The slides demonstrated that Suturing are of different methods and styles ,and are applied for different tissues and for different surgical techniques and procedures. Sutures are of Different materials and used for different styles and tissues .
Modern innovations in wound suturing ,wound closure are also described in the slides .
3. INTRODUCTION
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DEFINATIONS ⌂ Suturing refers to sewing
together two structure using suture threaded on a
needle. The purpose of suture is to hold tissues
together until strong enough to support itself
during wound healing.
Ligating or ligaturing refers to tying a ductal
structure such as blood vessel simply by means of
a suture thread.
4. INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Sutures are used to improve & speed healing
Hx dates back to 550-3000BC
Early sutures were Flax, Silk, Linen strips & cotton
Synthetic sutures are now available
5. DEFINITIONS
Suture is a material used to approximate living tissues
or xtures together
Ligature is a suture used to encircle a bld vessel to
arrest or control bleeding
Tensile strength is the ability of the material or tissues
to resist deformation or breakage
Elasticity is the ability of the material to regain its
original form or length after deformation
Pliability is the ability to adjust knot tension & to
secure knot
Memory is the inherent capability of suture to return or
maintain its original gross shape
6. QUALITIES OF AN IDEAL SUTURE
by Lord Mogniham (1865 – 1936)
Sterile and easily sterilizable
Serve all purpose
Minimal tissue :non-electrolytic, non-capillary, non-allergenic,
non-carcinogenic (and non-thrombogenic in vascular surgery.
Easy to handle
Hold knot securely
High tensile strength
Favourable absorption profile
Resistant to infection
Available
Inexpensive
7. Features of a suture
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Suture stength - Measured by instron tensiometer.
Tissue Reactivity
Handling
Knotting
Sterilization
Absorbility
Viability
Elasticity
Size
8. CLASSIFICATION OF SUTURES/STRENGTH
ABSORPTION
ABILITY
Absorbable
ORIGIN
Natural
Synthetic
Non-absorbable Natural
Synthetic
CONFIGURATION
Monofilament
Multifilament
Monofilament
Multifilament
TRAUMATIC & ATRAUMATIC
STRENGTH : Ranges from smallest(10/0) to largest(5)
10. TENSILE STRENGTH/ABSORBABILITY
Suture
T/S loss
Absorption tissue
Catgut
15 days
60 days
Chronic Catgut
30 days
80 – 120 days
Polyglyconic
30 days
90 days
Polyglactin(vicryl) 32 days
70 days
Polydioxanone
56 days
180 days
Nylon
25% in 2yrs
Prolene
Indefinite
Dacron
Indefinite
acid(DEXON)
11. TYPES/USES
ABSORBABLE – NATURAL
Plain catgut:light milk,Derived from submucusa
of sheep intestine or serosa of beef intestine
Used for ligating superficial bld vessels & subcut
fatty tissues
Chromic catgut:yellow,Treated with chromium
salt.
Adv may be used in the presence of infection
12. ABSORBABLE - SYNTHETIC
Polyglactin (vicryl):cream,
copolymer of lactide &
glycolide
Minimal tissue rxn
Used in general soft tissue
approx,intestinal
anastomosis,vessels ligation
in all surgical specialties
Dexon(Polyglyconic
acid):purple/cream
Homo polymers of glycolide.
Avoid in adipose tissue
Losses tensile strength more
rapidly than vicryl.
Other e.g
Polyglyconate(maxon)
polydiaxone(PDS),Polyglecap
rone(monocryl)
13. NON-ABSORBABLE-NATURAL
Surgical silk:Black, Derived from the cocoon of the
silk worm larvae, superior handling xtics,Trigger
inflam rxns,Undergo proteolysis & undetected by
2yrs,Used in ligating maj bld ves,tendon repair etc
Surgical steel & wires
High tensile strength
Hold knots very well
Used in orthopaedic,Neurosurg,& Thoracic surg
Other e.g Virgin silk,cotton, linen
14. NON-ABSORBABLE - SYNTHETIC
Nylon:Is a polyamide polymer,blue
81% tensile strength at 1yr & 66% at 11yrs
Elicits minimal tissue rxn
Has good memory
Pliable when moist
Premoistened form is used cosmetic plastic surgery
Its elasticity makes it useful for skin closure &
Herniorhapy
Other e.g;Polypropylene(prolene),Polyester
fiber(Mersilene/Dacron,Ethibond)
15. SYNTHETIC NON-ABSORBABLE (CUT)
Staples and chips:
Faster than traditional suture, in gut anastomosis, vascular
&bronchial closure.
Skin tapes:
Impervious to sweat, wound infection less, avoid suture marks.
