Technology Insight Report Graphene

Technology Insight Report
GRAPHENE
Graphene with the unique combination of bonded carbon atom
structures with its myriad and complex physical properties is poised
to have a big impact on the future of material sciences, electronics
and nanotechnology. Owing to their specialized structures and
minute diameter, it can be utilized as a sensor device,
semiconductor, or for components of integrated circuits. The
reported properties and applications of this two-dimensional form
of carbon structure have opened up new opportunities for the
future devices and systems.

Disclaimer: This report should not be construed as business advice and the insights are not to be used as the basis for
investment or business decisions of any kind without your own research and validation. Gridlogics Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
disclaims all warranties whether express, implied or statutory, of reliability, accuracy or completeness of results, with regards to
the information contained in this report.

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Overview
Introduction to Graphene

Graphene is an allotrope of carbon, whose structure is one-atom-thick
planar sheets of sp2-bonded carbon atoms that are densely packed in a
honeycomb crystal lattice. The term graphene was coined as a
combination of graphite and the suffix -ene by Hanns-Peter Boehm, who
described single-layer carbon foils in 1962. Graphene is most easily
visualized as an atomic-scale chicken wire made of carbon atoms and their
bonds. The crystalline or "flake" form of graphite consists of many
graphene sheets stacked together.

The carbon-carbon bond length in graphene is about 0.142 nanometers.
Graphene sheets stack to form graphite with an interplanar spacing of
0.335 nm, which means that a stack of 3 million sheets would be only one
millimeter thick. Graphene is the basic structural element of some carbon
allotropes including graphite, charcoal, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes. It
can also be considered as an indefinitely large aromatic molecule, the
limiting case of the family of flat polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The
Nobel Prize in Physics for 2010 was awarded to Andre Geim and
Konstantin Novoselov "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-
dimensional material graphene".


Benefits of Graphene
Research and development around graphene is moving ahead yielding new
forms, new applications and new material based on this unique structure
and we take a look into this breakthrough in science and the innovation
that surrounds it as it promises to be a large part or small devices of the
future.

 Transistors made using these graphenes can work faster than
those made of silicon, in electronics. Computer chips should be
very much thin in order to work faster and also to use less
electricity. As a result, the distance to be travelled by the
electrons will be reduced. This can in turn improve the speed of
the computer. Since graphene transistors will be small in size, it
can be of much use for this purpose. Graphene electrodes can now be
flexible and transparent.
 It is possible to produce computer monitors which are having
thickness as like a paper and are transparent. Image Source:
 Graphene is being used to conduct researches for knowing more http://www.nature.com/news/2009
about two dimensional materials having special features. /090114/full/news.2009.28.html
Graphene provides scope for researches that can chance the
path of quantum physics.
 When mixed with graphene, plastic also turns as conductor for
electricity. At the same time, it would also tolerate heat. Based
on this fact, harder mixed materials can be produced in future.
Along with having thin shape, they also have quality of
expanding.
 These mixed materials may be used extensively in the making of
satellites, air planes, solar panels, cars and others.
 Graphene will be 98% transparent and at the same time will
absorb electricity well. Based on this feature, transparent touch
screens, light panels and mobile phones can be made. Graphene is used in LED's for brake
 Because of special structure of graphene, sensitive sensors can lights, stoplights, flashlights
be manufactured. They can detect pollution even at the smallest
Image Source:
range. http://products.cvdequipment.com/
applications/4/


Graphene– Insights from Patents
Overview

Patent filings around Graphene hold great insights into the innovation,
research and development within the space. With the help of Patent
iNSIGHT Pro, we will analyze the full coronary stent patent data to find
answers to the following:

 What does the IP publication trend for Graphene look like and how
has activity around filings evolved?
 Who are the top assignees or key players in graphene?
 What Graphene properties are used across different application
areas?
 What Graphene properties are used by key Assignees?
 How is Assignee portfolio spread across different application areas
of graphene?

To get a more accurate and all round perspective on these the patent set
has been classified into these two categories.

By Application Areas

 Automobiles
 Chemical Sensors
 Composite Materials
 Electronics
a) Batteries
b) Fuel Cells
c) Integrated Circuits
d) Light Emitting Diode
e) Liquid Crystal Devices
f) Lithium-ion Batteries
g) Memory Devices
h) Solar Cells
i) Thin Film Transistor
j) Touch Screen Sensors
k) Transistors
l) Ultracapacitors
 Graphene Nanoribbons
 Light Polarization
 Medical Device
a) Graphene Biodevices/ DNA Sequencing
 Molecular Sensors
 Spintronics
 Thermoplastics


By Properties

 Chemical Properties
 Electrical Properties
 Mechanical Properties
 Optical Properties
 Physical Properties
 Structural Properties
 Thermal Properties

The illustration below shows the different categories prepared and the number of records in each. The
categorization involved defining a search strategy for each topic and then conducting the search using
the Advanced Search capability in Patent iNSIGHT Pro. Details of search strings used for each category
are given in Appendix B.


The Search Strategy

The first step is to create and define a patent set that will serve as the basis of our analysis.
Using the commercial patent database PatBase as our data source we used the following search query
to create our patent set.

(TAC=graphene* or grafeno or graphène or graphén or grapheen)

The query was directed to search through the full text and a patent set of
1862 records with one publication per family were generated.

The publications included in the report are updated as of 19th February, 2011.


Publication Trend

What has been the IP publication trend for Graphene?

Patents related to Graphene can be traced back to before 1950, although the number of filings
remained relatively low all the way up till the year 2000. Noticeably there was a very large spike in
publications for 2010 which saw more than 600 patents published during the year.

