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INTRODUCTION

Poverty has traditionally been defined in terms of income or expenditure and
can be viewed in relative or absolute terms. it is also clear that in several
societies households are not homogenous entities, since within household,
women and girl child often tend to be relatively undernoushied, Gender
constitutes the most profound differentiating division.

As Diana Pearce coined the term "feminization of poverty" which implies new
phenomena, "women have always experienced more poverty than men". on the
other hand female labour force participation highest among the poorest
households in countries such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh where social norms
namely constraint women to very insecure and poor work in the informal sector.
Ensuring equity in women rights to land, poverty, capital assets, wages and
livelihood opportunities would impact positively in women empowerment.
Altitude of the women to accept her status as an unequal member of the family
and society needs to be modulated. In fact it needs to be shown that she is
example of sustaining herself and as a source of income for herself her
household and source of a capital for the society.

Based on experiences of Bangladesh, Ghana, Mexico, Bolivia – MFIS can
introduce several strategies that can make a positive contribution and women‟s
empowerment and holistic transformation, including business training,
discussion of social issues and leadership, ownership and control of credit
institutions. But before these long term goals, providing poorest women with
the micro credit facilities to come out of hunger is the priority. Empowerment is
a latent concept it does not lend itself to direct measurement.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Current Paradigm.
“Social exclusion” – where certain groups are discriminated against, and not
allowed to enjoy the same rights of the rest of the population because of race,
religion, gender etc, is widely regarded as contributing significantly to poverty
amongst those affected. Majority of monitoring documents on India
acknowledge the paradox of robust economic growth juxtaposed against more
modest gains in social development in the region and characterized by
increasing inequalities between social groups, be it caste/tribe-based groups,
gender disparities, or urban-rural divide among others. Social inclusion is one of
UNICEF„s central pillars of work in the country programme (2008–2012).This
reflects a commitment to inclusion in both UNDAF and the 11th Five Year Plan
(2008–2012) of GoI, reflecting a shared perception of a central challenge in the
context of India„s current high growth economic development trajectory: the
reduction of disparities in the process of economic and social development
(UNICEF-KCCI, 2010).




The rationale for taking this seminar based discourse on women in Indian
society was to grapple with the nuances of feminization of poverty for women
in Indian society AND LINK THESE TO THE PROPOSED TERMS OF
RESEARCH AS PROFESSED EARLIER ON THE LINKAGES AMIDST
MICROFINANCE AND WOMEN. The purpose of this study is to assess the
impact of microfinance schemes on economic well being of marginalized
women. At this level of the social stratum, self-help groups are the primary
source of financial, emotional and practical support. Such groups use
participatory processes to include women in the decision-making processes as
well as provide opportunities to share knowledge, common experiences, and
solutions to problems. Through their participation, members help themselves
and others by gaining knowledge and information, and by obtaining and
providing support to one another. The impacts of such policies and the practices
engendered by such microcredit programmes are very interesting to evaluate
and learn from. It addresses the immediate need of poverty alleviation through
employment and thereby income generation. Not to mention the long run goal
of redressing the role of women in the economy as well as their status in the
society.Tangible achievements such as employment generated and higher wage
earnings by the targeted population serve as proxies for qualitative and largely
immeasurable aspects such as women‟s empowerment and the formation of
crucial social capital of the economy, keeping the Marxist framework of looking
at women‟s labour in the backdrop.




According to Fredrick ENGELS1,Women are exploited by men due to the
monogamous structure of the family and their isolation from social productive
process. Even in the Roman notion of family denotes a goroup of slaves
belonging to one man wherein the man has all rights over his wife who is a
mere instrument to satiate his lust and produce children. The concept of
monogamy highlighting the slave side of women as a mother of legitimate heir
of children of their husbands and housekeepers was also highlighted in Greece
in Illiad, Homer etc.In Athens prostitution helped in facilitating the intellectual
and artistic qualities of women, to stand above the classical womanhood of the
Spartan women. Monogamous marriage symbolizes the subjugation of the
female to the men and the first class pooression alongwith private property and
slaves. This is also inclusive of open marriage where only the women are held
as an outcast. Only the Germans through their poverty did not favour
monogamy to subjugate women and gave them freedom in public affairs and the
notion of individual sex- love came in parlance. This was further elucidated by
1
    PLEASE CITE WITH THE NAME OF THE PUBLISHER/AUTHOR AND PU THE YEAR IN ( ):i.e;Patel(1994).
the Germans and French. In the catholic marriages the parents selected the wife
for their bourgoise son which culminates adultery for the former and heratism
for the former. But in the Protestants ethics a bourgoise son may be allowed to
select a wife of his own individual choice which yields room for „domestic
bliss‟. In any case a marriage of convenience yields adultery among women. In
the current day after women have especially liberated in the labour market the
proliteranian marriage remains monogamous only in oymological and not
historical sense. The legalistic stand of equating men and women in analogies to
equating the proletariat and the bourgoise in labour contract. However full
freedom of marriage can be propogated only when there is abolition of the
capitalist production and of the property relations created by it has removed all
the economic considerartions which still exerts a powerful influence on the
choice of a marriage partner. This wourld nonetheless dissolve the 2 basic
stamped features of monogamy- supremacy of man and the indissolubility of
marriage as such.




According to Christine Delphy, the feminist movement in the west has built in
a Marxist framework which makes only a theoretical construct of the oppression
of the proletariat women without making much of the class analysis of the
women.(ALSO         SEE     PARTHA         CHATTERJEE           –RECASTING
WOMEN).Thus the need arises to find structural reasons for the women‟s
oppression.It is also needed to rationalize the autarky of the feminist
movement.There are no linkages amidst theory and praxis for deconstructing
feminist oppression.Delphy aims to follow a prototype need based model for
seeking for a feminist consciousness.
THE RELATIONS OF PRODUCTION ENTERED INTO BY WOMEN--
The Marxist lines of thought regard women as tools of exploitation for
production and reproduction .But it is also needed to contemplate the mode of
production ,class analysis of women and the political perspectives
,constituencies and alliences of the feminist movement.Women, herein are only
allowed to have their basic needs as gifts from their spouses(male) to maintain
their labour power.Women are taken as unproductive as they are needed to form
surplus production and are engaged in procreating items of use-value.The work
of women is not nessecerily confined to domestic household activities and
child-rearing but also extend to working in farms in rearing cattle(also see
Shalini grover), and doing the unpleasant non-mechanical tasks allocated in
agriculture as seen from official statistics in France and Morrocco.Whatever is
produced in the family for household consumption, has potential monetary
value, some of which are used for calculating the GNP of the nation and some
of these are taken as self-consumption activities due to societal reasons like
child-rearing.Just as there is continuity for activities for self-consumption,which
are productive and unproductive, there is also continuity for services, without
pay by wives and commercial services which implies that many of the
operations of turning raw materials into commercial products are now
industrialized which is officially considered in computing the national
product.The fallacy lies in the fact that when women work within the family and
they are unpaid and when they work outside the family they are paid for the
same services. This is also inclusive of the controverdial debates in feminism in
the bio-politics of sex work.It must also be noted that with the rise of
industrialization, women have increasingly started producing goods beyond
self-consumption, but their wages are all used up in the payment of child care
amd excess taxes thus rendering them almost with nothing.It is noteworthy that
the exploitation of womenis life-long and they are doubly exploited by the
patriarchal structure and are subdued by society with no social inclusiveness in
terms of valorizing their paid/unpaid services.Wommen are always subjugated
as being the wife of another and they are thus subjugated as a common class.
Thus communism may be feasible in a bourgoise or a proletariat revolution
where the household domestic amenities are easily available to the women.




