10. Results
After treatment with amiodarone, 22.8
percent of 180 patients survived to
hospital admission, as compared with
12.0 percent of 167 patients treated with
lidocaine (P=0.009; odds ratio, 2.17; 95
percent confidence interval, 1.21 to
3.83).
5
11. Conclusions
As compared with lidocaine, amiodarone
leads to substantially higher rates of
survival to hospital admission in patients
with shock-resistant out-of-hospital
ventricular fibrillation.
(N Engl J Med 2002;346:884-90.)
6
41. Background Lidocaine has been the initial antiar-
rhythmic drug treatment VENTRICULAR LIDOCAINE patients
AMIODARONE AS COMPARED WITH
FOR SHOCK-RESISTANT
recommended for FIBRILLATION
with ventricular fibrillation that is resistant to conver-
sion by defibrillator shocks., PWe performed a ran-
PAUL D
ORIAN , M.D., D CAN ASS, M.D., B S
RIAN
A
, M.D., R
CHWARTZ
AND B
IALA ARR.D.
ICHARD
H
C , M.D., R
OOPER GOBERT , B.S .,
ELAZNIKAS C
domized trial comparing intravenous lidocaine with
ABSTRACT gency Cardiovascular Care” of the American Heart
intravenous amiodarone as Association and the International Liaison Committee
Background Lidocaine has been the initial antiar- an adjunct to defibrilla-
on Resuscitation recommend antiarrhythmic drugs as
with ventricular fibrillation that of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. the treatment
tion in victims is resistant to conver- “acceptable” and “probably helpful” in
rhythmic drug treatment recommended for patients
Methods Patients were more external if they had out-
domized trial comparing intravenous lidocaine with enrolled defibrillation shocks. Lidocaine has tra-
sion by defibrillator shocks. We performed a ran- of ventricular fibrillation that persists after three or
2
of-hospital ventricular fibrillationof resistant to well as for the
intravenous amiodarone as an adjunct to defibrilla-
tion in victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
ditionally been used in such cases, as three
prevention recurrent ventricular fibrillation. How- 3
shocks, intravenous epinephrine, randomized furtherhas demonstrated
Methods Patients were enrolled if they had out-
of-hospital ventricular fibrillation resistant to three
ever, no and a clinical trial shock;
the efficacy of lidocaine for these indications. The cur-
or if they had recurrent ventricular recommend considering the use of
shocks, intravenous epinephrine, and a further shock;
or if they had recurrent ventricular fibrillation after rent guidelines fibrillation after
either amiodarone or lidocaine for shock-resistant ven-
ly assigned in a successful defibrillation. They were random-
initially double-blind manner to receive in- tricular fibrillation.
initially successful defibrillation. They were random-
2
travenous lidocaine plus in a double-blind manner to receive in- a
ly assigned amiodarone placebo. The Ventricular Fibrillation Evaluation (ALIVE) was
travenous amiodarone plus lidocaine placebo or in- The Amiodarone versus Lidocaine in Prehospital
amiodarone
primary end point was the proportion of patients
lidocaine placebo or in-
travenousadmitted to the hospital. plus double-blind,lidocaine inclinical trial comparing amio-
who survived to be darone with
controlled
patients with out-of-hospi-
67±14 years) were enrolled. The mean plus
travenous347lidocaine intervalage, amiodarone placebo. The
Results In total, patients (mean [±SD] tal ventricular fibrillation in Toronto.
be-
primary the cardiac point the time of
end arrest and was the proportion of patients
tween the time at which paramedics were dispatched
to the scene of
METHODS
Patients
from dispatch to drug administration wasadmittedPatients were eligible if they were adults with electrocardiograph-
who survived to be 25±8 min- to the hospital.
