1. Models of psychotherapy
NAOREM BINITA DEVI,
KAKCHING,MANIPUR

2. Content:
Psychodynamic model (first force)
Cognitive-Behavioral Model( 2nd force)
Existential-Humanistic Model ( third force)
Multicultural Model ( fourth force)
Techniques

3. Psychodynamic model (first force):
• Psychoanalytic therapy ( Sigmund Freud)
Theory base : psychoanalysis
• Individual psychology ( theory base,
Adlerian therapy, Alfred Adler);
• Jungian Therapy ( Analytical, Carl Jung);
• Object relations ( psychoanalysis, James
Framo, Ronald Fairbairn, Gerald Zuk)
• Family systems theory based on analytical
( Murray Brown)

4. Cognitive-Behavioral Model( 2nd force)
• Behavioral psychotherapy ( behaviorism, B.F. Skinner, J.
Wolpe)
• Cognitive-Behavioral ( cognitive Behaviorism, A. Beck,
D.Meichenbaum)
• Transactional Analysis ( Eric Berne)
• Rational Behavior Therapy (RET, theory base
behaviorism cognition, Albert Ellis)
• Reality Therapy ( William Glasser)
• Structural Family Therapy ( theory based on ecological
systems, S.
Minuchin, J.Haley)
• Strategic Family therapy ( based on ecological systems, M.
Selvini-
Palazzzoli, Jay Haley, Don Jackson)

5. Existential-Humanistic Model ( third
force)
• Person centered Therapy ( Carl Rogers)
• Gestalt Therapy ( based on Gestalt,
Psychoanalytic, behavioral, (Frederic Fritz
Perls)
• Logotherapy ( theory based on
existentialism, psychoanalytic, Victor
Frankl)
• Existential Psychotherapy ( based on
existentialism, Rollo May)

6. Multicultural Model ( fourth force)
Multicultural Counseling and therapy (MCT)
( theory based on Behaviorism by A.E.Ivey,
phenomenology by H.E. Cheatham,
Anthropology by D.W. Sue, Liberation by P.B.
Pederson, Pedagogy by J.G. Ponterotto, C.E.
Vontress, Feminist theory by P. Arredondo,
F.A. Ibraham)

7. Techniques:
Freudian Psychoanalysis:
 Basic Techniques:
  Free association
  Analysis of Dream
  Analysis of Resistance
  Analysis of Transference

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• Behavior Therapy:
•  Key techniques of Behavior therapy
•  Guided exposure
•  Systematic desensitization
•  In Vivo exposure
•  Aversion Therapy
•  Modeling
•  Systematic use of Reinforcement
•  Response Shaping
•  Token economies
•  Behavioral contracting
•  Biofeedback treatment

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• Cognitive and cognitive Behavioral therapy:
•  3 approaches to cognitive and cognitive behavioral therapy
•  The rational Emotive Behavior therapy by Albert Ellis;
•  The stress Inoculation training of Donald Meichenbaum,
and
•  The cognitive therapies of Aaron Beck.
•
• Techniques of rational behavior therapy:
•  Ellis feels that the techniques other therapists use to
accomplish this are relatively indirect and inefficient.
Techniques such as abreaction, catharsis, dream analysis, free
association, interpretation of resistance, and transference
analysis are often successful, at least in bringing clients to
recognize their illogical thinking. However, Ellis feels that even
when most successful, these “emotional” methods are wasteful.

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• The relationship itself and expressive-emotive,
supportive, and insight-interpretive methods,
although used in rational-emotive therapy, are
preliminary techniques to establish rapport, to
enable the client to express himself or herself,
and show the client that he or she is respected.
“if, because the patient is exceptionally upset
when he comes to therapy, he must first
approached in a cautious, supportive,
permissive, and warm manner, and must
sometimes be allowed to ventilate his feeling in
free association, abreaction, role playing, and
other expressive techniques, that may be a
necessary part of effective therapy.