Just a month and a half into 2011 and we are already seeing around 100 patents. It’s clear that this
technology picked up slowly, grew consistently and has now reached new heights and is evidently on
an upward trend.

How we did it?

Once the patents were populated in Patent iNSIGHT Pro, the publication trend chart was generated on a single
click using the dashboard tool.


Top Assignees and their trends

Who have been the top assignees or the key players within this industry?

11. SIEMENS AG 1. THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF
12. JANG BOR Z CALIFORNIA
13. ZHAMU ARUNA 2. TOYOTA GROUP
14. SAMSUNG GROUP 3. ALCATEL-LUCENT INC.
15. IBM CORP 4. HEWLETT-PACKARD CO
16. SANDISK CORP 5. TEIJIN LTD.
17. FUJITSU LTD. 6. XEROX CORP
18. HITACHI LTD. 7. COMMISSARIAT A LENERGIE
19. CANON INC. ATOMIQUE
20. GENERAL ELECTRIC CO 8. GSI CREOS CORP
9. CASIO COMPUTER CO LTD.
10. PANASONIC CORP
How we did it?

Once the patents were populated in Patent iNSIGHT Pro, the assignee clean‐up tools were used to normalize the
names. Different cleanup tools were leveraged:
• To locate assignees for unassigned records
• To clean up records having multiple assignees
• To locate the correct assignee names for US records using the US assignments database
• To merge assignees that resulted from a merger or acquisition or name change.

Please refer Appendix A for more details on Assignee merging.
Once the Assignee names were cleaned up, the dashboard tool within Patent iNSIGHT Pro was used to find the
top 20 assignees within the given patent set. A visual graph was created based on the results of the top
assignees with the number of patents alongside each one.

The full Assignee table is available here:
http://www.patentinsightpro.com/techreports/0311/List%20of%20Assignees.xls


Assignee Trends

Considering cumulative patent filing trends Siemens AG has the most remarkable figures for IP
publications for graphene. Interestingly, inventors like Jang Bor Z and Zhamu Aruna also show an
increase in terms of IP publications.
Sandisk Corp has also made consistent advances in growing their IP portfolio with graphene patents.

How we did it?

We applied filters on the filing years using the option provided in the Report Dashboard in Patent iNSIGHT Pro,
The graph showing the cumulative filings of top 15 assignees with respect to time was created. The output was
created in the form of a line graph to get a visual insight which could display comparisons across the assignees.


Assignee - Key Statistics

Here we summarize key parameters of Top 15 Assignees such as filing trend, Avg. number of Forward citations
per record, Top inventors in each Assignee, Top Co-Assignees and Coverage, unique and new technologies of
underlying patent families

Unique technologies refer to those concepts unique within the selected records only.
New technologies refer to the new keywords in recent 3 years, i.e., from 2009 - 2011


How we did it?

First we generated clusters using the auto cluster option provided in the software. These clusters were then
used in the Assignee 360° report option to generate new and unique clusters for the top 15 assignees. The
generated report was then exported to Excel using the option provided for the same.


Inventor - Key Statistics

Here we summarize key parameters of Top 15 Inventors such as filing trend, average number of
forward citations per record, key associated companies and top 5 co-inventors.


How we did it?

In order to compress all the information into a single report, we used the 360 ° series of reports available in the
software. From the Inventor 360° report options, we selected the different pieces of information we wanted to
include in the singular display and then ran the report. The generated report as then exported to Excel using the
option provided for the same.


Graphene – Properties vs. Application Areas

What properties of Graphene are used across different application areas? In the table below,
properties with higher number of patent filings have been highlighted with stronger shades of orange.
One can see that many patents target the Electrical and Structural properties.
We can see that mechanical and optical properties haven’t been used in any of the Automobile
applications.


How we did it?

We used the categories created and using the co-occurrence analyzer, we selected the categories and the
assignees to be included and then ran the report. The generated report was then exported to Excel using the
option provided.


Assignee Portfolios spread across different properties

What Graphene properties are used by key Assignees? The chart reveals which of the key players
hold patents assigned for which of the main properties within the patent set. For example, Jang
Bor Z and Zhamu Aruna collectively hold maximum records for Chemical Properties. When it
comes to innovations around Electrical properties, Sandisk Corp leads the way with 24 out of a
total 186 patents for this category, closely followed by IBM Corp.


How we did it?

We first generated a matrix for the US Classes along with the class definitions using the co-occurrence analyzer.
The generated matrix was exported to Excel using the option provided. We classified the results by manual
research into various properties. Then by using a combination of semantic analysis tools such as the clustering
tools and searching tools available in Patent iNSIGHT Pro, patents were categorized under the different
properties. Using the co-occurrence analyzer, we selected the categories and the assignees to be included and
then ran the report. The generated report was then exported to Excel using the option provided.


Assignee Portfolios spread across different Application Areas

Which assignees hold the maximum inventions across different application areas of Graphene?

In the matrix below leading patent holdings within each application areas of graphene have been
highlighted with stronger shades of green for larger number of patents within that category. Sandisk
Corp dominates patent holdings for “Memory Devices” with 31 out of 56 patent records classified
under this application area.

Significantly, inventors, Jang Bor Z and Zhamu Aruna jointly head “Composite Materials” with 17 out
of 158 records.

How we did it?