                 FEMINISATION OF POVERTY IN INDIA-


CALCUTTA REQUIEM-.Housing developments emerge amid the paddy
fields on the fringes of Calcutta; overflowing trains carry peasant women to
informal urban labor markets in a daily commute against hunger; land is settled
and claimed in a complex choreography of squatting and evictions: such,
Ananya Roy contends, are the distinctive spaces of a communism for the new
millennium -- where, at a moment of liberalization, the hegemony of poverty is
quietly reproduced. An ethnography of urban development in Calcutta, Roy's
book explores the dynamics of class and gender in the persistence of poverty.


City Requiem, Calcutta emphasizes how gender itself is spatialized, and how
gender relations are negotiated within the geopolitics of modernity and through
the   everyday   practices   of   territory.   Thus   Roy   shows   how   urban
developmentalism, in its populist guise, reproduces the relations of masculinist
patronage, and, in its entrepreneurial guise, seeks to reclaim a bourgeois
Calcutta, gentlemanly in its nostalgias. In doing so, her work expands the field
of poverty studies by showing how a politics of poverty is also a poverty of
knowledge, a construction and management of social and spatial categories.
FORMULATING THE NAUNCES OF FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY IN
                                    INDIA




Is there any link with female household headship?Poverty is DeprivationWhat is
Poverty? Definition: Per capita calories contentWidened: Calories, plus shelter,
access to water and sanitation, health facilities, & education.World Bank: $ 1 a
dayArjun Sengupta report: 80% of Indians live below the level of consumption
of Rs. 20 per day Need to unpack-While studying the processes of poverty the
scholars with gender concerns have highlighted the gendered effects of poverty
situations. However, there is a debate about who are the „poorest of the poor
households‟ (women within them). Unpacking of „the feminisation poverty‟
means to determine howmany women are poor, which women are poor, and
how they became and remain poor. Link between-Factors linked with
Feminisation of poverty have been linked with gender disparities in rights,
entitlements and capabilities,The gender-differentiated impacts of neo-liberal
restructuring, informalisation and feminisation of labour, and erosion of kin-
based support networks through migration, conflicts etc.Primary tenet has
emerged as incidence of female household headship is linked with
feminisation of poverty




Pros of targetted Programmes for FHH-when data on poverty unreliable,
isolating FHH could capture significant share of population „in need‟.Targetting
assistance to „lone‟ mother may improve child welfare given the fact that
children are better off when women have resources at their own
disposal.Greater equity in development spending between men and
women.Two Views-Evidences of both trends:Ambitious comparative review
based on 60 studies concluded that 2/3 of cases female headed households
found poorer than the male headed households.Cost Rica study suggests that
majority female headed households are not poor and there is an increase in such
households. Implications      for Interventions-International forums have
favoured this thesis and women‟s economic empowerment has been accepted
not only for gender equality but also eliminating poverty, and ensuring that
benefits reach more number of people. This approach is criticised as naked
instrumentalism. Also, favouring female headed households is seen as drawing
veil over secondary poverty often experienced by women within male headed
units. It also diverts attention from intra-household inequalities in resource
allocations as well as wider structures of gender and socio-economic
inequalities.




Cons of Targetted programmes for FHH-FHH may become male headed
over time through remarriage or cohebitaiton.Slippage of benefits to non-poor
HH because not all the FHH have low incomes.Screening processes are
problematic; stigma for desertion, tradition of man as a household even though
he is permanently absent.Some women may not want to be classified as having
beneficiaries of charity programme and prefer part of the „rights‟ programme,
which    is     sometimes   contributory.It   could   also   become   perverse
incentive.Diversity acknowledged-Women‟s poverty is multi-dimensional and
multi-sectoral.Women‟s poverty is experienced in „different ways‟ in „different
times‟ and in „different spaces‟.Gender and Poverty are distinct forms of
disadvantage, should not be collapsed into notion of „feminsiation of poverty‟.
It should not be dubbed as „poverty is a women‟s problem‟
Macro level causes of feminisation of poverty-Structural adjustment
programmes under the globalisation regime has widen the gap between
rich and poor and has also deepen the poverty in certain groups. Feminists
have noted some of these factors:Invisibility of work,Global processes of
accumulationOffshore proletarianisation of poor women,Examining the
debt burden and faulty policies of dependency on international markets for
survival.Immigration of women contributing to the global care economy,
creating issues of citizenship, violence, and women’s human rights.Low
status, rise in prostitution, considered important reason for sexually
transmitted diseases.Overall decline in social sector funding-education,
health, public distribution system, transportationChildren dropping out of
school,   increase   in   infant   and   maternal   mortality   and   mal-
nourishment.Intra-household factors-Capital and markets actually have not
changed gender relations.Women’s unequal position in the HH mediates
their participation in markets and substantially limits their capacity to
respond to market opportunities.Women’s employment is seen as sign of
poverty and upset gender roles.Gender relations constantly interact with
the demands of the market forces, and have been decomposed and
recomposed in the new forms to meet those demands better.HH and
Survival Strategies-HH are domestic units internally and externally
stratified. When they confront external factors they make adjustments and
survive over time. These are called HH strategies.Migration and changes in
fertility behaviour are generally major strategies to adapt. Along with
diverting priorities to food intake and intensification of domestic work
pressure on girls to undertake domestic work as opposed to boys
increases.Younger women separated from consensual unions, are found
generally poorer in Nicaragua, who depend upon the relatives and
neighbours     as     a    support     system.     Deserted     women       study
MaharashtraOveremphasize on resource-fullness and social capital of poor
is criticised because they mystify the survival.


RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN INDIA
                             IN THE BACKDROP-


The specific microfinance programme that will be the subject of evaluation is
the Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) scheme, which provides
self-employment and wage employment to women in need. The former consists
of financial and training assistance to individuals to set up gainful self-
employment ventures, and to groups of poor urban women to set up collective
ventures under the Development of Women and Children in the Urban Areas
(DWCUA) component. Financial help takes the form of microcredit from
designated banks. Wage employment is generated through the creation of public
assets by local bodies. If the SJSRY succeeds in generating regular wage
employment, poverty may decline; this is less likely if such employment is
casual. Throughout the urban sector, poverty is highest among households
supported by casual wage labour and self-employment (Dubey et al. 2000;
Dubey and Mahadevia 2001). It is therefore very important to examine and
assess whether or not the beneficiaries of this scheme have been able to improve
their living standards and if not then what are the major factors which act as
barriers and what factors could be highlighted as best management practices.


Financial inclusion is one tool and we believe a powerful one, many in the
global fight to defeat poverty. For high impact many interventions must act in
unison. Including health care, education, housing, basic services, like nutrition,
clean water and sustainable energy. That will be coordinated across sections.
Our focus is on microfinance institutions in India and their role in women
empowerment a short overview Micro –credit in India is provided through
number of institutions and at various layers. (1) SELF help group since 1996.
They are informal homogenous groups. They have provided as cyclic agents to
developments in both rural and urban areas. Here, they borrow from RRBs and
Banks small saving of the rural women are deposited with Banks they can
reduce the operating costs in forming and financing SHGs. Involving NGOS
and youth. For forming and nurturing SHGs. Promotion of SHGs can bring
women into mainstream of economic development. Major organizations which
have promoted SHGs in the country are NABARD, SIDB, SEWA, MURADA,
WWF etc. There are number of NGOs and voluntary organizations which are
already engaged in promoting SHGs and micro-finance. In Bolpur Distt of west
Bengal Swashakti and Swayam Sidha are two important projects aimed as
socio-economic empowerment of women through SHGS. Bank linkages and
development of income generating activities.

MFIS lend to small groups directly and use social reinforcement (i.e., peer
pressure) to ensure that each member pays bank loan. because Indian rules do
not allow MFIs to set up as banks (Before 2010). They are able to use deposits.
From their borrowers to lend loans to them, they have relied an investment
module, and now with SKS on equity markets.

In Bangladesh the MFI groups were self financed. They were obligated to each
other when and not the creditor ie obligation to ones peers. World Bank study
(1996) survey 61% of all clients were women. Grameen bank in Bangladesh
and Bancosol in Bolinia the percentages are 95%, 72% . whether this increases
her bargaining power or “empowerment”. In the household, Hashami (1996)
attempted to measure, empowerment using indicators of mobility, ability to
make large purchase and political and legal awareness.
USAID has highlighted – integrative, microfinance, HIV and women‟s
empowerment – Food insecurity and livelihood CARE. In Rawanda‟s,
HIV/AIDS program, 70% of program beneficiaries are women. The program
incorporated micro finance projects in 2006 to avoid this threat. The term
economic empowerment has myriad definitions and practices designed to
increase or protect income and their ability to make choices and become self
reliant facilitated by the availability of microfinance.

NABARD, Study reveals, the training packages must be evolved for
entrepreneurship development to enable rural women as successful business
managers. Role of penchants, women‟s organization etc may be enhanced to
impact training, skill development and technical knowledge.

Feminist Empowerment Paradigm: - here underlying concern is seen as an
integral and inseparable past of wider process of social transformation. The
main target group is poor women. And women are capable of providing
alternative female role models. For a sub sector approach to micro credit, based
partly an. SEWA‟s strategy – part of a strategy for change which identifies
opportunities, constraints, within industries, which are addressed for large
number of women. To institute strategies linking women to existing services
and infrastructure. Development of new technology such as labour saving, food
processing, building information networks, shifting to new markets, policy
changes to overcome legislative barriers and unionization.

Poverty reduction PARADIGM:-

The main focus of the programmes, as a whole is in developing sustainable
livelihood, community development, and social service like literacy, healthcare
and infrastructure development. Although, the term „empowerment‟              is
frequently used in general terms, here the term women empowerment is often
considered best avoided as being too controversial and political. The
assumption is that increasing women‟s access to micro-finance will enable
women to make a greater contribution to household income. And this together
with other intervention to increase household will being, will translate into
improved well being for women. However and enable women bring about wider
changes in gender inequality.

Financial Sustainability Paradigm.

The ultimate aim is to have large programmes which are profitable and fully
self supporting in competition with their private sector banking institutions and
able to raise funds term international financial markets. The main target is
bankable poor within this paradigm the gender lobbies have been able to argue
for targeting women on grounds of high repayment schemes.

The empowerment is interpreted as expansion of individual choice or capacity
for self-reliance. It is assured increasing women access to micro finance to
individual economic empowerment. As women‟s decisions about saving and
credit use increase, enabling women to set up micro enterprise is assured. This
increased economic empowerment will lead to better well being women and
also social political improvement.

Micro Finance and Insurance.

ILO International labour organization (2003). Various articles had explored the
complemented of offering basic insurance products, either at their own or in
partnership with insurance company. In India, the insurance and regulatory and
developmental proponent of formal insurance reusing low income market.
(Research paper by Masschutess Institute of Technology (2007).Researches
Abhijeet Banerjee. Esther Duflow.)

Launched in 1998, Swayam Krishi Sangam (SKS) Micro finance is one of the
fastest growing micro finance Organization. In the world SKS identified 201
villages where it was running its activities. Microfinance programmes
preliminary findings from the analysis of baseline data several considerations
cannot demand for insurance. Building catastrophe health insurance with micro
finance has promise to reduce this risk.

Changing paradigm - Movement towards profit motive?

Indian institute of Management Ahembdabad :- (M.S. Sriram, March 2010)

In case of legal ownership and governance Indian MFIS had to find their own
solutions. It was possible to follow the Grammen Bank pattern of ownership of
which was incorporated under special act. The imperatives of moving to
commercial, stemmed from the size –that MFIs were growing much bigger than
they should in their original form of not for profit incorporation. It was also
increasingly difficult for them to maintain adequacy or attract commercial
capital, as profit could not be distributed in not for profit format. The options
available were limited.

   1.   Move the operations to a non-banking finance company. (NBFC)
   2.   Move operation as corporate formate.
   3.   Set up local area bank.
Indian MFIs had option of NBFCs Bancosol of Boliva which was the first
celebrated experiment. It moved from as a donor based non profit entity to a full
fledged bank that celebrated the listing of its instruments in Wall Street Banco
comparfomos – of micro was much more controversial. In India a by 2009, we
had (1) SKS Microfinance Sandana Spoothy financial limited (Spanelna) (2)
Share microfinance limited (3) Asmith microfinance ltd. SKS received NBFC
license in 2006. It Akula sold the shares on for a price of Rs. 103.91 investment
of Rs. 1.6 crore. Microfinance indeed had become lucrative business. Then
SKS went public.
If we assume that MFICs were exploitative, they could have been brought to the
table for counselling or brought to book by regulator. Interest charged by MFI
however usurious it is, should be desirable than a faceless money lender where
the terms of exchange never come out

The fact that they had to move to the main stream was also imperative due to
the requirements of capital and face of growth. That might also be the reason for
the public institutions like SIDBI to pro-actively design products and be part of
thus power.

