1. WATER CONSERVATION
Water conservation
encompasses the policies,
strategies and activities to
manage fresh water as a
sustainable resource to
protect the water
environment and to meet
current and future human
demand.Sustainability,Ener
gy conservation,Habitat
coservation are some goals
of water conservation.
 There are various steps to
conserve water but I
would like to give special
emphasis on rain water
harvesting.


2. Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition
of rainwater for reuse before it reaches the
aquifer. Uses include water for garden, water for
livestock, water for irrigation, and indoor heating
for houses etc.. In many places the water collected
is just redirected to a deep pit with percolation.
The harvested water can be used as drinking water
as well as for storage and other purpose like
irrigation.
Some advantages of rain water harvesting are -:
• Makes use of a natural resource and reduces flooding,
storm water , erosion, and contamination of surface
water with pesticides, sediment, metals, and
fertilizers.
• Excellent source of water for landscape irrigation,
with no chemicals such as fluoride and chlorine, and
no dissolved salts and minerals from the soil.
• Home systems can be relatively simple to install and
operate and it may reduce your water bill.
RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM IN INDIA-:
In the state of Tamil Nadu, rainwater harvesting was
made compulsory for every building to avoid ground
water depletion. It proved excellent results within
five years, and every other state took it as role
model. Since its implementation, Chennai saw a 50
percent rise in water level in five years and the
water quality significantly improved.

3. 
In Rajasthan, rainwater harvesting
has traditionally been practiced by
the people of the Thar Desert.
There are many ancient water
harvesting systems in Rajasthan,
which have now been revived .Water
harvesting systems are widely used
in other areas of Rajasthan as well,
for example the chauka system
from the Jaipur district.

At present, in Pune (in
Maharashtra), rainwater harvesting
is compulsory for any new society to
be registered.

An attempt has been made at Dept.
of Chemical Engineering, IISc,
Bangalore to harvest rainwater
using upper surface of a solar still,
which was used for water
distillation[

4. RAIN-WATER HARVESTING IN KERALA

Rainwater harvesting, irrespective of the
technology used, essentially means
harvesting and storing water in days of
abundance, for use in lean days. Storing of
rainwater can be done in two ways; (i)
storing in an artificial storage and (ii) in the
soil media as groundwater. The former is
more specifically called roof water
harvesting and is rather a temporary
measure, focusing on human needs providing
immediate relief from drinking water
scarcity, while the latter has the potential
to provide sustainable relief from water
scarcity, addressing the needs of all living
classes in nature. Through the proposed
individual rainwater harvesting, units will be
made available to the beneficiaries. Rain
water harvesting has gained popularity in
Kerala through various projects
implemented by different agencies. The
Rain Water Harvesting Campaign of the
Government and publicity by various media
are responsible for popularizing rain water
harvesting in the state. Rainwater
harvesting is viewed as a water security
measure for the State of Kerala, with two
broad types of programmes.

5. HYDRO POWER
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Hydro-power or water power is
power derived from the energy of
falling water and running water,
which may be harnessed for
useful purposes. Kinetic energy of
flowing water (when it moves
from higher potential to lower
potential) rotates the
blades/propellers of turbine,
which rotates the axle. The axle
has a coil which is placed between
the magnets. When the coils
rotate in magnetic field it induce
them in the coil due to change in
flux. Hence, kinetic energy of
flowing water is converted to
electrical energy.
Since ancient times, hydro-power
has been used for irrigation and
the operation of various
mechanical devices, such as
watermills, sawmills, textile mills,
dock cranes, domestic lifts, power
houses and paint making.