First the various application areas of graphene were identified by manual research. Then by using a combination
of semantic analysis tools such as the clustering tools and searching tools available in Patent iNSIGHT Pro,
patents were categorized under the different application areas. Finally a co- occurrence matrix was generated to
map the application areas with the assignees to identify which assignees hold the strongest portfolios in which
application areas. The generated report was then exported to Excel using the option provided.


Concepts identified across various Electronic Devices

The graphs below highlight key concepts within Electronic devices.

We created groups of technologies and using clustering tools key sub topics were generated. These were then
exported to Excel and the number of records gathered for each sub topic was then displayed using a bar chart.

Transistors – Related concepts
(Please refer to Appendix C, Page 49 for Patent Details)

Transistors on a silicon or SOI substrate
Carbon-based
Detection
Process of forming device
Source and drain regions
Film
Power
Phase
Particles
Parallel
Lattice
Catalytic
Implant
Mesa
Reactive
Radiation
Predetermined
Functional groups
Electrical resistance
Contact resistance
Interface
Interactions
Exfoliating
Point
Etching
Face
Switching
Working surface
Modulation
Thin-film
Network
Digital
Amplifier
Gate conductor
Programming a nonvolatile memory
Graphene-based device is formed
Exposed
Threshold voltage
Heating
Nanoribbons
Interconnects
Quantum
Logic circuit
Silicon carbide
Crystalline substrate
Oxide
Single layer
Forming a trench
Silicide layer
Nanoscale devices
Thin
Molecular
Graphene sheet
Lines
Graphitic material
Impedance matching
Epitaxial graphene
Single crystal
0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of Records


Lithium-ion Batteries – Related concepts
(Please refer to Appendix C, Page 31 for Patent Details)

Energy storage
Organic material
Rate
Flake
Doped
Design
Multi-layer
Electron emission
Synthetic
Ionic
Display
LiFePO4
Hybrid
Degrees centigrade
Electron-emitting
Alcohol-water solution
High yield
Aqueous solution
Application prospects
Protective matrix material reinforced
Surface area
Nano-filament composition
Electrochemical cell electrode
Plate
Vapor grown carbon
Hexagonal carbon layers
Solid nanocomposite
Prelithiated anode active material
Conductive agent
Negative electrode active
Carbonaceous material
Conductive additive

0 1 2 3 4
Number of Records


Batteries – Related concepts

Resistance
Reactor
Engine
STORE
Efficiency
Raw material
Ultrasonic
Specified
Reactive
Nanoscale
Interact
Hydride
Alkaline
Laminated
Intermediate
Capacitors
Nanofibers
Carbon-based
Water soluble
Redox reaction
Catalyst
Preparing a pristine NGP…
Secondary
Crystalline
Conversion
Capacitive
Membrane
Electrolyte contains
Bipolar plate
Aqueous solution
Alkali metal
Molecular
Mesoporous
Carbonaceous
Hybrid nano‐filament…
Laminar graphite material
Electrochemical device
Mass
Intercalation compound
Carbon nanostructures
Organic solvent
Regarding the solar battery
Solid nanocomposite
Fluid
Exfoliated graphite
Hexagonal carbon
Power
Matrix material
0 1 2 3 4
Number of Records


Integrated Circuits – Related concepts

Value
Thickness
Standards
Plastic
Modulation
Manufacturing
Specified
Organic
Cost
Processor
Input
Band gap
Patterned
Body
Printing
Micro
Chemical
Active
Single crystal
Thin film
Detection
Pyrolytic carbon or graphene
Nano
Medium
Analyte
Gate dielectric
Power
Field-effect transistors
Silicon carbide
Logic circuit
0 1 2 3
Number of records


Fuel Cell – Related Concepts

Glycol
Capacity
Portion
Weight percent
Electrode applications
Precursor composition
Platinum
Flexible graphite
Substrates
Hydrophilic
Carbon-based
Specific
Thermal
Molecular
Two clad layers
Oxygen reduction
Lithium ion
Current collector
Atomic ratio
Supercapacitors
Removal
Electrooxidation
Planar outer surface
Curing or solidifying
Methanol fuel
Sheet and the bottom
Liquid medium
Carbon nano wall
Surface area
Carbon nanofiber
Hydrogen storage
Fuel cell vehicle
Expanded graphite
Electrical power
0 1 2 3 4
Number of records


Solar Cells – Related Concepts

Stacks
Solvent
Pressure
N-type
Organic-inorganic
SCALE
Plane
Medium
Source
Mixture
Electrolyte
Intensity level
Powder
Element a semiconductor compound
Replace expensive indium-tin oxide
Sheet resistance
Low sheet
Incident light
Conversion efficiency
Active layer
Dispersible and electrically
Laminar graphite material
Thermal interface material
Dye
Wavelength
Nanofiber
Intercalation compound
0 1 2 3
Number of records


Memory Device – Related Concepts

Semiconductor device
Matrix
Portion
Stack
Substantially
Damascene
Electrical contact
Forming memory cells
High resistance
Dielectric
Access
Processor
Drain
Card
Energy
Configured
Fabricating
Transmission
Absolute value
Memory device
Nano
Flow
Programming a nonvolatile…
Modules
Code
Bit line
Microelectronic structure
Pressure
Triple or quadruple exposure
Pillar shaped
First spacer pattern
Silicide layer
Carbon films
Resistivity switching storage
Reversible resistance-switching
Hard mask layer
0 1 2 3 4
Number of Records

Please refer Appendix C for patent details on ‘Lithium-ion Batteries’ and ‘Transistor’


Appendix A: Key Assignee Normalization Table

SIEMENS AG
SIEMENS AG
AB AND M GMBH
MASCHINEN GMBH

SAMSUNG GROUP
SAMSUNG GROUP
THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND COLLEGE PARK

FUJITSU LTD.
FUJITSU LTD.