Whether they were pushed out, into a corner because the private equity
investors gave them offers, or they thought their job was done and they had a
larger agenda in life not known. However, it is clear that incidents in the history
of these organizations do not make a very good reality.

In December 2010, the government of Andhra Pradesh (AP) passsed the law
which affectively shut down private sector micro finance in state. The AP
government stated that in goal was to protect poor. But 18 months later it is
clear that it has opposite effect, it is having the poor by starving them of access
to credit and basic financial services. Lending by MFI in AP has dropped
virtually zero. AP Act makes it impossible in the MFI to collect outstanding
dues.

Objectives

To Study the status of women in Bolpur district in terms of education, health,
literacy, income, access to credit, in various forms banks, SHG, MFIs DRDA.
Both for rural and urban areas.

To review the genesis, in the formation of SHGs and the MFIs in Bolpur district
to review the status of such microfinance institutions. Their inter linkages with
other financial institutions viz. SIDBI, NABARD, RRBs, DRDA, and their
integration with NGOs,. To analyse the impact of micro credit an socia-
economic empowerment of women in urban and rural areas of Bolpur add.

To explore the possibilities of providing microfinance insurance for women in
Bolpur as in. Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The Impact such policies and
practices engendered by such microcredit programmes are very interesting to
evaluate to learn from them. The immediate need is employment. The long term
goals of (a) redressing the status of women in the society. (b) Tangible
achievements such as employment and higher wage earnings by targeted
population serves as proxies. (c) For qualitative and largely immeasurable
aspects of women empowerment. (d) And the formation of crucial social capital
in the economy this achievement is particularly important remarkable when
perceived in the backdrop of Marxist framework of looking at women labour.

Bolpur district has many national level, state level as well as local players
offering micro loans to the low income individuals in the region. Structure of
SHGs, MFIs in India will undergo a change (a) SHG & MFIs can be now under
NBFCs (b) the 2012 act where regularization registration and inditing needs to
be undertaken, its effect needs to be explored and implications for directed
credit to women entrepreneurs.

In December 2010, the government of Andhra Pradesh (AP) passed the law
which effectively shut down private sector microfinance in state. The AP
government stated that its goal was to stated that its goal 18 months letter it is
clear that it has opposite effect, it is having the poor by staring them of access to
credit and basic finance services. Lending by MFI in AP has dropped virtually
zero. AP act makes it impossible in the MFI to collect outstanding.

Evaluation of costs and Benefits of microfinance schemes and limitation of
the study

Involving in micro credit initiatives should take account of fact that :-
(a)Itself Credit itself is important but cannot it self enable very poor women to
overcome poverty (b) Making credit available to woman does not automatically
mean they have control over its use ones any income they might generate from
micro enterprises. (c) in situations of chronic poverty it is more important to
provide having services, then to offer credit.

(d) India is a country where a collaborative model between banks NGOs, MFIs
and Women‟s organization is furthest advanced. A focus on diversified micro
finance sector, where different type of organization NGO, MFI, SHG is formal
sector banks all should have gender policies adapted to the needs, of their
particular target institutional roles and capacities. And collaborate and work
together to make a significant contribution to gender equally and pro-poor
development.- (1) time consuming income gendering activities. Without
reduction in. traditional responsibilities. (2)nd new pressure the generated, BY
using social capital, in grant lending group, collateral programmes, additional
stresses and pressures are introduced. which might increase vulnerability and
reflect disempowerment (3)rd micro finance asserts women to perform
traditional roles better and thus women have remained trapped in low
productively sectors, not moving from the group of survival enterprises. (4) th the
gender constraints. The constraints on sexuality and sexual violence which limit
access to credit. There are signs, particularly in some urban markets may be
contributory to market saturation in female activities and decline profits and
small increase in access to income and influence there may be all the cost of
harvest work loads, increased stress, and women health. Increase contribution to
household income has improve domestic relation has other cases has intensified
tensions.

There is no necessary link between women‟s individual economic
empowerment and participation in micro finance groups and social and political
empowerment these changes are not automatic. The credit may lead to severe
impoverishment, an abandonment and put serious stress on networks with other
women. Pressure to save may mean women forgoing their own necessary
consumption. There is evidence that poorest women are the most likely to be
excluded included by the programmes and also poor groups where repayment is
the prime consideration main emphasis of programmes is on existing micro
enterprises. It also suggests that even where they get access to credit they are
particularly vulnerable to falling further into debt.

Bolpur District

   1.   Bolpur subdivision is a subdivision of Birbhum district in the state of
        west Bengal. It consists of Bolpur municipality and four community
        development blocs Bolpour – Sriniketan, Ilambazar, Labhpur and
        Nanoor. The four blocs contain to fourty gram panchayats its head quarter
        in Bolpur.
   2.   About 150 year ago Bolpur was a small village under supur porgana. But
        now it has become an international city.
   3.   Demography dynamos of SSPA.
                           Rural                        Urban
 1951                      58%                          42%
 1961                      56%                          44%
 2001                      49%                          51%


Sex Distribution

Percentage of working age group b/w 15 to 50 years was 71.32% urban and
64.61% rural. Not much difference in the distribution b/w males and females.

Education the percentage 62% fell in three classes – primary school, middle
school and secondary school. The corresponding % share was 63 per males and
60 for females.
Methodology

Bolpur town has many national level as well as local players, offering micro
loans to low income in the regions – NABARD – “SHG Bank linkage
program:‟ aimed at connecting sleep help group – SHARE, BASIX, SEWA,
MYRADA, PRADHAN

A proper mechanism is to be used to prepare a data base on these and segregate,
so as much of it achievement goals for women directly or indirectly. For this
empirical data analysis with suitable software analysis needs to be undertaken.

Innovative    methodological     approaches,        including   visual   techniques,
conversational and textual analysis and analysis of spontaneous events will be
required. Proper questionnaires involvement/ of NGOs and college students
mail in survey have added advantages use of the existing data that other social
scientists have collected the use of publicly accessible information‟s is known
as secondary analysis. From business, governmental with RBI act 2012. MFIs
have register and all information regularly updated. This will be a greatly help,
Therefore, both primary and secondary data sources are to be used. Through
action ethnography, using participant observation will be key to survey methods
in certain issues of as relating to women status.

Primary research should cover given the Objectives of the paper.

First, have a women tendency to invest in safer investment project can be linked
to her desire raise her bargaining position in households. Second, in addition to
the project choice, women empowerment is examined with respect to contact of
saving, control of income, control over loans, control over purchasing power
and family planning. Third, increase in level of mobility, ability to make large
purchase and political and legal awareness.

