 37. A minor earthquake occurred at 2:07 on January 3. Most of the people in the village _____at the time and didn’t even know it had occurred until the next morning. A. slept B. had slept C. were sleeping D. sleep 38. The little girl started to cry. She _____ her doll, and no one was able to find it for her. 39. According to reasearch reports, people usually _____in their sleep 25 to 30 times each night. A. turn B. are turning C. have turned D. turned 40. Jane’s eyes burned and her shoulders ached. She _____ at the computer for 5 straight hours. Finally, she took a a break. A. is sitting B. has been sitting C. was sitting D. had been sitting SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION 1. Mr Pike started using this car ten years ago. → Mr Pike has 2. I last saw him three years ago. → I haven’t 3. He hasn’t seen such a nice woman before. → She 4. It is three years since I separated her. →I 5. The last time Jim smoked was ten months ago. → Jim hasn’t 6. My dad started living here in 2000. → My dad has 7. Bill hasn’t played football for 2 years. → Jack last 8. I have never drunk beer before. → This is the first 9. He worked as a TV reporter, then he became a businessman. → Before he 10. Bob will graduate from university in June, and then he will open a company. → By the time Jack IF SENTENCES I. Có thật ở hiện tại/ tương lai: If + hiện tại đơn hiện tại đơn Will + động từ nguyênthể không có “to” Ex: If I have enough time, I write to my parents every week (Nếu tôi có đủ thời gian, tôi viết thư cho cha mẹ tôi mỗi tuần)
  • 15. Ex: If I have enough time tomorrow, I will write to my parents. (Ngày mai nếu tôi có đủ thời gian, tôi sẽ viết thư cho cha mẹ tôi) II. Không có thật ở hiện tại/ tương lai: If + quá khứ đơn would/should/might/could + V (nguyên thể) Ex: If I were a bird, I would fly everywhere ( Nếu là chim, tôi sẽ bay mọi nơi) NOTES: - If ……would khi chúng ta yêu cầu người nào đó làm 1 điều gì bằng 1 cách trịnh trọng. Ex1: “Shall I close the door?” “Yes, please, if you would.” (Tôi đóng cửa nhe. Vâng, cứ đóng nếu bạn muốn). Ex2: I would be very grateful if you would send me your brochure and price as soon as possible. (Tôi sẽ cám ơn bạn nhiều nếu ban gởi cho tôi quyển sách QC và giá càng sớm càng tốt) - Be → was/were (nhưng WERE mang tính trang trọng hơn khi câu nói mang tính nghi ngờ). Ex: If I was/were you, I would buy that coat. Tuy nhiên dùng were, không dùng was khi câu nói mang tính tưởng tượng, thể hiện lời khuyên, giải thích điều gì đó đã không xảy ra. Ex1: If I were the Queen of Sheba, you’d be King Solomon. Ex2: If it weren’t for your help, I would still be homeless. III.Không có thật ở quá khứ If + quá khứ hoàn thành would/should/could/might have + pp(qkpt) Ex: Last month if I had had enough money, I would have bought that car. (Tháng rồi nếu tôi có đủ tiền, tôi sẽ mua chiếc xe đó) IV. Kết hợp loại 2 và 3 - If + TYPE 3 (S + had + v3/ed), TYPE 2 (S + would + v0) - If + TYPE 2 (S + V2/ed, TYPE 3 (S + WOULD + HAVE + V3/ed) Ex1: If I had stayed up late last night, I wouldn’t have a headache now. Ex2: If you knew me better, you wouldn’t have said that. V. Mệnh lệnh + liên từ (and, or, or else, otherwise) + S + will Ex: Stop eating sweets, or you won’t get any dinner. → If you don’t stop eating sweets, you won’t get any dinner. NOTE: - unless = if….not = except if: trừ phi, nếu….không, (không dùng will sau chúng) Ex: We’ll be late unless we hurry. (= except if we hurry) (chúng ta sẽ bị trễ nếu chúng ta không đi gấp) - as/so long as = providing (that) = provided (that): miễn là, (không dùng will sau chúng) Ex: Providing (that) she studies hard, she should pass the examination. (Ắt hẳn cô ta sẽ thi đậu miễn là cô ta học chăm chỉ.) - in case + mệnh đề, in case of + (cụm) danh từ: nếu, dự phòng, trong trường hợp, ( không dùng will sau chúng.)
