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Overview of Hospital Information Systems
1. Overview of
Hospital Information Systems
Nawanan Theera-Ampornpunt, M.D., Ph.D.
Department of Community Medicine
Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital
March 3, 2014
SlideShare.net/Nawanan
2. A Bit About Myself...
2003
2009
2011
2012
M.D. (First-Class Honors) (Ramathibodi)
M.S. in Health Informatics (U of MN)
Ph.D. in Health Informatics (U of MN)
Certified HL7 CDA Specialist
Deputy Executive Director for Informatics (CIO/CMIO)
Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute
• Lecturer, Department of Community Medicine
Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital
Mahidol University
•
nawanan.the@mahidol.ac.th
http://groups.google.com/group/ThaiHealthIT
2
5. What Clinicians Want?
To treat & to
care for their
patients to their
best abilities,
given limited
time &
resources
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newborn_Examination_1967.jpg (Nevit Dilmen)
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11. Patient Safety
• To Err is Human (IOM, 2000) reported
that:
– 44,000 to 98,000 people die in U.S.
hospitals each year as a result of
preventable medical mistakes
– Mistakes cost U.S. hospitals $17 billion to
$29 billion yearly
– Individual errors are not the main problem
– Faulty systems, processes, and other
conditions lead to preventable errors
Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version
3.0/Spring 2012
Introduction to Healthcare and Public Health in the US: Regulating Healthcare - Lecture d
11
12. IOM Reports Summary
• Humans are not perfect and are bound to
make errors
• Highlight problems in U.S. health care
system that systematically contributes to
medical errors and poor quality
• Recommends reform
• Health IT plays a role in improving patient
safety
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13. To Err is Human 1: Attention
Image Source: (Left) http://docwhisperer.wordpress.com/2007/05/31/sleepy-heads/
(Right) http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2008/12/05/health/chen_600.jpg
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14. To Err is Human 2: Memory
Image Source: Suthan Srisangkaew, Department of Pathology, Facutly of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University
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15. To Err is Human 3: Cognition
• Cognitive Errors - Example: Decoy Pricing
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# of
People
16
0
84
# of
People
68
32
Ariely (2008)
15
16. Cognitive Biases in Healthcare
“Everyone makes mistakes. But our
reliance on cognitive processes prone to
bias makes treatment errors more likely
than we think”
Klein JG. Five pitfalls in decisions about diagnosis and prescribing. BMJ. 2005 Apr 2;330(7494):781-3.
16
17. Cognitive Biases in Healthcare
Mamede S, van Gog T, van den Berge K, Rikers RM, van Saase JL, van Guldener C, Schmidt HG. Effect of
availability bias and reflective reasoning on diagnostic accuracy among internal medicine residents. JAMA.
2010 Sep 15;304(11):1198-203.
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18. Cognitive Biases in Healthcare
Croskerry P. The importance of cognitive errors in diagnosis and strategies to minimize them.
Acad Med. 2003 Aug;78(8):775-80.
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19. Common Errors
• Medication Errors
– Drug Allergies
– Drug Interactions
• Ineffective or inappropriate treatment
• Redundant orders
• Failure to follow clinical practice guidelines
19
20. Why We Need ICT
in Healthcare?
#2: Because healthcare is
error-prone and technology
can help
20
21. Why We Need ICT
in Healthcare?
#3: Because access to
high-quality patient
information improves care
21
22. Health IT
Use of information and communications
technology (ICT) in health & healthcare
settings
Source: The Health Resources and Services Administration, Department of
Health and Human Service, USA
Slide adapted from: Boonchai Kijsanayotin
22
23. Health IT: What’s in a Word?
Health
Information
Technology
Goal
Value-Add
Tools
23
24. “Health” in “Health IT”
• Patient’s Health
• Population’s Health
• Organization’s Health
(Quality, Reputation & Finance)
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25. Various Forms of Health IT
Hospital Information System (HIS)
Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE)
Electronic
Health
Records
(EHRs)
Screenshot Images from Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University
Picture Archiving and
Communication System
(PACS)
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26. Still Many Other Forms of Health IT
Biosurveillance
mHealth
Personal Health Records
(PHRs) and Patient Portals
Images from Apple Inc., Geekzone.co.nz, Google, HealthVault.com and American Telecare, Inc.