HITACHI LTD.
HASHIZUME TOMIHIRO
HEIKE SEIJI
HITACHI LTD.
ISHIBASHI MASAYOSHI
KATO MIDORI
OKAI MAKOTO

TOYOTA GROUP
TOYOTA GROUP
HIRAMATSU MINEO
HORI MASARU

BASF GROUP
BASF GROUP
AUSTERMANN DORIS
DORNBUSCH MICHAEL
NARJES HENDRIK
BENZ ROLF
BRUNNER MARTIN
KRISTIANSEN PER MAGNUS
ROTZINGER BRUNO
ANDERLIK RAINER
BENTEN REBEKKA VON
HOEFLI KURT
VOELKEL MARK
WEBER MARTIN
BLACKBURN JOHN STUART
HEAVENS STEPHEN
HUBER GUENTHER
JONES IVOR WYNN
SCHIERLE ARNDT KERSTIN
STACKPOOL FRANCIS
STEFAN MADALINA ANDREEA

BAYER MATERIALSCIENCE AG
BAYER MATERIALSCIENCE AG
BIERDEL MICHAEL
BUCHHOLZ SIGURD
MICHELE VOLKER
MLECZKO LESLAW
RUDOLF REINER


WOLF AUREL
BEHNKEN GESA
HITZBLECK JULIA
MEUER STEFAN
MEYER HELMUT
ZENTEL RUDOLF
DERN GESA
FUSSANGEL CHRISTEL
VOGEL STEPHANIE

MITSUBISHI GROUP
FRONTIER CARBON CORP
MITSUBISHI GROUP

VORBECK MATERIALS CORP
VORBECK MATERIALS CORP
CRAIN JOHN M
LETTOW JOHN S
REDMOND KATE
KRISHNAIAH GAUTHAM
VARMA VIPIN
SCHEFFER DAN
GINNEMAN JR CARL R


Appendix B: Search Strings Used for Categorization

Categorization: Application Areas

1. Automobiles

Automobiles
(abst to spec) contains (aircraft or aeroplane or 18 results
aerospace or aviation or automobile* or
vehicle*) and graphene

2. Chemical Sensors

Chemical Sensors
(abst to spec) contains (chemi* w/3 sensor*) 7 results

3. Composite Materials

Composite Materials
(abst to spec) contains (composite* or 158 results
(composite w/2 material*)) and graphene

4. Electronics

Electronics
(abst to spec) contains (lithium or batter*) 53 results
(abst to spec) contains (lithium w/2 (metal* or 8 results
compound*) and batter* or cell*)
(abst to spec) contains (fuel w/2 (cell* or 47 results
batter*))
(abst to spec) contains (integrate* w/3 circuit*) 35 results
or IC
(abst to spec) contains ("light emitting diode" 17 results
or LED)
(abst to spec) contains ("liquid crystal display" 13 results
or LCD)
(abst to spec) contains (("lithium-ion" or 54 results
"lithium ion" or "Li-ion" or rechargeable or
secondary) w/2 batter* or cell*) or LIB
(abst to spec) contains (memory w/2 (device* 56 results
or chip* or disk* or drive* or cell*))
(abst to spec) contains (solar or photovoltaic* 38 results
or photoelectric*) w/3 cell*
(abst to spec) contains (("thin film" w/2 2 results
transistor*) or TFT)
(abst to spec) contains ("touch-screen" or 12 results
"touch screen" or "touchscreen")


(abst to spec) contains transistor* 78 results
(abst to spec) contains ("electric double-layer 24 results
capacitor" or EDLC or supercapacitor* or
supercondenser* or pseudocapacitor* or
"electrochemical double layer capacitor" or
ultracapacitor*)

5. Graphene Nanoribbons

Graphene Nanoribbons
(abst to spec) contains (graphene w/2 12 results
nanoribbon* or "nano-graphene ribbon" or
GNR or "graphene ribbon")

6. Light Polarization

Light Polarization
(abst to spec) contains (light w/2 polar*) 4 results

7. Medical Device

Medical Device
aclm contains ("DNA sequence") 1 result

8. Molecular Sensors

Molecular Sensors
(abst to spec) contains ("molecular sensor" or 1 result
chemosensor or "chemo sensor")

9. Spintronics

Spintronics
(abst to spec) contains (spintronic* or 2 results
magnetoelectronic*)

10. Thermoplastics

Thermoplastics
(abst to spec) contains(thermoplastic or 31 results
"thermosoftening plastic") and graphene