  • 16. Ex1: I will draw a map for you in case you can’t find my house. (Tôi vẽ cho bạn sơ đồ nếu bạn không tìm được nhà tôi.) Ex2: In case of emergency, telephone this number. (Trong trường hợp khẩn cấp, hãy gọi số đt này. - Bỏ IF: Were/Was/Should/Had + S Ex1: If it were not for your help, I would still be homeless. → Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless. Ex2: If he had been here yesterday, he could have told us. → Had he been here yesterday, he could have told us. WISH SENTENCES I.Ước muốn về tương lai: Would Wish + that + S + were going to Could/ should/ might Ex: I wish that I would be a billionaire. II. Ước muốn về hiện tại: quá khứ đơn Wish + (that) + S were + V-ing Could Ex: I wish I could speak Japanese NOTE: - Be → was/were (nhưng WERE mang tính trang trọng hơn khi câu nói mang tính nghi ngờ) Ex: I wish Mary was/were here now. III. Ước muốn về quá khứ: Quá khứ hoàn thành Wish + (that) + S + Could + have + P.P Ex: I wish Mary could have come yesterday EXERCISE 1. If I was offered the job, I think I (take) it. 2. Would George be angry if I (take) his bicycle without asking? 3. Our earth will be destroyed if no measures (be) taken to protect it. 4. He (join) us in the trip tomorrow if he is free. 5. If he (call), tell him I’ll ring back. 6. If I should see him, I (ask) him to bring you. 7. I’d have sent you a postcard while I was on holiday if I (have) your address. 8. If he had missed the train, he (be) late for his interview. 9. I have eaten too much and now I feel sick. I wish I (not/eat) so much. 10. It probably won’t happen. Tim wishes it (happen). 11. I don’t know many people and I’m lonely. I wish I (know) more people. 12. Jack didn’t visit me yesterday. I wish Jack (visit) me yesterday. 13. Take a taxi, otherwise you (miss) your train. 14. I will buy some more food in case Tom (come). 15. Had the management acted soon, the strike (not/happen). Exercise
  • 17. 1. When I stopped talking, Sam finnished my sentence for me as though he______my mind. A. would read B. could be C. were D. had been 2. If you______, I would have brought my friends over to your house this evening to watch TV, but I didn’t want to brother you. A. had studied B. studied C. hadn’t been studying D. didn’t studied 3. I wish I______you some money for your rent, but I’m broke myself. A. can land B. would land C. could land D. could come 4. If someone______into the store, smile and say, “May I help you?” A. comes B. came C. would come D. could come 5. “Are we lost?” “I think so. I wish______we a map with us today,” A. were bringing B. brought C. had brought D. would bring 6. “ Here’s my phone number.” “ Thanks. I’ll give you a call if I______some help tomorrow.” A. will need B. need C. would need D. needed 7. If I weren’t working for an accounting firm, I______in a bank. A. work B. will work C. have worked D. would be working 8. Ed invested a lot of money with a dishonest advisor, and lost nearly all of it. Now he is having serious financial problems. He ______ in this position if he had listened to some of his friends. A. will be B. wouldn’t be C. will be D. hadn’t been 9. The world______ a better place if we had known a hundred years ago what we know today about the earth’s enviroment. A. will be B. was C. should be D. might be 10. The medicine made me feel dizzy. I felt as thought the room______around and around. A. were spinning B. will spin C. spins D. would be spinning 11. “I’m really sorry about what happened during the meeting. I felt I had no choice.” “ It’s okay. I’m sure you wouldn’t have done it if you______.” A. Should have B. had to C. hadn’t dad to D. have to 12. ______you, I’d think twice about that decision. It could be a bad move. A. If I had been B. Were I C. Should I be D. If I am 13. “ Was Pam seriously injured in the automobile accident?” A. will be B. would have been C. was D. were 14. If my cadidate had won the election, I ______happy now. A. am B. would be C. was D. can be 15. I wish Janet______to the metting this afternoon. A. came B. will come C. can come D. could come 16. I______you to the woman I was speaking with, but I couldn’t think of her name. A. will introduce B. would introduce C. would have introduce D. couldn’t have introduce 17. “What______today if you hadn’t cone here this weeken?” “I guess I’d be putting in extra hours at my office.”
  • 18. A. did you do B. can you do C. will you be doing D. would you be doing 18. Page 12 of the manual that came with the applicance says, “______any problem with the merchandise, contact your local dealer.” A. You should have B. Do you have C. Had you have D. Should you have 19. Magre walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she______something she would regret later. A. will say B. said C. might say D. might have said 20. I would never have encourageed you to go into this field______it would be so stressful for you. I’m sorry it’s been so difficult for yo. A. had I know B. and I had know C. should I know D. but I knew 21. Please keep your voice down in this section of the library. If you_______ to talk loudly, I will have to ask you to leave. A. continued B. could continue C. will continue D. continue 22. Gloria never sems to get tired. I sure wish I_______her energy. A. would have B. have C. have had D. had 23. “Why didn’t Bill get the promotion he was expecting?” A. would have been given B. were given C. would be given D. was given 24. If I could find Rob’s phone number, I_______him about the change in plans. May be somebody else will call him. A. called B. had called C. could call D. will call 25. “ How do you like your new apartment?” “ The apartment itself it great, but I wish I_______used to the constant noise from the street below.” A. got B. could get D. had gotten D. am 26. I was very engrossed in that presentation an Australia. The video taps were so realistic that it was as though we_______there, driving through the outback country. A. were B. could get C. had gotten D. will be 27. If I_______following that other car too closely, I would having been able to stop in time instead of running into it. A. wasn’t B. would have been C. was D. hadn’t been 28. “ Why aren’t you going mountain climbing with the rest of us next weeken?” “ To be honest with you, I’m a coward. If I were brave, I_______with you. A. would have gone B. would go C. go D. willl go 29. “ Will you see Tom at lunch today? I’d like you to give him a massage for me.” “ I’m not going to lunch, but if I_______him later, I’ll give him your message.” A. should see B. will see C. would see D. could see 30. I’m really sleepy today. I wish I_______Bob to the airport late last night. A. didn’t have to take B. weren’t talking C. hadn’t had to take D. didn’t take 31. Hurry! We’ve got to leave the house immediately. Otherwise, _______the opening ceremony. A. we’d miss B. we’d have missed C. we miss D. we’re going to miss 32. “Why didn’t you tell me you were having so many problem?”