It is suggested that 10 empowerment factors including an aggregate “all” factor,
we can more simply examine the partial correlations among different
dimensions of empowerment and between them and exogenous covariates.

This includes, purchasing, resources, transaction management, households
behaviour, mobility and networks, activation, finance, fertility and Household
activities. We can have a linear in the variables form of demand equation for
empowerment that is estimated. The data collection will be a key factor and in
including these variables.

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WOMEN EMPOWERMENT ;ESSAYS FOR I E S . IAS , PHD MPHIL ENTRANCE EXAMS

  • 1. INTRODUCTION Poverty has traditionally been defined in terms of income or expenditure and can be viewed in relative or absolute terms. it is also clear that in several societies households are not homogenous entities, since within household, women and girl child often tend to be relatively undernoushied, Gender constitutes the most profound differentiating division. As Diana Pearce coined the term "feminization of poverty" which implies new phenomena, "women have always experienced more poverty than men". on the other hand female labour force participation highest among the poorest households in countries such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh where social norms namely constraint women to very insecure and poor work in the informal sector. Ensuring equity in women rights to land, poverty, capital assets, wages and livelihood opportunities would impact positively in women empowerment. Altitude of the women to accept her status as an unequal member of the family and society needs to be modulated. In fact it needs to be shown that she is example of sustaining herself and as a source of income for herself her household and source of a capital for the society. Based on experiences of Bangladesh, Ghana, Mexico, Bolivia – MFIS can introduce several strategies that can make a positive contribution and women‟s empowerment and holistic transformation, including business training, discussion of social issues and leadership, ownership and control of credit institutions. But before these long term goals, providing poorest women with the micro credit facilities to come out of hunger is the priority. Empowerment is a latent concept it does not lend itself to direct measurement. LITERATURE REVIEW Current Paradigm.
  • 2. “Social exclusion” – where certain groups are discriminated against, and not allowed to enjoy the same rights of the rest of the population because of race, religion, gender etc, is widely regarded as contributing significantly to poverty amongst those affected. Majority of monitoring documents on India acknowledge the paradox of robust economic growth juxtaposed against more modest gains in social development in the region and characterized by increasing inequalities between social groups, be it caste/tribe-based groups, gender disparities, or urban-rural divide among others. Social inclusion is one of UNICEF„s central pillars of work in the country programme (2008–2012).This reflects a commitment to inclusion in both UNDAF and the 11th Five Year Plan (2008–2012) of GoI, reflecting a shared perception of a central challenge in the context of India„s current high growth economic development trajectory: the reduction of disparities in the process of economic and social development (UNICEF-KCCI, 2010). The rationale for taking this seminar based discourse on women in Indian society was to grapple with the nuances of feminization of poverty for women in Indian society AND LINK THESE TO THE PROPOSED TERMS OF RESEARCH AS PROFESSED EARLIER ON THE LINKAGES AMIDST MICROFINANCE AND WOMEN. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of microfinance schemes on economic well being of marginalized women. At this level of the social stratum, self-help groups are the primary source of financial, emotional and practical support. Such groups use participatory processes to include women in the decision-making processes as well as provide opportunities to share knowledge, common experiences, and solutions to problems. Through their participation, members help themselves and others by gaining knowledge and information, and by obtaining and
  • 3. providing support to one another. The impacts of such policies and the practices engendered by such microcredit programmes are very interesting to evaluate and learn from. It addresses the immediate need of poverty alleviation through employment and thereby income generation. Not to mention the long run goal of redressing the role of women in the economy as well as their status in the society.Tangible achievements such as employment generated and higher wage earnings by the targeted population serve as proxies for qualitative and largely immeasurable aspects such as women‟s empowerment and the formation of crucial social capital of the economy, keeping the Marxist framework of looking at women‟s labour in the backdrop. According to Fredrick ENGELS1,Women are exploited by men due to the monogamous structure of the family and their isolation from social productive process. Even in the Roman notion of family denotes a goroup of slaves belonging to one man wherein the man has all rights over his wife who is a mere instrument to satiate his lust and produce children. The concept of monogamy highlighting the slave side of women as a mother of legitimate heir of children of their husbands and housekeepers was also highlighted in Greece in Illiad, Homer etc.In Athens prostitution helped in facilitating the intellectual and artistic qualities of women, to stand above the classical womanhood of the Spartan women. Monogamous marriage symbolizes the subjugation of the female to the men and the first class pooression alongwith private property and slaves. This is also inclusive of open marriage where only the women are held as an outcast. Only the Germans through their poverty did not favour monogamy to subjugate women and gave them freedom in public affairs and the notion of individual sex- love came in parlance. This was further elucidated by 1 PLEASE CITE WITH THE NAME OF THE PUBLISHER/AUTHOR AND PU THE YEAR IN ( ):i.e;Patel(1994).
  • 4. the Germans and French. In the catholic marriages the parents selected the wife for their bourgoise son which culminates adultery for the former and heratism for the former. But in the Protestants ethics a bourgoise son may be allowed to select a wife of his own individual choice which yields room for „domestic bliss‟. In any case a marriage of convenience yields adultery among women. In the current day after women have especially liberated in the labour market the proliteranian marriage remains monogamous only in oymological and not historical sense. The legalistic stand of equating men and women in analogies to equating the proletariat and the bourgoise in labour contract. However full freedom of marriage can be propogated only when there is abolition of the capitalist production and of the property relations created by it has removed all the economic considerartions which still exerts a powerful influence on the choice of a marriage partner. This wourld nonetheless dissolve the 2 basic stamped features of monogamy- supremacy of man and the indissolubility of marriage as such. According to Christine Delphy, the feminist movement in the west has built in a Marxist framework which makes only a theoretical construct of the oppression of the proletariat women without making much of the class analysis of the women.(ALSO SEE PARTHA CHATTERJEE –RECASTING WOMEN).Thus the need arises to find structural reasons for the women‟s oppression.It is also needed to rationalize the autarky of the feminist movement.There are no linkages amidst theory and praxis for deconstructing feminist oppression.Delphy aims to follow a prototype need based model for seeking for a feminist consciousness.
