1. Biochip Biosensor or bioprocessor that utilizes technologies of modern Biology and Electronics in a micro scale.

2. Types of Biochip DNA chip Protein chip Enzyme chip Lab-on-a-chip Biomolecular machine Biocomputer

7. Structure Determination

8. An ideal biochip Size-portable Save energy-long term usage Low cost-mass production High sensitivity-integration Low sample requirement Microarray-high thru put Decreased invasiveness

9. ASI Atomic Scale Integration LSI Large Scale Integration GSI Giga Scale Integration MSI Medium Scale Integration Time evolution in computer technology from zero to atomic scale integration (Ciabrera et al., 1991; Nicolini, 1993). ULSI Ultra Large Scale Integration SSI Small Scale Integration VLSI Very Large Scale Integration ZSI Zero Scale Integration

11. Features and factors of size reduction in microchip-based analysis TIBTECH DECEMBER 1999 (VOL 17)

12. The size matter

17. DNA as Molecular Machine Construction and operation of the molecular tweezers. A DNA-fuelled molecular machinemade of DNA Bernard Yurk e *, Andrew J. Turber®el d* ², Allen P. Mills J r *, Friedrich C. Simme l* & Jennifer L. Neuman n* NATURE | VOL 406 | 10 AUGUST 2000 Name Sequence Domain 1 Domain 2 A 5’ TGCCTTGTAAGAGCGACCAT CAACCTGGAATGCTTCGGAT 3’ B 5’ GGTCGCTCTTACAAGGCA CTGGTAACAATCACGGTCTATGCG 3’ C 5’ GGAGTCCTACTGTCTGAACTAACG ATCCGAAGCATTCCAGGT 3’ F 5’ CGCATAGACCGTGATTGTTACCAG CGTTAGTTCAGACAGTAGGACTCC TGCTACGA 3’  5’ GGTCGCTCTTACAAGGCA CAGCTAGTTTCACAGTGGCAAGTC 3’  5’ GCAGGCTTCTACATATCTGACGAG ATCCGAAGCATTCCAGGT 3’ F  5’ CGCATAGACCGTGATTGTTACCAG CTCGTCAGATATGTAGAAGCCTGC ACGTCGAT 3’ F  5’ GACTTGCCACTGTGAAACTAGCTG CGTTAGTTCAGACAGTAGGACTCC TGTCCAGA 3’

20. Applications of DNA chip and microarray technology Pharmacogenomics (2000) 1(3):289-307

21. Companies involved in developing microarray DNA-chip technology for pharmacogenomics (from A to V) Pharmacogenomics (2000) 1(3):289-307

22. Components of a DNA microchip . Pharmacogenomics (2000) 1(3):289-307

25. Biofuel Cell (J.A.C.S. 2001, 123, 8630)

26. Electronic Nose (Biosen. & Bioele. 14, 1999 9-18)

27. Surface Plasma Resonance (SPR)

29. Nanowire FET (Sience 293, 17, August, 2001)

30. Semiconductor Devices as Sensors of Biological Reactions Mass Electron Heat Charge Light Modified Electrode Thermometer EnzymeFET Photodiodes SAW Enzymatic Reaction