  • 19. “ I_______you, but I figured you had enough to worry about without my problems, so I said nothing.” A. would tell B. would have told C. would be telling D. had told 33. A natiom’s balance of trade is considered unfavorable if it_______more money on imports than it agains from exports. A. will spend B. would spend C. can spend D. spends 34. Many people who live near nuclear plans are concerned. _______ go wrong, the impact on the surrounding area could be disastrous. A. something would B. something will C. should something D. does something 35. Had I know the carpenter was going to take three days to show up, I_______the materials and done the work myself. It would be finished by now. A. will get B. would have gotten C. might get D. will have gotten 36. I wish you_______making that noise. It’s bothering me. A. would stop B. are going to stop C. stop D. can stop 37. A huge three crashed through the bedroom roof and broke my bed and most of the other furniture. _______in the room, I would have been killed. A. Should be B. Had I been C. Would have I been D. Would I be 38, If everyone _______, how would we control air traffic? Surely, we’d all be crashing into each other. A. can fly B. will fly C. flies D. could fly 39. If the world’s tropical forests continue to disapear at their presner rate, many animal species_______extinct. A. became B. would have become C. will become D. would become 40. When my lost briefcase was returned with my year-long research results intact, I felt tremendously relieved. It was as if a huge and heavy weight_______from my shoulders. A. had been lifted B. is being lifted C. would be lifted D. is lifting SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION 1. I don’t love you, so I don’t marry you. → If 2. He is fat because he doesn’t take any exercise. → If 3. She didn’t come, so I was disappointed. → If 4. You got into so much trouble because you didn’t listen to me. → If 5. I’m sorry that I don’t know anything about cars. → I wish…….. 6. I regret that I misunderstood her. → I wish 7. My friend won’t lend me his car for my date tomorrow night. → I wish 8. Drop that gun, or I’ll shoot you. → If
  • 20. 9. If the referee had seen it, our team would have won the game. → Had 10. Without your help, I couldn’t have done it. → If ĐỘNG TỪ TÌNH THÁI (MODAL AUXILIARIES) ĐỘNG TỪ TT CÁCH DÙNG HIỆN QUÁ KHỨ TẠI/TƯƠNG LAI may (1) yêu cầu lịch sự May I borrow (polite request) your pen? Cho phép tôi mượn bút nhé? (2) cho phép trịnh You may leave the trọng (formal room. Bạn có thể ra permission) khỏi phòng (3) < 50% chắc - Where’s John? He may have been chắn (less than He may be at the at the library. Nó 50% certainty) library. Có lẻ John đã có thể ở thư viện ở thư viện might (1) < 50% chắc - Where’s John? He might have chắn (less than He might be at the been at the library 50% certainty) library (2) yêu cầu lịch sự Might I borrow (polite request) ít your pen? dùng should (1) khuyên I should study I should have (advisability) tonight. Tôi nên studied last night. học tối nay. Lẽ ra tối qua tôi nên học (2) 90% chắc chắn She should do well She should have 90% certainty on the test. Cô ấy done well on the chắc sẽ làm bài thi test. Cô ấy chắc đã tốt (chỉ dùng ở làm bài thi tốt tương lai) ought to (1) khuyên I ought to study I ought to have (advisability) tonight. Tôi nên studied last night. học tối nay Lẽ ra tối qua tôi nên học (2) 90% chắc chắn She ought to do She ought to have 90% certainty well on the test. Cô done well on the ấy chắc sẽ làm bài test. Cô ấy chắc đã thi tốt (chỉ dùng ở làm bài thi tốt tương lai) had better (1) khuyên với đe You had better be Dạng QK không dọa hậu quả xấu on time, or we will phổ biến (advisability with leave without you. threat of bad result) be supposed to (1) mong đợi Class is supposed Class was
  • 21. (expectation) to begin at 10. Lớp supposed to begin học sẽ bắt đầu lúc at 10. Lớp học đã 10 giờ phải bắt đầu lúc 10 giờ be to (1) mong đợi mạnh You are to be here You were to be mẽ (strong at 9:00. bạn phải có here at 9:00. bạn đã expectation) mặt ở đây lúc 9 phải có mặt ở đây giờ. lúc 9 giờ. must (1) cần thiết mạnh I must go to class I had to go to class mẽ (strong today. Hôm nay tôi yesterday. Hôm necessity) phải đi học. qua tôi phải đi học. (2) cấm (phủ định). You must not Prohibition open that door. (negative) Bạn không được mở cửa đó (3) 95% chắc chắn Mary isn’t in class. Mary must have (certainty) She must be sick, been sick Mary không có yesterday. Hôm trong lớp. Ắt hẳn qua ắt hẳn Mary đã nó ốm (chỉ dùng ốm. hiện tại) have to (1) cần thiết I have to go to I had to go to class (necessity) class today. Hôm yesterday. Hôm nay tôi phải đi học. qua tôi phải đi học. (2) không cần thiết I don’t have to go I didn’t have to go (lack of necessity) to class today. Hôm to class yesterday. phủ định nay tôi không phải Hôm qua tôi không đi học. phải đi học. have got to (1) cần thiết I have got to go to I had to go to class (necessity) class today. Hôm yesterday. Hôm nay tôi phải đi học. qua tôi phải đi học. will (1) 100% chắc chắn He will be here at 6:00. Anh ta sẽ ở đây lúc 6 giờ (chỉ dùng tương lai) (2) sự sẵn lòng - The phone’s ringing. I’ll get it. ĐT reo. Để tôi trả lời (3) yêu cầu lịch sự Will you please pass the salt? Xin đưa giùm muối ạ be going to (1) 100% chắc chắn He is going to be here at 6:00. Anh ta sẽ ở đây lúc 6 giờ (chỉ dùng tương lai) (2) kế hoạch xác I’m going to paint I was going to định (definite plan) my room. Tôi sẽ paint my room, but sơn phòng của tôi. I didn’t have time.