Appendix C: Graphene Application Area Patents

Lithium-ion Batteries Patents

Patent Number Title Assignees Filing Date Abstract

HIGH The present invention is directed to lithium-ion
PERFORMANCE batteries in general and more particularly to lithium-
BATTERIES WITH ion batteries based on aligned graphene ribbon
CARBON anodes V2O5 graphene ribbon composite cathodes
NANOMATERIALS ADA and ionic liquid electrolytes. The lithium-ion batteries
AND IONIC TECHNOLOGIES have excellent performance metrics of cell voltages
US20090246625 LIQUIDS INC. 2009-03-26 energy densities and power densities.
Provided are electrode layers for use in rechargeable
batteries such as lithium ion batteries and related
fabrication techniques. These electrode layers have
interconnected hollow nanostructures that contain
high capacity electrochemically active materials such
as silicon tin and germanium. In certain
embodiments a fabrication technique involves
forming a nanoscale coating around multiple template
structures and at least partially removing and/or
shrinking these structures to form hollow cavities.
These cavities provide space for the active materials
of the nanostructures to swell into during battery
INTERCONNECTE cycling. This design helps to reduce the risk of
D HOLLOW pulverization and to maintain electrical contacts
NANOSTRUCTUR among the nanostructures. It also provides a very
ES CONTAINING high surface area available ionic communication with
HIGH CAPACITY the electrolyte. The nanostructures have nanoscale
ACTIVE shells but may be substantially larger in other
MATERIALS FOR dimensions. Nanostructures can be interconnected
USE IN during forming the nanoscale coating when the
RECHARGEABLE coating formed around two nearby template
US20100330423 BATTERIES AMPRIUS INC. 2010-05-25 structures overlap.
METHOD OF
DEPOSITING
SILICON ON A method of modifying the surface of carbon
CARBON materials such as vapor grown carbon nanofibers is
MATERIALS AND provided in which silicon is deposited on vapor grown
FORMING AN carbon nanofibers using a chemical vapor deposition
ANODE FOR USE process. The resulting silicon-carbon alloy may be
IN LITHIUM ION APPLIED used as an anode in a rechargeable lithium ion
US20080261116 BATTERIES SCIENCES INC. 2008-04-22 battery.
Nanocomposite materials comprising a metal oxide
bonded to at least one graphene material. The
Nanocomposite of nanocomposite materials exhibit a specific capacity of
graphene and BATTELLE at least twice that of the metal oxide material without
metal oxide MEMORIAL the graphene at a charge/discharge rate greater than
US20100081057 materials INSTITUTE 2009-07-27 about 10C.
Nanocomposite materials having at least two layers
each layer consisting of one metal oxide bonded to at
Self assembled least one graphene layer were developed. The
multi-layer nanocomposite materials will typically have many
nanocomposite of alternating layers of metal oxides and graphene
graphene and BATTELLE layers bonded in a sandwich type construction and
metal oxide MEMORIAL will be incorporated into an electrochemical or energy
US20110033746 materials INSTITUTE 2009-08-10 storage device.


The invention relates to a lithium ion battery
conducting material and a preparation method and
application thereof. A graphene lithium ion battery
conducting material is prepared by adopting a
graphite oxide rapid heat expansion method and has
high aspect ratio which is beneficial to shortening the
migration distance of lithium ions and improving the
wetting quality of an electrolyte thereby the rate
performance of an electrode is improved; the
graphene lithium ion battery conducting material also
has high conductivity and can ensure that an
electrode active substance has higher utilization ratio
and excellent cyclical stability. Compared with a
common acetylene black conductive agent under the
same using amount the specific capacity of a lithium
ion battery cathode constructed by the conducting
Lithium ion battery material is improved by 25-40 percent and the
conducting material BEIJING coulomb efficiency is improved by 10-15 percent. In
and preparation UNIVERSITY OF addition the method has low cost simple process
method and CHEMICAL high security and low energy consumption and is
CN101728535 application thereof TECHNOLOGY 10/30/2009 suitable for large-scale production.
Nanocomposits of conductive nanoparticulate
polymer and electronically active material in
particular PEDOT and LiFePO4 were found to be
significantly better compared to bare and carbon
coated LiFePO4 in carbon black and graphite filled
non conducting binder. The conductive polymer
containing composite outperformed the other two
samples. The performance of PEDOT composite was
especially better in the high current regime with
capacity retention of 82 percent after 200 cycles.
Hence an electrode based on composite made of
conductive nanoparticulate polymer and
Open porous electronically active material in particular LiFePO4
electrically and PEDOT nanostubs with its higher energy density
conductive BELENOS and increased resistance to harsh charging regimes
nanocomposite CLEAN POWER proved to dramatically extend the high power
US20100233538 material HOLDING AG 2010-03-11 applicability of materials such as LiFePO4.
Disclosed is a method for producing colloidal
graphene dispersions comprising the steps of (i)
dispersing graphite oxide in a dispersion medium to
form a colloidal graphene oxide or multi-graphene
oxide dispersion (ii) thermally reducing the graphene
oxide or multi-graphene oxide in dispersion.
STABLE Dependent on the method used for the preparation of
DISPERSIONS OF the starting dispersion a graphene or a multi-
SINGLE AND graphene dispersion is obtained that can be further
MULTIPLE processed to multi-graphene with larger inter-planar
GRAPHENE BELENOS distances than graphite. Such dispersions and multi-
LAYERS IN CLEAN POWER graphenes are for example suitable materials in the
US20100301279 SOLUTION HOLDING AG 2010-05-26 manufacturing of rechargeable lithium ion batteries.
The method described allows the selection and/or
design of anode and cathode materials by n- or p-
NEW ELECTRODE doping semiconductor material. Such doped
MATERIALS IN materials are suitable for use in electrodes of lithium
PARTICULAR FOR ion batteries. As one advantage the anode and the
RECHARGEABLE BELENOS cathode may be produced using anodes and
LITHIUM ION CLEAN POWER cathodes that are derived from the same
US20110020706 BATTERIES HOLDING AG 2010-07-22 semiconductor material.