their arrival was 7±3 minutes, and the mean interval
Results In hospital 347 as to trauma, with other cardiac rhythms that 12
of 180 patients survived to total,admission, patients or (mean [±SD]converted to ven-
utes. After treatment with amiodarone, 22.8 percent
age,
ically documented out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation, not due
compared with 12.0 percent of 167 patients treated tricular fibrillation; if the ventricular fibrillation was resistant to
47. 2
TABLE 1. CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PATIENTS (T
AND COURSE OF RESUSCITATION BEFORE THE ADMINISTRATION
m
OF AMIODARONE OR LIDOCAINE.*
o
su
AMIODARONE LIDOCAINE th
CHARACTERISTIC (N=180) (N=167)
th
Male sex — no. (%) 136 (76) 136 (81) (o
Age — yr 68±14 66±13 9
History of cardiac disease — no. (%)† 110 (61) 99 (59) 0
Witnessed arrest — no. (%)‡ 136 (76) 130 (78)
re
CPR by bystander — no. (%)† 47 (26) 47 (28)
is
Initial cardiac rhythm — no. (%)
Ventricular fibrillation 140 (78) 132 (79) tr
Pulseless ventricular tachycardia 1 (1) 2 (1) va
Asystole converting to ventricular fibrillation 20 (11) 16 (10)
Pulseless electrical activity converting to 14 (8) 11 (7)
ti
ventricular fibrillation am
Rhythm at the time of drug administration w
— no. (%) P
Ventricular fibrillation 163 (91) 156 (93)
Pulseless ventricular tachycardia 3 (2) 4 (2)
Other pulseless rhythm 11 (6) 7 (4) sp
Supraventricular rhythm 3 (2) 1 (1)
15 th
Time from dispatch to response or procedure
58. A M I O DA R O N E V E R S U S L I D O C A I N E F O R S H O C
at a time, in balanced, randomized order in blocks of four. Each
kit contained either active amiodarone (Cordarone, Wyeth–
Ayerst Laboratories, Philadelphia) and lidocaine placebo or active li-
docaine (supplied by Sanofi-Synthelabo, Paris) and amiodarone pla-
cebo. Amiodarone (5 mg per kilogram of estimated body weight)
or its matching placebo containing the same diluent (polysorbate
80), diluted to 30 ml with 5 percent dextrose in water, and lido-
caine (1.5 mg per kilogram at a concentration of 10 mg per milli-
liter) or its matching placebo were infused rapidly into a peripheral
vein, and further defibrillator shocks were administered as neces-
sary, along with further advanced cardiac life support.2,3
If ventricular fibrillation persisted after a further shock, a sec-
ond dose of the study drug was administered (1.5 mg of lidocaine
18
59. ond dose of the study drug was administered (1.5 mg of lidocaine
per kilogram or 2.5 mg of amiodarone per kilogram, together
with placebo), and attempts at resuscitation were continued. Re-
suscitated patients were admitted to 1 of 17 community hospitals,
without disclosure of their treatment assignment or any directives
for further treatment.
Recording of Data
All data were analyzed without knowledge of the patients’
treatment assignments. Data on the patient’s course before hospi-
talization were obtained from the ambulance call report, which in-
cluded documentation of the initial and all subsequent cardiac
rhythms during treatment of the arrest, all drugs administered, the
state of circulation (the presence or absence of a spontaneous pal-
pable pulse), and the time, recorded in Utstein reference format.
The time of dispatch was recorded as the time when the emergen-
cy-response dispatch center ordered emergency personnel to go to
the scene. Data on admission to and discharge from the hospital
were obtained from hospital charts. 19
61. Intention to treat
หลังจาก random allocation เสร็จแล้ว อาจมีผู้เข้า
ร่วมวิจัยบางคนไม่ได้อยู่จนถึงการวิจัยสิ้นสุด เช่น
อาจเสียชีวิต อาจถอนตัวจากการวิจัย อาจย้ายที่อยู่
อาจ loss to follow up ไป
20
62. Intention to treat
หลังจาก random allocation เสร็จแล้ว อาจมีผู้เข้า
ร่วมวิจัยบางคนไม่ได้อยู่จนถึงการวิจัยสิ้นสุด เช่น
อาจเสียชีวิต อาจถอนตัวจากการวิจัย อาจย้ายที่อยู่
อาจ loss to follow up ไป
ถ้านำเฉพาะผู้ที่ยังคงอยู่ร่วมวิจัยจนสิ้นสุดเท่านั้น
มาคำนวณอาจเกิดความลำเอียงได้ เพราะคนที่
ไม่อยู่จนจบการวิจัยอาจเป็นเพราะผลเสียของการ
รักษาก็เป็นได้
20
71. ly assigned in a double-blind manner to receive in-
travenous amiodarone plus lidocaine placebo or in-
travenous lidocaine plus amiodarone placebo. The
primary end point was the proportion of patients
who survived to be admitted to the hospital.
Results In total, 347 patients (mean [±SD] age,
67±14 years) were enrolled. The mean interval be-
tween the time at which paramedics were dispatched
to the scene of the cardiac arrest and the time of
their arrival was 7±3 minutes, and the mean interval
from dispatch to drug administration was 25±8 min-
utes. After treatment with amiodarone, 22.8 percent
of 180 patients survived to hospital admission, as
compared with 12.0 percent of 167 patients treated
with lidocaine (P=0.009; odds ratio, 2.17; 95 percent
confidence interval, 1.21 to 3.83). Among patients for
whom the time from dispatch to the administration of
24
88. ly assigned in a double-blind manner to receive in-
travenous amiodarone plus lidocaine placebo or in-
travenous lidocaine plus amiodarone placebo. The
primary end point was the proportion of patients
who survived to be admitted to the hospital.
Results In total, 347 patients (mean [±SD] age,
67±14 years) were enrolled. The mean interval be-
tween the time at which paramedics were dispatched
to the scene of the cardiac arrest and the time of
their arrival was 7±3 minutes, and the mean interval
from dispatch to drug administration was 25±8 min-
utes. After treatment with amiodarone, 22.8 percent
of 180 patients survived to hospital admission, as
compared with 12.0 percent of 167 patients treated
with lidocaine (P=0.009; odds ratio, 2.17; 95 percent
confidence interval, 1.21 to 3.83). Among patients for
whom the time from dispatch to the administration of
34