  • 22. Tôi đã định sơn phòng của tôi, nhưng không có thời gian can (1) khả năng, sự có I can run fast. Tôi I could run fast thể có thể chạy nhanh. when I was a child, (ability/possibility) but now i can’t. Hồi còn bé tôi có thể chạy nhanh được, nhưng bây giờ thì không. (2) cho phép thân You can use my mật (informal car tomorrow. Bạn permission) có thể sử dụng xe tôi ngày mai. (3) yêu cầu lịch sự Can I borrow your thân mật pen? Cho tôi mượn (informal polite bút nhé? request) (4) impossibility That can’t be true. That can’t have (không có khả năng Không thể có thật been true. Điều đó (phủ định) được. đã không thể có thật được. could (1) khả năng quá I could run fast khứ (past ability) when I was a child. Hồi còn bé tôi chạy nhanh được (2) yêu cầu lịch sựCould I borrow (polite request) your pen? Cho mượn bút nhé (3) gợi ý - I need help in You could have (suggestion) math. You could talked to your talk to your teacher. Bạn đã có teacher. Tôi cần thể nói với GV. giúp đỡ môn toán. Bạn có thể nói GV (4) < 50% chắc - Where’s John? He could have chắn (less than He could be at been at home. Nó 50% certainty) home. John đâu? đã có thể ở nhà Nó có thể ở nhà. (5) impossibility That couldn’t be That couldn’t have (không có khả năng true. Không thể có been true. Điều đó (phủ định) thật được. đã không thể có thật được. be able to (1) khả năng I am able to help I was able to help (ability) you. I will be able him. Tôi đã có thể to help you. Tôi có giúp hắn. thể sẽ giúp bạn. would (1) yêu cầu lịch sự Would you please (polite request) pass the salt? Bạn
  • 23. đưa giùm muối ạ? Would you mind if I left early? (2) ưa thích I would rather go I would rather (preference ) to the park than have gone to the stay home. park. Tôi đã thích đi công viên hơn. (3) repeated action When I was a child, in the past. Hành I would visit my động lập trong quá grandparents every khứ weekend. Hồi còn nhỏ, tôi thường đến thăm ông bà tôi mỗi cuối tuần used to (1) repeated action I used to visit my in the past. Hành grandparents every động lập trong quá weekend. tôi khứ thường đến thăm ông bà tôi mỗi cuối tuần shall (1) câu hỏi lịch sự Shall I open the để gợi ý (polite window. Tôi mở question to make a cửa dổ nhé suggestion) (2) chỉ tương lai., I shall/will arrive dùng với “I” và at nine. Will phổ “we” biến hơn. EXERCISE 1. Al painted his bedroom black. It looks dark and dreary. He_______a different colo A. had yo choose ĐỘNG TỪ 1. Động từ + to + động từ ( nguyên thể) Phủ định: V + not to + V (infinitive) Ex: I refuse to answer his question Một số động từ dạng này: Afford : đủ tiền/ khả năng Dare : dám Agree : đồng ý Dicide : quyết định Appear : có vẻ Fail : thất bại Arrange : xếp đặt forget : quên Attempt : cố gắng Hope : hy vọng Learn : học Promise : hứa Manage : điều khiển Refuse : từ chối Offer : sẵn sàng, giúp Seem : dường như Pretend : Giả vờ Tend : xu hướng Plan : dự định Threaten : dọa 2. Tình từ + To + động từ (nguyên thể): Ex: I’m glad to see you again Một số tính từ: Glad : vui vẻ Content : vừa lòng Happy : Hạnh phúc Relived : khuây khỏa
  • 24. Pleased : Vui Lucky : May mắn fortunate : may Sad: buồn Delight : vui Upset :buồn 3.Động từ + where/ what/ when/how + to + nguyên thể: Ex: I don’t know how to do this 4. Động từ + in order to/ so as to + nguyên thể Ex: I go out so as to see the machine ( Tôi ra ngoài để xem cái máy) 5. Động từ + túc từ + to nguyên thể Ex: He asked me to come in Một số động từ: Enable : tạo điều kiện Remind : nhắc nhở Force : bắt buộc Persuade : thuyết phục Get : thuyết phục Teach : dạy Invite : mời Tell: kể Order : ra lệnh Warn : cảnh báo Dạng bị động: Be + P.P + to + nguyên thể Ex: I was asked to come in 6. V + to (nguyên thể) or V-ing Ex: it starts to rain it starts raining Một số động từ : Begin, start (bắt đầu), continue (tiếp tục), intend (dự định), can’t bear (không chịu nổi), can’t stand, commence (bắt đầu) V + to + v/v-ing (đổi nghĩa) Try + to V0 ( cố gắng) Need + to Vo (cần thiết) Try + V-ing (thử) Need + V-ing ( bị động) To + Vo: Chuyện chưa xáy ra Remember, forget, reget( hối hận) + V-ing : xảy ra rồi Ex1: I need to learn English. Ex2: My car needs washing. (to be washed) 7. V + V-ing ( động từ thêm ing) Một số động từ dạng này: Amit : nhận Involve : quan tâm Avoid : tránh Miss : bỏ lở Consider: xem như Pospone : hoản lại Delay : hoản lại Pratice : thực hành Enjoy : thích thú Regret : hối hận Fancy : tưởng tượng Risk :liều, mạo hiểm Finish : hoàn thành Stop : dừng lại Imagine: tưởng tượng Suggest : đề nghị Ex: I enjoy listening to music V-ing Advise, permit, suggest, allow, ban, forbid+ O + to Vo 8. Động từ + giơií từ + V-ing Ex: I give up smoking Giới từ: in, on, that, under, off, of, beneath, above, up,etc... 9. Động từ + túc từ + giới từ + V-ing
  • 25. Ex: My mother prevents me from smoking (Mẹ tôi ngăn tôi hút thuốc) 10. Go + V-ing Ex: Do you go swimming? 11. Thành ngữ + V-ing Một số thành ngữ: It’s (no) good : không tốt It’s (no) use : không lợi ích It’s (not) worth : không giá trị There’s is no point in: không cần thiết Spend/ waste (time/ money) Have + difficultty/ trouble/ fun/ a good time 12. Động từ + động từ ( không to) ` Ex: He make her cry Một số động từ dạng này Make : làm Let : để cho Know/help (có hoặc không có to) Have (nhờ) + someone + V0 = get + someone + to V Get/Have + O + V3/ed = ask + someone + to V Ex1: I had my brother carry my suitcase. Ex2: I got my watch repaired. 13. V-ing (chủ động) : This film is interesting V-ed ( bị động ) : I’m interested in the film 14. It’s time + someone + quá khứ đơn Ex: It’s time we went home Had better Nên Ought to Nên Be able to + Vo Có thể Used to Thường ở quá khứ Be used to + V-ing ( thường ở hiện tại) See, watch, hear Notice, feel, listen to Vo / V-ing Vo Would rather + Someone + simple past Ex: I’d rather you cooked the dinner now ( Tôi muốn (thích) bạn nấu cơm chiều ngay bây giờ) 1. Let’s not (argue) about it 2. He was made (work) twenty hours a day 3. Miss prouty made the boys (stay) in after school 4. I’d rather (work) on the land than (work) in a factory 5. You’d better not (go) near the edge 6. My mother helped me (do) my homework 7. He was known ( have) had a quick temper as a boy 8. I saw him (be) taken away by the police 10. I’ll have you (speak) English in 6 months 11. You shut the door quietly so as (not/wake) the baby 12. It’s nogood (swim) alone in a big river 13. I can’t afford (buy) a house 14. She is able (work) as a secretary