A carbonaceous particle is provided which comprises
a hexagonal flake formed of an aggregate of a
plurality of nanocarbons and having a side length of
0.1 to 100 mm and a thickness of 10 nm to 1 mm.
Thereby a carbonaceous particle is provided which
Flaky has an excellent electron emission performance has
carbonaceous a high electron conductivity shows excellent
particle and characteristics particularly when used for a secondary
production method battery and can suitably be applied to various
US7442358 thereof CANON INC. 2005-04-25 devices other than a secondary battery as well.
A method of making an electron-emitting device has
the steps of disposing a film containing metal on a
substrate arranging a plurality of catalytic particles
on the film containing metal and heat-treating the
substrate on which the plurality of catalytic particles
are arranged under circumstance including
Electronic device hydrocarbon gas and hydrogen to form a plurality of
having catalyst carbon fibers. Catalytic particles contain Pd and at
used to form least one element selected from the group consisting
carbon fiber of Fe Co Ni Y Rh Pt La Ce Pr Nd Gd Tb Dy
according to Ho Er and Lu and 2080 atm percent (atomic
Raman spectrum percentage) or more of the at least one element is
US7819718 characteristics CANON INC. 2005-12-13 contained in the catalytic particles relative to Pd.
The invention discloses an electrode plate for a
lithium ion battery and a manufacturing method
thereof and particularly relates to the electrode plate
for the lithium ion battery taking multi-layer graphene
as a conductive agent and a manufacturing method
thereof. The electrode plate of the invention consists
of a positive electrode or negative electrode active
substance the conductive agent and an adhesive.
The method comprises the steps of: using the
positive electrode or negative electrode active
substance the conductive agent and the adhesive as
raw materials to obtain electrode slurry through
stirring and dispersing and then obtaining the
electrode plate through coating drying and tabletting.
The conductive agent adopted by the invention has
the advantages of high dispersivity high electric
conductivity good filling effect and the like; and the
method has the advantages of simplicity low
production cost and convenient popularization and
application. The method can remarkably improve the
electric conductivity electrochemical capacity and
Electrode plate for enhance charge-discharge capability of electrode
lithium ion battery materials by multiples so the method can be widely
and manufacturing CHONGQING applied to the preparation of electrode plates of
CN101710619 method thereof UNIVERSITY 2009-12-14 lithium ion batteries.
The invention relates to a method for preparing poly
organic polysulfide/graphene conductive composite
material which is characterized by taking water-
soluble sulfonated graphene as a carrier and
Method for adopting an in-situ oxidation polymerization method
preparing poly to deposit poly organic polysulfide on the surface of
organic the grapheme so as to prepare the poly organic
polysulfide/sulfonat EAST CHINA polysulfide/graphene conductive composite material.
ed graphene UNIVERSITY OF The composite material has high conductivity and
conductive SCIENCE AND excellent electrochemical properties and can be used
CN101728534 composite material TECHNOLOGY 2009-12-24 as anode material of lithium secondary batteries.


To provide a negative electrode active material for an
electricity storage device which has considerably
enhanced low-temperature characteristic increased
energy density and increased output power. A
NEGATIVE negative electrode active material is made of a
ELECTRODE carbon composite containing carbon particles as a
ACTIVE core and a fibrous carbon having a graphene
MATERIAL FOR structure which is formed on the surfaces and/or the
AN ELECTRICITY inside of the carbon particles wherein the carbon
STORAGE composite has a volume of all mesopores within
DEVICE AND 0.005 to 1.0 cm3/g and a volume of the mesopores
METHOD FOR FUJI HEAVY each with a pore diameter ranging from 100 to 400
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES Sof not less than 25 percent of the volume of all
US20080220329 THE SAME LTD. 2007-08-31 mesopores.

According to this method a polyelectrolyte solution
appropriate for the formation of the hair-like structure
on the surface of the carbon particles is prepared by
dissolving 0.1 to 10 g of the polyelectrolyte chosen
from proteins cellulose derivatives gums or
mixtures thereof in 1L of deionised water under
moderate stirring at a temperature of 30 to 100 DEG
C; and then 1 to 10 g carbon particles comprising
graphenic layers said particles of having dimensions
of 1 to 50 mu m and a specific surface of 2 to 50 m-
2g-1 are mixed under stirring into 1L of the above-
obtained solution preheated to about room
temperature kept for 2 to 30 minutes and modified to
a pH value of 7 to 9 followed by the filtration through
a Nutsch filter; and coating the black cake from the
Nutsch filter on a copper sheet and further processing
A METHOD FOR in a conventional manner into an anode for lithium ion
PREPARING A GABER and batteries. the novel method avoids the use of
CARBON ANODE SCARON,KEMIJS conventional binders and yields carbon anodes
FOR LITHIUM ION KI IN and possessing superior properties for the use in lithium
WO0129916 BATTERIES SCARON 2000-10-06 ion batteries.

An intercalation electrode includes an electron
current collector and graphene planes deposited
normal to the surface of the current collector
substrate. The graphene planes are deposited on the
current collector substrate from a carbon-precursor
gas using for example chemical vapor deposition. In
an embodiment of an anode for a lithium-ion battery
the graphene planes are intercalated with lithium
atoms. A lithium-ion battery may include this anode a
Intercalation GM GLOBAL cathode and a non-aqueous electrolyte. In repeated
Electrode Based on TECHNOLOGY charging and discharging of the anode lithium atoms
Ordered Graphene OPERATIONS and ions are readily transported between the
US20090325071 Planes INC. 2008-05-20 graphene planes of the anode and the electrolyte.
The invention relates to a graphene composite lithium
ion battery anode material lithium iron phosphate and
a preparation method thereof. The composite
material of lithium iron phosphate and graphene is
connected by interface of chemical bonding. The
Graphite composite invention also provides the method for preparing the
lithium ion battery graphene composite lithium ion battery anode
anode material material lithium iron phosphate in an in-situ symbiosis
lithium iron reaction mode and the obtained anode material has
phosphate and high tap density and good magnifying performance
preparation method and is suitable to be used as a anode material of a
CN101562248 thereof GONG SIYUAN 2009-06-03 lithium ion power battery.