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• The essential technique of rational-emotive therapy is active,
directive teaching. After the initial stage the counselor assumes
an active teaching role to reeducate the client. The therapist
demonstrates the illogical origin of the client’s disturbance and
the persistence of illogical self-verbalizations that continue the
disturbance. Clients are shown “ that their internalized
sentences are quite illogical and unrealistic in certain aspects…..
the effective therapist should continually keep unmasking his
patient’s past, and, especially, his present illogical thinking or
self-defeating verbalizations by (a) bringing them forcefully to
his attention or consciousness; (b) showing him how they are
causing and maintaining his disturbance and unhappiness; (c)
demonstrating exactly what the illogical links in his internalized
sentences are; and ( d) teaching him how to re-think, challenge,
contradict, and reverbalize these ( and other similar) sentences
so that his internalized thoughts become more logical and
efficient.
•

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• Rational-emotive psychotherapy makes a concerted attack on the
disturbed person’s illogical positions in two main ways:
• the therapist serves as a frank counter-propagandist and superstitions
which the patient has originally learned and which he is now self-
instilling.
• The therapist encourages, persuades, cajoles, and occasionally even
insists that the patient engage in some activity ( such as doing something
he is afraid of doing) which itself will serve as a forceful
counterpropaganda agency against the nonsense he believes.
•
• The rational-emotive therapist thus uses logic and reason, teaching,
suggestion, persuasion, confrontation, deindoctrination,
indoctrination, and prescription of behavior to show the client what his
or her irrational philosophies are, to demonstrate how these lead to
emotionally disturbed behavior, and to change the client’s thinking—
and thus emotions—by replacing these irrational philosophies with
rational, logical ones.

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• Rational-emotive therapy is an insight producing form of
therapy. There are three kinds of insight.
• The first consists of the client recognizing that his or her present
dysfunctional behavior has antecedent causes, which include
past experiences.
• More important is the second: an understanding that the original
causes continue to be distributing because of the irrational
beliefs about these experiences that the client continues to
harbor and recall.
•
• The third insight is the acknowledgement that “ there is no other
way for him to overcome his emotional disturbance but y his
continually observing, questioning, and challenging his own
belief systems, and his working and practicing to change his own
irrational philosophic assumptions by verbal and by motor
counterpropagandizing activity. The first two insights are of little
value without the third.

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• Therapy essentially consists of attacking irrational beliefs(
ibs) by disputing them (D). the result is a cognitive effect
( cE, and usually a behavioral effect (bE). In effect, the
client’s irrational beliefs (iBs) become rational beliefs
(rBs) and the irrational consequences (iCs) become
rational consequences (rCs).
• Rational-emotive therapy may be either short-term or
long-term. Individual and group therapy are often
combined. The usual range is from 1 to 20 individual
sessions with 20 to 80 group sessions.
• “ ideally, however, clients are to be seen for a total period
of about two years, during which they will have about
twenty individual and about seventy-five group sessions.
•

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• Ellis’s Core Irrational Beliefs:
•  one should be loved by everyone for everything one does;
•  certain acts are awful or wicked, and people who perform them should be
• severely punished;
•  It is horrible when things are not the way we would like them to be;
•  if something may be dangerous or fearsome, one should be terribly upset
• about it;
•  it is better to avoid life problems, if possible, than to face them;
•  one needs something stronger or more powerful than oneself to rely on;
•  one should be thoroughly competent, intelligent, and achieving in all
• aspects;
•  Because something once affected one’s life, it will indefinitely affect it;
•  one must have perfect and certain self-control;
•  happiness can be achieved by inertia and inaction;
•  we have virtually no control over our emotions and cannot help having
• certain feelings.

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•
• Humanistic-Experiential therapies:
•  client centered (person-centered) therapy of Carl
Rogers ( 1902-1987)
•  Existential therapy ( Rollo May)
•  Gestalt therapy ( Frederick( fritz) Perls ,
1967,1969)
•  Logotherapy ( Victor Frankl)
• Client-centered therapy of Carl Rogers:
•  Techniques:
The vital techniques in the person-centered therapist’s
repertoire are really attitudes toward people: congruence (
genuineness), unconditional positive regard (respect), and
empathy.

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• In general, the person-centered therapist
refrains from giving advice or solutions,
moralizing, and making judgments.
• Person-centered therapist will use the methods
of ( 1) active and passive listening; (2) reflection
of thoughts and feelings, (3) clarification, (4)
summarization, (5) confrontation of
contradictions, and (6) general or open leads
that help client self-exploration ( Poppen and
Thompson, 1974, p.43).
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