  • 26. 15. Joe used (get) up late 5 years ago 16. Now Joe is used to (get) up early 17. There is no point in (go) there by bus 18. My sister advises (read) more books 19. I learn how (ride) a bicycle 20. Please show me where (go) 21. He was kind (help) me 22. John always remembers (lock) the door when he goes out 23. They accused him of (steal) their purse 24. Practise (write) essays everyday! 25. He is the First (arrive) 26. My bicycle needs (repair) 27. Jane had the waiter (bring) her some tea. 28. When I walked into my office, I found George (use) my telephone. 29. Edward stood on the beach (look) out over the ocean. 30. When I walked into my office, I caught a thief (look) through my desk drawers. II. Rewrite these sentences. 1. He usually smoked in the past. (used to) 2. She usually does morning exercise. (be used to) 3. Jack finds it easy to drive a car. (be used to) 4. They find it difficult to swim across the channel. (not be used to) 5. I will ask someone to paint my house. (have) 6. Jim asked someone to cut his hair. (had) 7. He is now sorry that he didn’t study harder when he was at college. (regret) 8. Could you turn the radio down, please? (mind) 9. The sudden noise caused me to jump. (made) 10. The batteries in this radio need changing. (need to) 11. Tom went to bed but first he had a hot drink. (before) 12. The plane took off and soon afterwards it crashed. (soon after) 13. We didn’t eat at home. We went to a restaurant instead. (instead of) 14. You put people’s lives in danger if you drive dangerously. (by) 15. He hurt his leg but he managed to win the race. (in spite of) 16. Bill is a very good cook. (good at) 17. I don’t intend to lend her any money. (have no intention of) 18. George took more exercise and so lost weight. (by) 19. He was angry with me because I was late. (angry…with…for) 20. Tom thinks that doing nothing is better than working. (prefer…to) Exercise: ͢ 1. I don’t blame you for not________ outside in this awful weather. A. wanting to go B. to have had C. to have D. having 2. I think I hear someone ________ the back window. Do you hear it, too? A. trying often B. trying to open C. trying open D. try to open 3. When Alan was questioned by the police, he amitted knowing about the embezzlement of funds from his company, but he dinied ________ in anyway A. to be involved B. involving C. having involved D. being involved 4. Mr. Lee was upset by ________him the truth. A. our not having told B. us not tell
  • 27. C. we didn’r tell D. not to tell 5. We considered________after work A. to go shop B. going shoping C. going to shop D. to go to shop 6. Jack offerd________ care of my garden while I was out of town. A take B. taking C. to have taken D. to take 7. Could you please come over ? I need you________ the refrigerator. A. help me moving B. helping me to move C. to help me move D. help me to move 8. I just hear that there’s been a major accident that has all of the traffic tied up. If we want to get to the play on time, we’d better avoid ________ the highway. A. having taken B. take C. to take D. taking 9. The painting was beautiful. I stood there________it for a long time. A. for admiring B. being admired C. admire D. admiring 10. Jim should have asked for help instead________ to do it himself. A. of trying B. to try C. try D. from trying 11. A plan with an engine on fire approached the runway. ________ was frightening. There could have been a terrible accident. A. watching it landing B. watching it land C. To watch to it land D. Watching to landed 12. The costoms officer opened the suitcase________ if anything illegal was being brought into the country. A. seeing B. for seeing C. see D. to see 13. Sometimes very young children have trouble________ fact from fiction and may believe that dragons acctually exist. A. to separate C. separating C. to be separated D. for separating 14. Do you have an excuse________ late to class two days in a row ? A. for to be B. for being C. to be D. being 15. Jack made me ________ him next week. A. to promsise to call B. to promise calling C. promise to call D. promise calling 16. I got Barbara________ her car for the weekend. A. to let me to borrow B. let me borrow C. to let me borrow D. let me to borrow 17. I’ll never forget________ that race. What a thrill ! A. to win B. win C. being won D. winning 18. No one has better qualifications. Carol is certain________ for the job. A. to choose B. having chosen C. to be chosen D.being chosen 19. I was enjoying my book, but I stopped ________ a program on TV A. reading to watch B. to read to watch C. to read for watching D. reading for to watch 20. Who is the women talking to Mr. Quinn? I don’t recall ________ her around the office before. A. to have seen B. seeing C. to see D. being seeing 21. Roger proved that the accident wasn’t his fault by________ two witnesses who testified in his favor. A. produce B. produced C. to produced D. producing