An electrode material for a secondary battery has a
carbon fiber. This carbon fiber has a coaxial stacking
morphology of truncated conical tubular graphene
layers wherein each of the truncated conical tubular
graphene layers includes a hexagonal carbon layer
and has a large ring end at one end and a small ring
end at the other end in an axial direction. The
Electrode material hexagonal carbon layers are exposed on at least a
for lithium part of the large ring ends. Such an electrode
secondary battery material for a secondary battery excels in lifetime
and lithium performance has a large electric energy density
secondary battery GSI CREOS enables an increase in capacity and excels in
US20020182505 using the same CORP 2002-03-18 conductivity and electrode reinforcement.

A carbon fiber has a coaxial stacking morphology of
truncated conical tubular graphene layers wherein
each of the truncated conical tubular graphene layers
includes a hexagonal carbon layer and has a large
ring end at one end and a small ring end at the other
end in an axial direction. The hexagonal carbon
layers are exposed on at least a part of the large ring
ends. Part of carbon atoms of the hexagonal carbon
layers are replaced with boron atoms whereby
Carbon fiber projections with the boron atoms at the top are
electrode material formed. An electrode material for a secondary battery
for lithium using the carbon fiber excels in lifetime performance
secondary battery has a large electric energy density enables an
and lithium GSI CREOS increase in capacity and excels in conductivity and
US6881521 secondary battery CORP 2002-03-18 electrode reinforcement.
A lithium secondary battery comprising a positive
electrode a negative electrode comprising a
carbonaceous material which is capable of absorbing
and desorbing lithium ions and a non-aqueous
electrolyte disposed between the negative electrode
and the positive electrode. The carbonaceous
material comprises a graphite crystal structure having
an interplanar spacing d002 of at least 0.400 nm
(preferably at least 0.55 nm) as determined from a
(002) reflection peak in powder X-ray diffraction. This
GUO larger interplanar spacing implies a larger interstitial
JIUSHENG,JANG space between two graphene planes to
Carbon anode BOR Z,SHI accommodate a greater amount of lithium. The
compositions for JINJUN,ZHAMU battery exhibits an exceptional specific capacity
US20090047579 lithium ion batteries ARUNA 2007-08-17 excellent reversible capacity and long cycle life.
The invention relates to a lithium manganese
phosphate/carbon nanocomposite as cathode
material for rechargeable electrochemical cells with
the general formula LixMnyM1-y(PO4)z/C where M is
at least one other metal such as Fe Ni Co Cr V Mg
LITHIUM Ca Al B Zn Cu Nb Ti Zr La Ce Y x 0.8-1.1 y
MANGANESE 0.5-1.0 0.9z1.1 with a carbon content of 0.5 to 20
PHOSPHATE/CAR percent by weight characterized by the fact that it is
BON obtained by milling of suitable precursors of
NANOCOMPOSIT LixMnyM1-y(PO4)Z with electro-conductive carbon
ES AS CATHODE black having a specific surface area of at least 80
ACTIVE m2/g or with graphite having a specific surface area
MATERIALS FOR of at least 9.5 m2/g or with activated carbon having a
SECONDARY specific surface area of at least 200 m2/g. The
LITHIUM HIGH POWER invention also concerns a process for manufacturing
US20110012067 BATTERIES LITHIUM S.A. 2009-04-14 said nanocomposite.


A composite composition for electrochemical cell
electrode applications the composition comprising
multiple solid particles wherein (a) a solid particle is
composed of graphene platelets dispersed in or
bonded by a first matrix or binder material wherein
the graphene platelets are not obtained from
graphitization of the first binder or matrix material; (b)
the graphene platelets have a length or width in the
range of 10 nm to 10 mum; (c) the multiple solid
particles are bonded by a second binder material;
and (d) the first or second binder material is selected
from a polymer polymeric carbon amorphous carbon
metal glass ceramic oxide organic material or a
combination thereof. For a lithium ion battery anode
application the first binder or matrix material is
preferably amorphous carbon or polymeric carbon.
Such a composite composition provides a high anode
Graphene capacity and good cycling response. For a
nanocomposites for JANG BOR Z,SHI supercapacitor electrode application the solid
electrochemical cell JINJUN,ZHAMU particles preferably have meso-scale pores therein to
US20100021819 electrodes ARUNA 2008-07-28 accommodate electrolyte.
A solid nanocomposite particle composition for lithium
metal or lithium ion battery electrode applications.
The composition comprises: (A) an electrode active
material in a form of fine particles rods wires fibers
or tubes with a dimension smaller than 1 micro m; (B)
nano graphene platelets (NGPs); and (C) a protective
matrix material reinforced by the NGPs; wherein the
graphene platelets and the electrode active material
are dispersed in the matrix material and the NGPs
occupy a weight fraction wg of 1 percent to 90
percent of the total nanocomposite weight the
electrode active material occupies a weight fraction
wa of 1 percent to 90 percent of the total
nanocomposite weight and the matrix material
occupies a weight fraction wm of at least 2 percent of
the total nanocomposite weight with wg+wa+wm 1.
For a lithium ion battery anode application the matrix
material is preferably amorphous carbon polymeric
Nano graphene carbon or meso-phase carbon. Such a solid
reinforced nanocomposite composition provides a high anode
nanocomposite JANG BOR Z,SHI capacity and good cycling stability. For a cathode
particles for lithium JINJUN,ZHAMU application the resulting lithium metal or lithium ion
US20100143798 battery electrodes ARUNA 2008-12-04 battery exhibits an exceptionally high cycle life.