  • 5. THE RELATIONS OF PRODUCTION ENTERED INTO BY WOMEN-- The Marxist lines of thought regard women as tools of exploitation for production and reproduction .But it is also needed to contemplate the mode of production ,class analysis of women and the political perspectives ,constituencies and alliences of the feminist movement.Women, herein are only allowed to have their basic needs as gifts from their spouses(male) to maintain their labour power.Women are taken as unproductive as they are needed to form surplus production and are engaged in procreating items of use-value.The work of women is not nessecerily confined to domestic household activities and child-rearing but also extend to working in farms in rearing cattle(also see Shalini grover), and doing the unpleasant non-mechanical tasks allocated in agriculture as seen from official statistics in France and Morrocco.Whatever is produced in the family for household consumption, has potential monetary value, some of which are used for calculating the GNP of the nation and some of these are taken as self-consumption activities due to societal reasons like child-rearing.Just as there is continuity for activities for self-consumption,which are productive and unproductive, there is also continuity for services, without pay by wives and commercial services which implies that many of the operations of turning raw materials into commercial products are now industrialized which is officially considered in computing the national product.The fallacy lies in the fact that when women work within the family and they are unpaid and when they work outside the family they are paid for the same services. This is also inclusive of the controverdial debates in feminism in the bio-politics of sex work.It must also be noted that with the rise of industrialization, women have increasingly started producing goods beyond self-consumption, but their wages are all used up in the payment of child care amd excess taxes thus rendering them almost with nothing.It is noteworthy that the exploitation of womenis life-long and they are doubly exploited by the patriarchal structure and are subdued by society with no social inclusiveness in
  • 6. terms of valorizing their paid/unpaid services.Wommen are always subjugated as being the wife of another and they are thus subjugated as a common class. Thus communism may be feasible in a bourgoise or a proletariat revolution where the household domestic amenities are easily available to the women. FEMINISATION OF POVERTY IN INDIA- CALCUTTA REQUIEM-.Housing developments emerge amid the paddy fields on the fringes of Calcutta; overflowing trains carry peasant women to informal urban labor markets in a daily commute against hunger; land is settled and claimed in a complex choreography of squatting and evictions: such, Ananya Roy contends, are the distinctive spaces of a communism for the new millennium -- where, at a moment of liberalization, the hegemony of poverty is quietly reproduced. An ethnography of urban development in Calcutta, Roy's book explores the dynamics of class and gender in the persistence of poverty. City Requiem, Calcutta emphasizes how gender itself is spatialized, and how gender relations are negotiated within the geopolitics of modernity and through the everyday practices of territory. Thus Roy shows how urban developmentalism, in its populist guise, reproduces the relations of masculinist patronage, and, in its entrepreneurial guise, seeks to reclaim a bourgeois Calcutta, gentlemanly in its nostalgias. In doing so, her work expands the field of poverty studies by showing how a politics of poverty is also a poverty of knowledge, a construction and management of social and spatial categories.
  • 7. FORMULATING THE NAUNCES OF FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY IN INDIA Is there any link with female household headship?Poverty is DeprivationWhat is Poverty? Definition: Per capita calories contentWidened: Calories, plus shelter, access to water and sanitation, health facilities, & education.World Bank: $ 1 a dayArjun Sengupta report: 80% of Indians live below the level of consumption of Rs. 20 per day Need to unpack-While studying the processes of poverty the scholars with gender concerns have highlighted the gendered effects of poverty situations. However, there is a debate about who are the „poorest of the poor households‟ (women within them). Unpacking of „the feminisation poverty‟ means to determine howmany women are poor, which women are poor, and how they became and remain poor. Link between-Factors linked with Feminisation of poverty have been linked with gender disparities in rights, entitlements and capabilities,The gender-differentiated impacts of neo-liberal restructuring, informalisation and feminisation of labour, and erosion of kin- based support networks through migration, conflicts etc.Primary tenet has emerged as incidence of female household headship is linked with feminisation of poverty Pros of targetted Programmes for FHH-when data on poverty unreliable, isolating FHH could capture significant share of population „in need‟.Targetting assistance to „lone‟ mother may improve child welfare given the fact that children are better off when women have resources at their own disposal.Greater equity in development spending between men and
  • 8. women.Two Views-Evidences of both trends:Ambitious comparative review based on 60 studies concluded that 2/3 of cases female headed households found poorer than the male headed households.Cost Rica study suggests that majority female headed households are not poor and there is an increase in such households. Implications for Interventions-International forums have favoured this thesis and women‟s economic empowerment has been accepted not only for gender equality but also eliminating poverty, and ensuring that benefits reach more number of people. This approach is criticised as naked instrumentalism. Also, favouring female headed households is seen as drawing veil over secondary poverty often experienced by women within male headed units. It also diverts attention from intra-household inequalities in resource allocations as well as wider structures of gender and socio-economic inequalities. Cons of Targetted programmes for FHH-FHH may become male headed over time through remarriage or cohebitaiton.Slippage of benefits to non-poor HH because not all the FHH have low incomes.Screening processes are problematic; stigma for desertion, tradition of man as a household even though he is permanently absent.Some women may not want to be classified as having beneficiaries of charity programme and prefer part of the „rights‟ programme, which is sometimes contributory.It could also become perverse incentive.Diversity acknowledged-Women‟s poverty is multi-dimensional and multi-sectoral.Women‟s poverty is experienced in „different ways‟ in „different times‟ and in „different spaces‟.Gender and Poverty are distinct forms of disadvantage, should not be collapsed into notion of „feminsiation of poverty‟. It should not be dubbed as „poverty is a women‟s problem‟
  • 9. Macro level causes of feminisation of poverty-Structural adjustment programmes under the globalisation regime has widen the gap between rich and poor and has also deepen the poverty in certain groups. Feminists have noted some of these factors:Invisibility of work,Global processes of accumulationOffshore proletarianisation of poor women,Examining the debt burden and faulty policies of dependency on international markets for survival.Immigration of women contributing to the global care economy, creating issues of citizenship, violence, and women’s human rights.Low status, rise in prostitution, considered important reason for sexually transmitted diseases.Overall decline in social sector funding-education, health, public distribution system, transportationChildren dropping out of school, increase in infant and maternal mortality and mal- nourishment.Intra-household factors-Capital and markets actually have not changed gender relations.Women’s unequal position in the HH mediates their participation in markets and substantially limits their capacity to respond to market opportunities.Women’s employment is seen as sign of poverty and upset gender roles.Gender relations constantly interact with the demands of the market forces, and have been decomposed and recomposed in the new forms to meet those demands better.HH and Survival Strategies-HH are domestic units internally and externally stratified. When they confront external factors they make adjustments and survive over time. These are called HH strategies.Migration and changes in fertility behaviour are generally major strategies to adapt. Along with diverting priorities to food intake and intensification of domestic work pressure on girls to undertake domestic work as opposed to boys increases.Younger women separated from consensual unions, are found generally poorer in Nicaragua, who depend upon the relatives and