  • 28. 22. The front door is warped from the humidity. We have a difficult time________it. A. open B. to open C. having opened D. opening 23. I stood up at the meeting and demanded________. At last, I got the chance to express my opinion. 24. Did you ever finish ________ the office for that new client of yours? A. to design B. designing C. designed D. having designed 25. It’s a beautiful day, and I have my brother’s boat. Would you like to go? A. to sail B. sailing C. to sailing D. for sailing 26. I called a plumber________ the kitchen sink. A. for repairing B. for to repair C. to repair D.to be repaired 27. I’m anrgy because you didn’t tell me the truth. I don’t like________ A. deceiving B. to deceive C. being decived D. having decieved 28. A good teacher makes her students________ the world from new perspectives. A. to view B. viewing C. view D. to be viewed 29. Please remember________ your hand during the test if you have a question. A. raising B. to raise C. having raiseed D. to have raised 30. It is important ________ care of your health. A. to take B. to be taken C. take D. taken 31. ________in restaurant as often as they do is very expensive. A. being eaten B. having eaten C. having been eating D. eating 32. I expect Mary_______here early tonight. She should arrive in the next half hour. A. to come B. coming C. having come D.to have come 33. I avised my niece not_______at an early age. A. marrying B. to marry C. being married D. to have been married 34. Shhh. I hear someone_______in the distance. Do you here it, too? A. shout B. shouted C. to shout D. shouting 35. I don’t understand_______your job so suddenly. Why did you do that? A. your quitting B. you to have quit C. to quit D. you quit 36. Last night, we saw a mtero_______through the sky. A. streaked B. to streak C. streak D. to have streaked 37. My parents wouldn’t let me_______up late when I was a child. A. to be stay B. staying C. to stay D. stay 38. Children should be encouraged_______their individual interests. A. develop B. to be developed C. to develop D. developing 39. This room is to dark. We need_______a lighter shade. A. to have it painted B. to be painted C. painting it C. to have it paint 40. I’m sorry. I never graduated. I’ve always regretted not_______ colleage. A. to finish B. finish C. finished D. having finishing SỰ HÒA HỢP
  • 29. I. SỰ HÒA HỢP GIỮA CHỦ TỪ VÀ ĐỘNG TỪ 1. Chủ từ số ít + Động từ số ít Ex: Mary is a student 2. Chủ từ số nhiều + Động từ số nhiều Ex: Doctors work in hopitals Danh từ số nhiều thường tận cùng bằng s/es (ta thêm s/es để thnàh lập danh từ số nhiều). Doctor→ Doctors * Một số danh từ không theo qui tắc - Một số danh từ số nhiều không tận cùng bằng s/es, khi nó có nguồn gốc latinh: Số ít Criterion tiêu chuẩn criteria Phenomenon hiện tượng phenomena Cactus xương rồng cactuses/ cacti Stimulus vật kích thích stimuli Syllabus chương trình học tập syllabi Vertebra đốt sống vertebrae Appendix mục lục appendices/ dixes Bacterium vi khuẩn bacteria Formala công thức formulae/ formulas - Một số danh từ đặc biệt Person → people/ persons, wife → wives, man → men, child → children, mouse → mice, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, ox → oxen, goose → geese, woman → women Danh từ số ít tận cùng bằng S:  News : Tin tức  Môn học: physic (lý học), economics (kinh tế học), statistics (thống kê học), maths/ mathematics (toán học).  Bệnh: Measles (bệnh sởi), mumps (bệnh quai hàm), rickrets (bệnh còi xương)  Tên riêng: Wales, the United State, the United Nation, the Philipines. Động từ được dùng ở số ít khi một số chủ từ được kết hợp với những từ/ cụm từ dưới đây: Each, every, a, an, either, neither, danh từ không đếm được, danh từ số ít tận cùng bằng s, little, much, a great deal of, v-ing, the number of, số lượng tiền (ten dollars), thời gian (3 hours), đoạn đường ( six miles), noone, someone, somebody, something, nothing, nobody, anything, anyone, anybody. Ex: Everyone has a book Động từ được dùng ở số nhiều khi một số chủ từ số nhiều được kết hợp với những từ/ cụm từ dưới đây : Many, a few, a number of, several, both ... and, danh từ số nhiều, the +adj Ex: The rich are usually happy. 3. Danh từ số ít cũng như số nhiều Deer (con nai), fish, means (phương tiện), sheep (con cừu), spieces (loài) Ex: one deer is….; two deer are…. Not only ... but also, either ... or, neither ... nor: Động từ đi với chủ từ gần nhất. Ex: Not only my sister but also my parents are here ( Không những chị gái mà còn cả ba mẹ tôi ở đây nữa). II. ADJ/DETERRMINER-NOUN AGREEMENT (SỰ HÒA HỢP GIỮA TÍNH TỪ/ĐỊNH NGỮ VÀ DANH TỪ) 1. that/this book → those/these books
  • 30. 2. every girl → all girls 3. every day → every two days (hai ngày 1 lần) 4. another week → another two weeks (hai tuần nữa) 5. the other book is → the other books are III. SỰ HÒA HỢP GIỮA DANH TỪ VÀ ĐẠI TỪ 1. Đại từ nhân xưng bất định: Ex1: Somebody left his book on the desk. Formal (cách nói trịnh trọng) Ex2: Everyone has his/her ideas. Formal Ex3: Somebody left their book on the desk. Informal (cách nói thân mật hằng ngày) Ex2: Everyone has their ideas. Informal Ex5: One should take care of one’s/his health. Ex6: One should take care of his or her health. 2. Danh từ tập hợp. Audience (khán giả), couple (cặp), family, class, public, crowd, government, staff, committee, falculty (khoa), group, team. a. Khi một danh từ tập hợp đề cập đến một đơn vị không nhân xưng duy nhất, đại từ it, its được dùng Ex: My family is large. It is composed of nine members. b. Khi danh từ tập hợp đề cập đến một tập hợp các cá nhân khác nhau, một đại từ số nhiều they, them, their được dùng. Ex: My family is loving and supportive. They are always ready to help me. c. Đại từ phản thân (reflexive pronouns). She/her → herself (chính cô ấy) He/him → himself (chính anh ấy It → itself (chính nó) I/me → myself (chính tôi) We/us → ourselves (chính chúng tôi) You → yourself (chính bạn), yourselves (chính các bạn) They/them → themselves (chính họ) Ex1: They advised her to take care of herself. Ex2: He answered the phone himself. LƯỢNG TỪ (EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY) Lượng từ Được dùng với danh từ Được dùng với danh từ K ĐĐ ĐĐ one, each, every apple (táo) số ít Ø Two, both, a couple of, apples Ø three, a few, several, many, a number of a little, much, a great deal Ø water of not any, no, some, a lot of, apple water lots of, plenty of, most, all Exercise 1.The science classes at this______difficult. A. schools are B. school is C. school are D.school’s is 2. One of the______from Italy. A. student is B. students are C. student are D. students is 3. ______to support the case against Janes?