6. 
Since the early 20th century,
the term has been used almost
exclusively in conjunction with
the modern development of
hydro-electric power, which
allowed use of distant energy
sources. Another method used
to transmit energy used a
tromp, which produces
compressed air from falling
water. Compressed air could
then be piped to power other
machinery at a distance from
the waterfall. Hydro power is a
renewable energy source.
Water's power is manifested in
hydrology, by the forces of
water on the riverbed and
banks of a river. When a river is
in flood, it is at its most
powerful, and moves the
greatest amount of sediment

7. HYDROPOWER TYPES -:
Hydropower is used primarily to
generate electricity. Broad
categories include:
 Conventional hydroelectric,
referring to hydroelectric
dams.
 Run-of-the-river
hydroelectricity, which
captures the kinetic energy
in rivers or streams, without
the use of damsSmall hydro
projects are 10 megawatts or
less and often have no
artificial reservoirs..
 Micro hydro projects provide
a few kilowatts to a few
hundred kilowatts to isolated
homes, villages, or small
industries.
 Small hydro projects are 10
megawatts or less and often
have no artificial reservoirs.

8. HYDROPOWER:21ST CENTURY
Having fallen out of favor during the late 20th century due to the disruptive
ecological and social effects of large impoundments, hydropower enjoyed a
revival by 2013 as international institutions such as the World Bank tried to
find solutions to economic development which avoided adding substantial
amounts of carbon to the atmosphere

9. HARD WATER


Hard water is water that has
high mineral content (in
contrast with "soft water").
Hard drinking water is generally
not harmful to one's health, but
can pose serious problems in
industrial settings, where water
hardness is monitored to avoid
costly breakdowns in boilers,
cooling towers, and other
equipment that handles water.
In domestic settings, hard
water is often indicated by a
lack of suds formation when
soap is agitated in water, and by
the formation of limescale in
kettles and water heaters.
Wherever water hardness is a
concern, water softening is
commonly used to reduce hard
water's adverse effects.

10. EFFECTS OF HARDWATER-:

With hard water, soap solutions
form a white precipitate instead of
producing lather, because the 2+
ions destroy the surfactant
properties of the soap by forming a
solid precipitate (the soap scum). A
major component of such scum is
calcium stearate, which arises from
sodium stearate, the main
component of soap 2 C17H35COO- +
Ca2+ → (C17H35COO)2Ca

Hardness can thus be defined as
the soap-consuming capacity of a
water sample, or the capacity of
precipitation of soap as a
characteristic property of water
that prevents the lathering of soap.
Synthetic detergents do not form
such scums.
Hard water also forms deposits
that clog plumbing.


11. 
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The presence of ions in an electrolyte, in
this case, hard water, can also lead to
galvanic corrosion, in which one metal will
preferentially corrode when in contact with
another type of metal, when both are in
contact with an electrolyte
The softening of hard water by ion
exchange does not increase its corrosivit.
Similarly, where lead plumbing is in
use, softened water does not substantially
increase plumb-solvency.
In swimming pools, hard water is
manifested by a turbid, or cloudy
(milky), appearance to the water
. Calcium and magnesium hydroxides are
both soluble in water. The solubility of the
hydroxides of the alkaline-earth metals to
which calcium and magnesium belong
(group 2 of the periodic table) increases
moving down the column
Aqueous solutions of these metal
hydroxides absorb carbon dioxide from the
air, forming the insoluble carbonates, giving
rise to the turbidity. This often results from
the alkalinity (the hydroxide concentration)
being excessively high (pH > 7.6)

12. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TEMPORARY
AND PERMANENT HARDNESS
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Temporary hardness
Temporary hardness is a type of water hardness caused by the presence of dissolved bicarbonate minerals
(calciumbicarbonat and magnesium bicarbonate)
When dissolved these minerals yield calcium and magnesium cation (Ca2+, Mg2+) and carbonate and bicarbonate
anions (CO32-, HCO3-) The presence of the metal cation makes the water hard. However, unlike the permanent
hardness caused by sulfate and chloride compounds, this "temporary" hardness can be reduced either by
boiling the water, or by the addition of lime (calcium hydroxide) through the softening process of lime
softening[
Permanent hardness
Permanent hardness is hardness (mineral content) that cannot be removed by boiling.
When this is the case, it is usually caused by the presence of calcium sulfateand/or magnesium sulfates in the
water, which do not precipitate out as the temperature increases. Ions causing permanent hardness of water
can be removed using a water softener, or ion exchange column. Total Permanent Hardness = Calcium Hardness
+ Magnesium Hardness