Surgical adhesives:
Expanded polytetra fuoroethylene
16. Monofilament Suture
Grossly appears as single strand of suture
material; all fibers run parallel
Minimal tissue trauma
Resists harbouring microorganisms
Ties smoothly
Requires more knots than multifilament suture
Possesses memory
Examples:
Monocryl, PDS, Prolene, Nylon
17. Multifilament Suture
Fibers are twisted or braided together
Greater resistance in tissue
Provides good handling and ease off tying
Fewer knots required
Examples:
Vicryl (braided)
Chromic (twisted)
Silk (braided)
18. SUTURE SELECTION
Depends on surgeons training & preference
Smallest suture is preferable
Tensile strength of suture should not exceed that of
tissues
Aesthetics should be considered e.g head&neck
Mobility of the region e.g Limbs & trunk
Tension of the tissues to be sutured e.g major
musculocutaneous flaps
Non-absorbable considered in skin,fascia,tendon
Absorbable considered in rapidly healing tissues
Monofiliments preferable in contaminated wounds
19. Suture Size
United States Pharmacopeia
Sized according to diameter with “0” as reference size
Numbers alone indicate progressively larger sutures
(“1”,“2”, etc)
Numbers followed by a “0” indicate progressively
smaller sutures (“2-0”, “4-0”, etc)
Smaller<------------------------------------->Larger
.....”3-0”...”2-0”...”1-0”...”0”...”1”...”2”...”3”.....
23. METHODS OF SUTURING
1. CONTINUOUS SUTURING
►Rapid application
►Efficient
►Haemostatic
►Easily drawn tight
►Edges may overlap
►Whole wound may open if any breaks
2. INTERRUPTED SUTURING
►Skin
►Infected sites
►1mm apart on the face
►1cm apart at other areas
34. BODY
Straight
Half curved
Curved: ski 1/4 circle 3/8 circle 1/2 circle 5/8 circle
Compound curved
SWAGE
Channel swage
Drill swage
Non swaged
35. STERILIZATION OF SUTURES
May affect suture properties to some extent
Gamma Radiation
Ethylene oxide;poisonous gas,is less attractive
Autoclave
Sutures are usually stored in sterile pack by the
manufacturers,their integrity must be checked b/4
use
36. Packaging…
Metric Gauge
Imperial Gauge
Product (re-order) Code
Needle size
& curvature
Needle type
Needle point
Needle profile
Sterilised
Ethylene Oxide
Do Not Re-use
See Instructions
for use
Expiry date
Batch Number
37. SUTURE REMOVAL
Sutures on the superficial(skin) wounds are removed
after serving their fxn
Duration depends on the site;
Head & Face = 3-5d
Arms & Hands = 7-10d
Chest
=7-10d
Abdomen =7-1od
Lower limbs/feet =10-14d
38. COMPLICATIONS
Usually less if proper selection is followed
Failure
Undo
Tissue rxn
Infection
Abscess and sinus formation
scarring
39. RECENT ADVANCES
Staples & Clips
Formed from high quality stainless steel
New absorbable clips made of polydiaxone are
available
Staples are suitable for skin closure
Stapling gun for bowel anastomosis are popular
Skin Tapes & Adhesives e.g Dermabond
Non-suture methods of closing wound edges
Applied after adequate subcuticular closure
Minimal infection rate & no tissue rxn
EXPENSIVE
40. Adhesive Tapes
Less reactive than staples
Use of tissue adhesive
adjunct (benzoin)
Poor outcome in areas of
tension
Seldom used for primary
closure
Use after suture removal
41. Adhesive Tapes
Advantages
• Least
reactive
• Lowest
infection rate
• Rapid
application
• Patient
comfort
• Low cost
• No risk of
needle stick
Disadvantages
• Frequently
falls off
• Lower tensile
strength than
sutures
• Highest rate of
dehiscence
• Requires use
of toxic
adjuncts
• Cannot be
used in areas
of hair
• Cannot get wet
42. Staples
More rapidly placed
Less foreign body
reaction
Scalp, trunk, extremities
Do not allow for
meticulous closure
43. Dermabond®
A sterile, liquid topical skin
adhesive
Reacts with moisture on skin
surface to form a strong, flexible
bond
Only for easily approximated skin
edges of wounds
punctures from minimally
invasive surgery
simple, thoroughly cleansed,
lacerations
44. Dermabond®
Standard surgical wound prep and dry
Crack ampule or applicator tip up; invert
Hold skin edges approximated horizontally
Gently and evenly apply at least two thin
layers on the surface of the edges with a
brushing motion with at least 30 s between
each layer, hold for 60 s after last layer until
not tacky
Apply dressing
45. CONCLUSION
Human body is very delicate & important.When
surgeries are needed to improve our health is very
important to select a suitable suture.Today we know
alots of biomaterials to select,but is important to
always think of biocompatibility.
46. REFERENCES
1) Post-graduate surgery, candidates guide M.A.R
Alfallouji,2nd edition
2) Principles & practice of surgery including
pathology in the Tropics, E.A.Badoe etal 3rd edition
3) Clinical surgery Alfred Cusheri etal 2nd edition
4) www.e.medicine.com