Telemedicine &
Telehealth
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27. Values of Health IT
• Guideline adherence
• Better documentation
• Practitioner decision making or
process of care
• Medication safety
• Patient surveillance & monitoring
• Patient education/reminder
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28. Enterprise-wide Hospital IT
•
•
•
•
•
•
Master Patient Index (MPI)
Admit-Discharge-Transfer (ADT)
Electronic Health Records (EHRs)
Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE)
Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDS)
Picture Archiving and Communication System
(PACS)
• Nursing applications
• Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) - Finance,
Materials Management, Human Resources
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29. Departmental IT in Hospitals
• Pharmacy applications
• Laboratory Information System (LIS)
• Radiology Information System (RIS)
• Specialized applications (ER, OR, LR,
Anesthesia, Critical Care, Dietary
Services, Blood Bank)
• Incident management & reporting system
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30. EHRs & HIS
The Challenge - Knowing What It Means
Electronic Health
Records (EHRs)
Hospital
Information System
(HIS)
Electronic Medical
Records (EMRs)
Electronic Patient
Records (EPRs)
Computer-Based
Patient Records
(CPRs)
Personal Health
Records (PHRs)
Clinical Information
System (CIS)
30
32. Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE)
Values
• No handwriting!!!
• Structured data entry: Completeness, clarity,
fewer mistakes (?)
• No transcription errors!
• Streamlines workflow, increases efficiency
32
33. Stages of Medication Process
Ordering
CPOE
Transcription
Dispensing
Administration
Automatic
Medication
Dispensing
Electronic
Medication
Administration
Records
(e-MAR)
Barcoded
Medication
Dispensing
Barcoded
Medication
Administration
33
34. Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDS)
• The real place where most of the
values of health IT can be achieved
(Shortliffe, 1976)
– Expert systems
• Based on artificial intelligence,
machine learning, rules, or
statistics
• Examples: differential
diagnoses, treatment options
34
35. Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDS)
– Alerts & reminders
• Based on specified logical conditions
• Examples:
– Drug-allergy checks
– Drug-drug interaction checks
– Reminders for preventive services
– Clinical practice guideline integration
35
37. More CDS Examples
• Reference information or evidencebased knowledge sources
–
–
–
–
Drug reference databases
Textbooks & journals
Online literature (e.g. PubMed)
Tools that help users easily access
references (e.g. Infobuttons)
37
39. Other CDS Examples
• Pre-defined documents
–
–
–
–
Order sets, personalized “favorites”
Templates for clinical notes
Checklists
Forms
• Can be either computer-based or
paper-based
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40. Order Sets
Image Source: http://www.hospitalmedicine.org/ResourceRoomRedesign/CSSSIS/html/06Reliable/SSI/Order.cfm
40
41. Other CDS Examples
• Simple UI designed to help clinical
decision making
– Abnormal lab highlights
– Graphs/visualizations for lab results
– Filters & sorting functions
41
49. Proper Roles of CDS
• CDSS as a replacement or supplement of
clinicians?
– The demise of the “Greek Oracle” model (Miller & Masarie, 1990)
The “Greek Oracle” Model
Wrong Assumption
The “Fundamental Theorem” Model
Correct Assumption
Friedman (2009)
49
54. Patients Are Counting on Us...
Image Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/childrensalliance/3191862260/
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55. More Resources
• American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA)
www.amia.org
• International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA)
www.imia.org
• Thai Medical Informatics Association (TMI)
www.tmi.or.th
• Asia eHealth Information Network (AeHIN)
www.aehin.org
• ThaiHealthIT Google Groups Mailing List
http://groups.google.com/group/ThaiHealthIT
• Thai Health Informatics Academy
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