13. WAR OVER WATER (JORDAN RIVER)
The "War over Water" also the Battle over
Water refers to a series of confrontations
between Israel and its Arab neighbors from
November 1964 to May 1967 over control of
available water sources in the Jordan River
drainage basin. The 1949 Armistice Agreements
which followed the 1948 Arab–Israeli War,
created three Demilitarized zones on the IsraelSyria border. The southernmost, and also the
largest of stretched from the south-eastern part
of the Sea of Galilee eastwards to the Yarmuk
River where the borders of Israel, Jordan and
Syria converged, The issue of sharing the waters
of the Jordan–Yarmuk system between Israel,
Syria and Jordan turned out to be a major
problem.
In July 1953, Israel began construction of the
intake of its National Water Carrier at the
Daughters of Jacob Jordan Bridge north of the
Sea of Galilee and in the demilitarized zone.
Syrian artillery units opened fire on the
construction site. The United Nations security
council majority voted for resumption of work by
Israel. The Israelis then moved the intake to an
economically inferior site at the Sea of Galilee.[

14. 
At 1955 the Jordan Valley Unified Water Plan was accepted by the technical committees
of both Israel and the Arab League The Arab League Council decided on 11 October 1955
not to ratify the plan. According to most observers, including Johnston himself, the Arab
non-adoption of the plan was not total rejection. while they failed to approve it politically,
they were determined to adhere to the technica hough the Unified Plan failed to be
ratified, both Jordan and Israel undertook to operate within their allocations l details.
Israel completed its National Water Carrier which siphoned water from the Sea of
Galilee in 1964. The initial diversion capacity of the National Water Carrier without
supplementary booster pumps was 320 million m3, well within the limits of the Johnston
Plan. The Arab states were not prepared to coexist with this project, that seemed likely
to make a major contribution to Israel economic growth. The Arab states decided to
deprive Israel of a 35% of the National Water Carrier capacity, by a diversion of the
Jordan River headwaters (both the Hasbani and the Banias) to the Yarmouk River,
although the scheme was only marginally feasible, it was technically difficult and
expensive. At 1965, there were 3 notable border clashes, starting with the Syrians
shooting Israeli farmers and army patrols, and continuing by Israeli tanks and artillery
destroying the Arab heavy earth moving machines that were used for the diversion
plan.The Arab countries eventually abandoned their project. Control of water resources
and Israeli military attacks regarding the diversion effort are considered among the
major factors which led to the Six-Day War in June 1967.

15. Water politics in middle east
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Issues relating to water supplies, then, affect international and inter-regional affairs, with disputes over
countries’ rights and access to water resources most often the cause of tensions in this arena. The
contended nature of some water provisions has tended to mean that certain waters become more
prone to political conflicts (those which are primarily prone to this in the Middle East and northern
Africa are the Nile, Jordan and Tigris-Euphrates rivers. In order to secure reliable levels of water access
for their populations, states must either have a large water supply in terms of economic availability, or
their rights to such supplies must be established.
Studies of water in the Middle East have also suggested that, in a sensitive hydrological location, a
country’s existing surface and ground-water access should be protected as a first priority if it is to begin
to address any water difficulties or shortages. Such measures as these can be seen as being the primary
responsibilities of national governments or ruling authorities; and water is therefore closely tied up
with statehood and geographical territory in international relations, and with the recognition and rights
of nation states as the central actors in this field

16. 
The political process and interactions
underlying the international relations of
water have been characterised as having
three stages. These are that a state
must go through a process of; firstly
claiming its right to water resources,
secondly receiving recognition of this
right, and finally seeking to attain its
entitlement to water in accordance with
the recognition of its claim. However,
these processes have not always
succeeded