  • 10. neighbours as a support system. Deserted women study MaharashtraOveremphasize on resource-fullness and social capital of poor is criticised because they mystify the survival. RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN INDIA IN THE BACKDROP- The specific microfinance programme that will be the subject of evaluation is the Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) scheme, which provides self-employment and wage employment to women in need. The former consists of financial and training assistance to individuals to set up gainful self- employment ventures, and to groups of poor urban women to set up collective ventures under the Development of Women and Children in the Urban Areas (DWCUA) component. Financial help takes the form of microcredit from designated banks. Wage employment is generated through the creation of public assets by local bodies. If the SJSRY succeeds in generating regular wage employment, poverty may decline; this is less likely if such employment is casual. Throughout the urban sector, poverty is highest among households supported by casual wage labour and self-employment (Dubey et al. 2000; Dubey and Mahadevia 2001). It is therefore very important to examine and assess whether or not the beneficiaries of this scheme have been able to improve their living standards and if not then what are the major factors which act as barriers and what factors could be highlighted as best management practices. Financial inclusion is one tool and we believe a powerful one, many in the global fight to defeat poverty. For high impact many interventions must act in unison. Including health care, education, housing, basic services, like nutrition, clean water and sustainable energy. That will be coordinated across sections.
  • 11. Our focus is on microfinance institutions in India and their role in women empowerment a short overview Micro –credit in India is provided through number of institutions and at various layers. (1) SELF help group since 1996. They are informal homogenous groups. They have provided as cyclic agents to developments in both rural and urban areas. Here, they borrow from RRBs and Banks small saving of the rural women are deposited with Banks they can reduce the operating costs in forming and financing SHGs. Involving NGOS and youth. For forming and nurturing SHGs. Promotion of SHGs can bring women into mainstream of economic development. Major organizations which have promoted SHGs in the country are NABARD, SIDB, SEWA, MURADA, WWF etc. There are number of NGOs and voluntary organizations which are already engaged in promoting SHGs and micro-finance. In Bolpur Distt of west Bengal Swashakti and Swayam Sidha are two important projects aimed as socio-economic empowerment of women through SHGS. Bank linkages and development of income generating activities. MFIS lend to small groups directly and use social reinforcement (i.e., peer pressure) to ensure that each member pays bank loan. because Indian rules do not allow MFIs to set up as banks (Before 2010). They are able to use deposits. From their borrowers to lend loans to them, they have relied an investment module, and now with SKS on equity markets. In Bangladesh the MFI groups were self financed. They were obligated to each other when and not the creditor ie obligation to ones peers. World Bank study (1996) survey 61% of all clients were women. Grameen bank in Bangladesh and Bancosol in Bolinia the percentages are 95%, 72% . whether this increases her bargaining power or “empowerment”. In the household, Hashami (1996) attempted to measure, empowerment using indicators of mobility, ability to make large purchase and political and legal awareness.
  • 12. USAID has highlighted – integrative, microfinance, HIV and women‟s empowerment – Food insecurity and livelihood CARE. In Rawanda‟s, HIV/AIDS program, 70% of program beneficiaries are women. The program incorporated micro finance projects in 2006 to avoid this threat. The term economic empowerment has myriad definitions and practices designed to increase or protect income and their ability to make choices and become self reliant facilitated by the availability of microfinance. NABARD, Study reveals, the training packages must be evolved for entrepreneurship development to enable rural women as successful business managers. Role of penchants, women‟s organization etc may be enhanced to impact training, skill development and technical knowledge. Feminist Empowerment Paradigm: - here underlying concern is seen as an integral and inseparable past of wider process of social transformation. The main target group is poor women. And women are capable of providing alternative female role models. For a sub sector approach to micro credit, based partly an. SEWA‟s strategy – part of a strategy for change which identifies opportunities, constraints, within industries, which are addressed for large number of women. To institute strategies linking women to existing services and infrastructure. Development of new technology such as labour saving, food processing, building information networks, shifting to new markets, policy changes to overcome legislative barriers and unionization. Poverty reduction PARADIGM:- The main focus of the programmes, as a whole is in developing sustainable livelihood, community development, and social service like literacy, healthcare and infrastructure development. Although, the term „empowerment‟ is frequently used in general terms, here the term women empowerment is often considered best avoided as being too controversial and political. The
  • 13. assumption is that increasing women‟s access to micro-finance will enable women to make a greater contribution to household income. And this together with other intervention to increase household will being, will translate into improved well being for women. However and enable women bring about wider changes in gender inequality. Financial Sustainability Paradigm. The ultimate aim is to have large programmes which are profitable and fully self supporting in competition with their private sector banking institutions and able to raise funds term international financial markets. The main target is bankable poor within this paradigm the gender lobbies have been able to argue for targeting women on grounds of high repayment schemes. The empowerment is interpreted as expansion of individual choice or capacity for self-reliance. It is assured increasing women access to micro finance to individual economic empowerment. As women‟s decisions about saving and credit use increase, enabling women to set up micro enterprise is assured. This increased economic empowerment will lead to better well being women and also social political improvement. Micro Finance and Insurance. ILO International labour organization (2003). Various articles had explored the complemented of offering basic insurance products, either at their own or in partnership with insurance company. In India, the insurance and regulatory and developmental proponent of formal insurance reusing low income market. (Research paper by Masschutess Institute of Technology (2007).Researches Abhijeet Banerjee. Esther Duflow.) Launched in 1998, Swayam Krishi Sangam (SKS) Micro finance is one of the fastest growing micro finance Organization. In the world SKS identified 201
  • 14. villages where it was running its activities. Microfinance programmes preliminary findings from the analysis of baseline data several considerations cannot demand for insurance. Building catastrophe health insurance with micro finance has promise to reduce this risk. Changing paradigm - Movement towards profit motive? Indian institute of Management Ahembdabad :- (M.S. Sriram, March 2010) In case of legal ownership and governance Indian MFIS had to find their own solutions. It was possible to follow the Grammen Bank pattern of ownership of which was incorporated under special act. The imperatives of moving to commercial, stemmed from the size –that MFIs were growing much bigger than they should in their original form of not for profit incorporation. It was also increasingly difficult for them to maintain adequacy or attract commercial capital, as profit could not be distributed in not for profit format. The options available were limited. 1. Move the operations to a non-banking finance company. (NBFC) 2. Move operation as corporate formate. 3. Set up local area bank. Indian MFIs had option of NBFCs Bancosol of Boliva which was the first celebrated experiment. It moved from as a donor based non profit entity to a full fledged bank that celebrated the listing of its instruments in Wall Street Banco comparfomos – of micro was much more controversial. In India a by 2009, we had (1) SKS Microfinance Sandana Spoothy financial limited (Spanelna) (2) Share microfinance limited (3) Asmith microfinance ltd. SKS received NBFC license in 2006. It Akula sold the shares on for a price of Rs. 103.91 investment of Rs. 1.6 crore. Microfinance indeed had become lucrative business. Then SKS went public.