  • 31. A. Is there any proof B. Are there any proof C. Is there any proofs D. Are there any proofs 4. You have to pay extra if you take too______with you. A. much luggages B. many luggages C. much luggage D.many luggage 5. ______in your class have tickets for the lecture series? A. Do any of the student B. Does any of the student C. Do any of the students D. Does any of the students 6. Bob got fired. It’s going to be difficult for him to find______job. A. other B. another C. the other D. the another 7. There______ available in his area of specializatiion. A. isn’t a lot of job B. aren’t a lot of jobs C. isn’t a lot of jobs D. aren’t a lot of job 8. He made the soup by mixing______ meat with some rice. A. little B. few C. a little D. a few 9. Many of the______not expect to win. A. participants in the race do B. participants in the races does C. participants in the race does D. participants in the race does 10. The English______strong traditions. A. has many B. have much C. have many D. has much 11. ______moved to that cidy recently. A. A number of Vietnamese have B. A number Vietnamese has C. The number of Vietnamese has D. The number of Vietnamese have 12. Each of the reference______available in the school library. A. books on that list is B. books on that list are C. book on that list is D. book on that list are 13. Several______sleeping under the tree. A. of lions were B. lion was C. of the lions was D. lions were 14. Many of the______ not used today. They are remnants of the past. A. railroad tracks around here are B. railroad’s track around here is 15. As we walked through the jungle, the______unusually quiet. A. monkeys were B. monkeys was C. monkies werw D.monkies was 16.At the new conference, serveral reporters didn’t get clear answers to______questiions. A. theirs B. their C. his and hers D. his and her 17. I have a______sister. A. seven years old B.seven-years-old C. seven-year-old D. seven year olds 18. There______in the world today. A. is many new computer company B. is many computer companies C. is many new computers companies D. are many new computer companies 19. Self-esteem is important. It’s important for people to like______. A. oneself B. yourself C. him/herself D. themselves 20. What______you used in picking up a winner in the art contest? A. is the criteira B. are the criteria C. are the criterion D. are the criterions 21. One of the dinner______broken. A. plate is B. paltes are C. paltes is D. plate are 22. Most______hard. A. of students work B. students work C. student works D. of stdent works 23. Can you help me? I need ______information.
  • 32. A. a little B. little C. a few D. few 24. All of the althletes who took part in the international games should be very proud of______. A. himself B. oneself C. themselves D. yourselves 25. Snow and rain______of nature. A. are phenomenon B. are phenomena C. is phenomena D. is phenomenon 26. I accidently broke the______by stepping on it. I apologized them for my carelessness. A. child’s toy B. child’s toys C. childrens’ toy D. childrens’s toy 27. Our weather is cloudy in the winter. We don’t have _______. A. many sunshines B. many sunshine C. much sunshines D. much sunshine 28. Several of my friends are_______repoters. A. newspaper B. newspapers C. newspaper’s D. newspapers’ 29. Construction workers need _______ to build a highway. A. an heavy equipment B. a heavy equipment C. heavy equipments D. heavy equipment 30. Our classroom is supplied with _______. A. a plenty of chalk B. plenty of chalk C. several chalks D. several chalk 31. Knowing several_______ helpful if you work for an international corporation. A. languages are B. language is C. languages is D.language are 32. Two-third of my_______ from the Middle East. A. classmates is B. classmate are C. classmate is D. classmates are 33. There _______ in my country. A. are a lot of problem B. are a lot of problems C. is a lot of problems D. is a lot of problem 34. Winning a lottery is a rare accurrence. _______ very small. A. A number of winners is B. The number of winners is C. A number of winners are D. The number of winners are 35. There are several means of mass communication. The newspaper is one. Television _______. A. other B. the other C. another D. the another 36. Each of the _______ own cage. A. birds has their B. bird has its C. birds have their D. birds has its 37. I really need _______. Can we talk ? A. some advice B. an advice C. some advices D. advices 38. Every _______ a license plate. A. cars have B. cars has C. cars has D. car have 39. The swimming team has done well this year. All of _______ have trained very hard. A. their members B. its members C. it’s members D. theirs members 40. Next week, we’re going to take a _______ A. three day trips B. three-day trip C. three days trip D. three days’ trip
  • 33. RELATIVE CLAUSE (MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ) 1. WHO, THAT thay thế chủ từ chỉ người (he, she, they) Ex: The woman is a singer. She lives next door. → The woman who/that lives next door is a singer. 2. WHO, WHOM, THAT, Ø thay thế túc từ chỉ người (him, her, them) Ex: The girl is pretty. I sometimes see her at the supermarket. → The girl who/whom/that/Ø I sometimes see at the supermarket is pretty. 3. WHICH, THAT thay thế cho chủ từ chỉ vật. Ex: The book is interesting. It is on the table. → The book which/that is on the table is interesting. 4. WHICH/THAT/ Ø thay thế túc từ chỉ vật. Ex: The film is interesting. I have seen it twice. → The film which/that/ Ø I have seen twice is interesting. 5. THAT, không dùng WHICH, sau all, everything, nothing, the only, so sánh nhất. Ex: Everything that must be done has been done. THAT không thể thay thế cho WHO, WHOM, WHICH trong mệnh đề quan hệ bất định. Ex: New York, which is ice-free in all seasons, is the largest city in the U.S. 6. WHOSE chỉ sở hữu cho người và vật (its, her, his, their, your, Mary’s). Ex1: The man is teaching us mathematics. His father is a great scientist. → The man whose father is a great scientist is teaching us mathematics. Ex2: The table is made of wood. Its leg is broken. → The table whose leg is broken is made of wood. Có thể dùng of which chỉ sở hữu cho vật. → The table, the leg of which is broken, is made of wood. 7. WHERE = GIỚI TỪ + WHICH thay thế cho trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn. Ex: I love New York. My father is living there. → I love New York, where/in which my father is living. 8. WHEN GIỚI TỪ + WHICH thay thế cho trạng từ chỉ thời gian. Ex: 1997 was the year. I graduated from university in that year. → 1997 was the year when/in which I graduated from university. Note: the day/ the year/ the time (etc.) that…. Ex: Do you still remember the day that we first met. 9. WHY, THE REASON (WHY) thay thế cho trạng từ chỉ lí do. Ex: The reason (why/that) I’m phoning you is to invite you to the party. 10. WHAT = THE THING(S) THAT; THE WAY/HOW. Ex1: Did you hear what I said? (= the words that I said) Ex2: This is the way/how he did it. 11. PRE (GIỚI TỪ) + WHICH/WHOM EX: This is Mr Carter. I was telling you about him. → This is Mr Carter, who I was telling you about. (not whom) → This is Mr Carter, about whom I was telling you. 12. Lượng từ (ALL, MOST, NONE, MANY, MUCH, (A) FEW, EACH, BOTH, NEITHER, HALF, EITHER, ONE/TWO, etc. + giới từ (of, among…) + WHICH/WHOM Ex: Norman won $ 20,000. He gave half of it to his parents. → Norman won $ 20,000, half of which he gave to his parents.