The post–Cold War period, therefore,
has since been perceived to offer the
opportunity for transforming water
politics in the Middle East, in light of the
shift which it has brought about in global
political dynamics in the region. This
potential, however, had failed to be
fulfilled by the end of the decade, with
states in the Middle East ‘still mainly
involved in… asserting water rights over
shared waters’. The consequence of this
has been that ‘non-agreed water sharing
is an unavoidable reality in present
Middle Eastern international relations’,
with attendant political problems
invariably surfacing

17. WATER
RECYCLING
Reclaimed water or recycled
water, is former wastewater
(sewage) that is treated to
remove solids and certain
impurities, and used in
sustainable landscaping
irrigation or to recharge
groundwater aquifers
The purpose of these processes
is sustainability and water
conservation, rather than
discharging the treated water
to surface waters such as
rivers and oceans. In some
cases, recycled water can be
used for streamflow
augmentation to benefit
ecosystems and improve
aesthetics
The definition of reclaimed
water, as defined by Levine and
Asaneo, is "The end product of
wastewater reclamation that
meets water quality
requirements for biodegradable
materials, suspended matter
and pathogens

18. industry uses.
SOME BENEFITS OF WATER RECYCLING
ARE-:Cycled repeatedly through the
planetary hydrosphere, all water on
Earth is recycled water, but the
terms "recycled water" or
"reclaimed water" typically mean
wastewater sent from a home or
business through a pipeline system
to a treatment facility, where it is
treated to a level consistent with its
intended use
The recycling and recharging is
often done by using the treated
wastewater for designated municipal
sustainable gardening irrigation
applications.
In more recent conventional use, the
term refers to water that is not
treated as highly in order to offer a
way to conserve drinking water.
This water is given to uses such as
agriculture and sundry
The recycled water is supplied at a
discount to the potable water price
Connecting to the AquaNet water
network eliminates the need to build
and maintain on site water recycling
facilities

19. USES OF RECYCLED WATER
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The usage of water reclamation
decreases the pollution sent to
sensitive environments
Reclaimed water is usually sold to
citizens at a cheaper rate to encourage
its use.
It can also enhance wetlands, which
benefits the wildlife depending on that
eco-system.
By using recycled water customers can
save on the space and cost of storm
water capture and storage
High quality recycled water is a
superior alternative to untreated
potable (drinking) water, especially for
industrial applications such as boilers
and cooling towers
AquaNet can connect to customers on
the main line with no minimum usage
requirements

20. DISTRIBUTION AND DEMAND
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Reclaimed water is often
distributed with a dual piping
network that keeps reclaimed
water pipes completely separate
from potable water pipes. In the
United States, reclaimed water is
always distributed in lavender
(light purple) pipes to distinguish
it from potable water
The use of the color purple for
pipes carrying recycled water was
pioneered by the Irvine Ranch
Water District in Irvine,
California.
n many cities using reclaimed
water, it is now in such demand
that consumers are only allowed
to use it on assigned days. Some
cities that previously offered
unlimited reclaimed water at a
flat rate are now beginning to
charge citizens by the amount
they use.

21. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
OF GROUNDWATER
Sustainable Development
 Sustainable development means
finding ways to preserve a
precious resource like clean
water forever—and meeting our
customers’ needs not just
today, but tomorrow.
Sustainable groundwater
resources development implies
use of groundwater as a source
of water supply, on a long term
basis, in an efficient and
equitable manner sustaining its
quality and environmental
diversity. An understanding of
the behaviour of a groundwater
system and of its interaction
with the environment is
required to formulate a
sustainable management plan
.

22. Mathematical models supported by field information play a key role in
assessing the future behaviour of a system to stresses and to find effective
operating conditions for sustainable development and management of
groundwater resources. Basic principles for sustainable development are
stressed and a brief review of two case studies is provided to illustrate how
a systems approach and its computational framework of mathematical models
can be used in addressing the main issue of water allocation satisfying some
of the technical and environmental constraints.