  • 15. If we assume that MFICs were exploitative, they could have been brought to the table for counselling or brought to book by regulator. Interest charged by MFI however usurious it is, should be desirable than a faceless money lender where the terms of exchange never come out The fact that they had to move to the main stream was also imperative due to the requirements of capital and face of growth. That might also be the reason for the public institutions like SIDBI to pro-actively design products and be part of thus power. Whether they were pushed out, into a corner because the private equity investors gave them offers, or they thought their job was done and they had a larger agenda in life not known. However, it is clear that incidents in the history of these organizations do not make a very good reality. In December 2010, the government of Andhra Pradesh (AP) passsed the law which affectively shut down private sector micro finance in state. The AP government stated that in goal was to protect poor. But 18 months later it is clear that it has opposite effect, it is having the poor by starving them of access to credit and basic financial services. Lending by MFI in AP has dropped virtually zero. AP Act makes it impossible in the MFI to collect outstanding dues. Objectives To Study the status of women in Bolpur district in terms of education, health, literacy, income, access to credit, in various forms banks, SHG, MFIs DRDA. Both for rural and urban areas. To review the genesis, in the formation of SHGs and the MFIs in Bolpur district to review the status of such microfinance institutions. Their inter linkages with other financial institutions viz. SIDBI, NABARD, RRBs, DRDA, and their
  • 16. integration with NGOs,. To analyse the impact of micro credit an socia- economic empowerment of women in urban and rural areas of Bolpur add. To explore the possibilities of providing microfinance insurance for women in Bolpur as in. Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The Impact such policies and practices engendered by such microcredit programmes are very interesting to evaluate to learn from them. The immediate need is employment. The long term goals of (a) redressing the status of women in the society. (b) Tangible achievements such as employment and higher wage earnings by targeted population serves as proxies. (c) For qualitative and largely immeasurable aspects of women empowerment. (d) And the formation of crucial social capital in the economy this achievement is particularly important remarkable when perceived in the backdrop of Marxist framework of looking at women labour. Bolpur district has many national level, state level as well as local players offering micro loans to the low income individuals in the region. Structure of SHGs, MFIs in India will undergo a change (a) SHG & MFIs can be now under NBFCs (b) the 2012 act where regularization registration and inditing needs to be undertaken, its effect needs to be explored and implications for directed credit to women entrepreneurs. In December 2010, the government of Andhra Pradesh (AP) passed the law which effectively shut down private sector microfinance in state. The AP government stated that its goal was to stated that its goal 18 months letter it is clear that it has opposite effect, it is having the poor by staring them of access to credit and basic finance services. Lending by MFI in AP has dropped virtually zero. AP act makes it impossible in the MFI to collect outstanding. Evaluation of costs and Benefits of microfinance schemes and limitation of the study Involving in micro credit initiatives should take account of fact that :-
  • 17. (a)Itself Credit itself is important but cannot it self enable very poor women to overcome poverty (b) Making credit available to woman does not automatically mean they have control over its use ones any income they might generate from micro enterprises. (c) in situations of chronic poverty it is more important to provide having services, then to offer credit. (d) India is a country where a collaborative model between banks NGOs, MFIs and Women‟s organization is furthest advanced. A focus on diversified micro finance sector, where different type of organization NGO, MFI, SHG is formal sector banks all should have gender policies adapted to the needs, of their particular target institutional roles and capacities. And collaborate and work together to make a significant contribution to gender equally and pro-poor development.- (1) time consuming income gendering activities. Without reduction in. traditional responsibilities. (2)nd new pressure the generated, BY using social capital, in grant lending group, collateral programmes, additional stresses and pressures are introduced. which might increase vulnerability and reflect disempowerment (3)rd micro finance asserts women to perform traditional roles better and thus women have remained trapped in low productively sectors, not moving from the group of survival enterprises. (4) th the gender constraints. The constraints on sexuality and sexual violence which limit access to credit. There are signs, particularly in some urban markets may be contributory to market saturation in female activities and decline profits and small increase in access to income and influence there may be all the cost of harvest work loads, increased stress, and women health. Increase contribution to household income has improve domestic relation has other cases has intensified tensions. There is no necessary link between women‟s individual economic empowerment and participation in micro finance groups and social and political empowerment these changes are not automatic. The credit may lead to severe
  • 18. impoverishment, an abandonment and put serious stress on networks with other women. Pressure to save may mean women forgoing their own necessary consumption. There is evidence that poorest women are the most likely to be excluded included by the programmes and also poor groups where repayment is the prime consideration main emphasis of programmes is on existing micro enterprises. It also suggests that even where they get access to credit they are particularly vulnerable to falling further into debt. Bolpur District 1. Bolpur subdivision is a subdivision of Birbhum district in the state of west Bengal. It consists of Bolpur municipality and four community development blocs Bolpour – Sriniketan, Ilambazar, Labhpur and Nanoor. The four blocs contain to fourty gram panchayats its head quarter in Bolpur. 2. About 150 year ago Bolpur was a small village under supur porgana. But now it has become an international city. 3. Demography dynamos of SSPA. Rural Urban 1951 58% 42% 1961 56% 44% 2001 49% 51% Sex Distribution Percentage of working age group b/w 15 to 50 years was 71.32% urban and 64.61% rural. Not much difference in the distribution b/w males and females. Education the percentage 62% fell in three classes – primary school, middle school and secondary school. The corresponding % share was 63 per males and 60 for females.
  • 19. Methodology Bolpur town has many national level as well as local players, offering micro loans to low income in the regions – NABARD – “SHG Bank linkage program:‟ aimed at connecting sleep help group – SHARE, BASIX, SEWA, MYRADA, PRADHAN A proper mechanism is to be used to prepare a data base on these and segregate, so as much of it achievement goals for women directly or indirectly. For this empirical data analysis with suitable software analysis needs to be undertaken. Innovative methodological approaches, including visual techniques, conversational and textual analysis and analysis of spontaneous events will be required. Proper questionnaires involvement/ of NGOs and college students mail in survey have added advantages use of the existing data that other social scientists have collected the use of publicly accessible information‟s is known as secondary analysis. From business, governmental with RBI act 2012. MFIs have register and all information regularly updated. This will be a greatly help, Therefore, both primary and secondary data sources are to be used. Through action ethnography, using participant observation will be key to survey methods in certain issues of as relating to women status. Primary research should cover given the Objectives of the paper. First, have a women tendency to invest in safer investment project can be linked to her desire raise her bargaining position in households. Second, in addition to the project choice, women empowerment is examined with respect to contact of saving, control of income, control over loans, control over purchasing power
  • 20. and family planning. Third, increase in level of mobility, ability to make large purchase and political and legal awareness. It is suggested that 10 empowerment factors including an aggregate “all” factor, we can more simply examine the partial correlations among different dimensions of empowerment and between them and exogenous covariates. This includes, purchasing, resources, transaction management, households behaviour, mobility and networks, activation, finance, fertility and Household activities. We can have a linear in the variables form of demand equation for empowerment that is estimated. The data collection will be a key factor and in including these variables.