  • 34. 13. WHICH thay thế cho it, this, that, bổ nghĩa cho cả câu. Ex: Minh married Linh. This surprised us. → Minh married Linh, which surprised us. 14. Cách giảm của mệnh đề quan hệ. Khi giảm, bỏ đại từ quan hệ và đưa động từ về nguyên thể, thêm –ing. Nếu bị động thì bỏ luôn to be a. Dùng present participle (HTPT). Ex: Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom? → Do you know the girl talking to Tom? b. Dùng past participle (QKPT). Ex: The man who was injured in the accident was taken to hospital. → The man injured in the accident was taken to hospital. EXERCISE I. Combine the two sentences, using relative pronouns. 1. The students are from China. They sit in the front row. 2. Algebra problems contain letters. They stand for unknown numbers. 3. I liked the woman. I met her at the party last night. 4. The man is standing overthere. I was telling you about him. 5. I lave to call the man. I accidentally picked up his umbrella after the meeting. 6. The man poured a glass of water on his face. His beard caught on fire when he lit a cigarette. 7. The city was beautiful. We spent our vacation there. 8. July is the month. The weather is usually the hottest in that month. 9. Mr Lee teaches chemistry. I met him yesterday. 10. After the riot, over one hundred people were taken to the hospital. Many of them had been innocent bystanders. 11. They own an original Picasso painting. The value of the painting is over a million dollars. 12. I shut the car door on my necktie. That was really stupid of me. II. Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases. 1. There’s someone who is knocking at the door. 2. What can you do about a dog which is barking all night? 3. Customers who complain about the service should see the manager. 4. Trains which leave from this station take an hour to get to London. 5. Passengers who travel on planes shouldn’t smoke. 6. The experiment which was conducted at the university of Chicago was successful. 7. The photographs which were published in the newspaper were extraordinary. 8. We have an apartment which overlooks the park. MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG TỪ (ADVERBIAL CLAUSES) I. Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ thời gian: Nối với mệnh đề chính bằng những liên từ when, after, before, as soon as (ngay khi), since (kể từ khi), while (trong khi), until, till. Ex: You didn’t look very well when you got up this morning. III. Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn: -Những từ nối với mệnh đề chính như : where, wherever, anywhere, evereywhere Ex: You can’t camp where you like these days. III. Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ lý do: Because, as, since, seeing that (bởi vì)
  • 35. - Sau nó dùng mệnh đề, sau because of dùng cụm từ (v-ing, danh từ) hay due to Ex: Because there was little support, the strike was not successful. → Because of the very little support, the strike was not successful IV. Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ điều kiện: Assuming (that): Giả sử rằng, if, on condition (that): điều kiện là, as long as: miễn là, unless (if not): trừ phi Ex: He will fail the test unless he studies well. V. Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ: Athough, eventhough, though, even if (mặc dù), no matter what (what ever): dù gì đi nữa. In spite of/ despite: mặc dù, sau nó dùng cụm từ V-ing, noun. Ex: I’m going to buy a computer eventhough I haven’t got much money/ inspite of (despite) not having got much money. VI. Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ mục đích: So that In order that (để mà) + mệnh đề (S + can/could/will/may,etc..) To, so as to In order to Vo Ex: I’ve arrive early so that/ in order that I may/ can/ will/ get a good view of the procession. → I’ve arrived early to/ so as to/ in order to get good view of the procession VII. Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ kết quả: So + adj/ adv that (quá đến nổi mà) So + adj/adv + that …not = Too + adj/adv + to (quá đến nổi không thể) Such + (adj) n + that + mệnh đề Not + adj + enough to V Too + adj/adv + to V Ex: The coffee is so hot that I can not drink it → The coffee is too hot (for me) to drink → It is such hot coffee that I can’t drink it. EXERCISE 1. Mr. Jackson hopes to avoid surgery. He will not agree to the operation_______ he is convinced that it is absolutely necessary. VIII. SO SÁNH (COMPARISON) 1. So sánh hơn a. Tính từ và trạng từ 1 vần, và 1 số tính từ 2 vần tận cùng bằng –y, -le, -ow, -er, -et. ADV/ADJ + -ER + (THAN) Ex: The examination was easier than we expected. Simple → simpler; narrow → narrower; quiet → quieter; clever → cleverer b. Tính từ và trạng từ nhiều vần: MORE + ADJ/ADV + (THAN) Ex: Her illness was more serious than we at first thought. Notes: Much, very much, far, a little, a bit, a lot, any, no, even, still + ADV/ADJ so sánh hơn 2. So sánh nhất a. Tính từ và trạng từ 1 vần, và 1 số tính từ 2 vần tận cùng bằng –y, -le, -ow, -er, -et. THE + ADJ/ADV + EST Ex: Yesterday was the hottest day of the year. Narrow → (the) narrowest