A process for producing solid nanocomposite
particles for lithium metal or lithium ion battery
electrode applications is provided. In one preferred
embodiment the process comprises: (A) Preparing
an electrode active material in a form of fine particles
rods wires fibers or tubes with a dimension smaller
than 1 micro m; (B) Preparing separated or isolated
nano graphene platelets with a thickness less than 50
nm; (C) Dispersing the nano graphene platelets and
the electrode active material in a precursor fluid
medium to form a suspension wherein the fluid
medium contains a precursor matrix material
dispersed or dissolved therein; and (D) Converting
the suspension to the solid nanocomposite particles
wherein the precursor matrix material is converted
into a protective matrix material reinforced by the
nano graphene platelets and the electrode active
material is substantially dispersed in the protective
matrix material. For a lithium ion battery anode
Process for application the matrix material is preferably
producing nano amorphous carbon polymeric carbon or meso-phase
graphene carbon. Such solid nanocomposite particles provide a
reinforced high anode capacity and good cycling stability. For a
composite particles JANG BOR Z,SHI cathode application the resulting lithium metal or
for lithium battery JINJUN,ZHAMU lithium ion battery exhibits an exceptionally high cycle
US20100176337 electrodes ARUNA 2009-01-13 life.
This invention provides a process for producing a
lithium secondary battery. The process comprises: (a)
providing a positive electrode; (b) providing a
negative electrode comprising a carbonaceous
material capable of absorbing and desorbing lithium
ions wherein the carbonaceous material is obtained
by chemically or electrochemically treating a laminar
graphite material to form a graphite crystal structure
having an interplanar spacing d002 of at least 0.400
nm as determined from a (002) reflection peak in
powder X-ray diffraction; and (c) providing a non-
aqueous electrolyte disposed between the negative
electrode and the positive electrode to form the
battery structure. This larger interplanar spacing
(greater than 0.400 nm preferably no less than 0.55
Process for nm) implies a larger interstitial space between two
producing carbon graphene planes to accommodate a greater amount
anode of lithium. The resulting battery exhibits an
compositions for JANG BOR exceptionally high specific capacity an excellent
US20090090640 lithium ion batteries Z,ZHAMU ARUNA 2007-10-05 reversible capacity and a long cycle life.


This invention provides a mixed nano-filament
composition for use as an electrochemical cell
electrode. The composition comprises: (a) an
aggregate of nanometer-scaled electrically
conductive filaments that are substantially
interconnected intersected or percolated to form a
porous electrically conductive filament network
wherein the filaments have a length and a diameter
or thickness with the diameter/thickness less than
500 nm (preferably 100 nm) and a length-to-diameter
or length-to-thickness aspect ratio greater than 10;
and (b) Multiple nanometer-scaled electro-active
filaments comprising an electro-active material
capable of absorbing and desorbing lithium ions
wherein the electro-active filaments have a diameter
or thickness less than 500 nm (preferably 100 nm).
The electro-active filaments (e.g. nanowires) and the
electrically conductive filaments (e.g. carbon nano
fibers) are mixed to form a mat- web- or porous
paper-like structure in which at least an electro-active
filament is in electrical contact with at least an
electrically conductive filament. Also provided is a
Mixed nano- lithium ion battery comprising such an electrode as
filament electrode an anode or cathode or both. The battery exhibits an
materials for lithium JANG BOR exceptionally high specific capacity an excellent
US20090176159 ion batteries Z,ZHAMU ARUNA 2008-01-09 reversible capacity and a long cycle life.
This invention provides a hybrid nano-filament
composition for use as a cathode active material. The
composition comprises (a) an aggregate of
nanometer-scaled electrically conductive filaments
that are substantially interconnected intersected or
percolated to form a porous electrically conductive
filament network wherein the filaments have a length
and a diameter or thickness with the diameter or
thickness being less than 500 nm; and (b) micron- or
nanometer-scaled coating that is deposited on a
surface of the filaments wherein the coating
comprises a cathode active material capable of
absorbing and desorbing lithium ions and the coating
has a thickness less than 10 mum preferably less
than 1 mum and more preferably less than 500 nm.
Also provided is a lithium metal battery or lithium ion
battery that comprises such a cathode. Preferably
Hybrid nano- the battery includes an anode that is manufactured
filament cathode according to a similar hybrid nano filament approach.
compositions for The battery exhibits an exceptionally high specific
lithium metal or JANG BOR capacity an excellent reversible capacity and a long
US20090186276 lithium ion batteries Z,ZHAMU ARUNA 2008-01-18 cycle life.
A method of producing a lithium-ion battery anode
comprising: (a) providing an anode active material;
(b) intercalating or absorbing a desired amount of
lithium into this anode active material to produce a
prelithiated anode active material; (c) comminuting
the prelithiated anode active material into fine
particles with an average size less than 10 micro m
(preferably sub-micron and more preferably 200 nm);
and (d) combining multiple fine particles of
Method of prelithiated anode active material with a conductive
producing additive and/or a binder material to form the anode.
prelithiated anodes The battery featuring such an anode exhibits an
for secondary JANG BOR exceptionally high specific capacity an excellent
US20100120179 lithium ion batteries Z,ZHAMU ARUNA 2008-11-13 reversible capacity and a long cycle life.


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