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Dr. Muhammad bin zulfiqar
PGR-1
SIMS/ SHL.
Basics of Digital
Language
5
Byte
The basic unit of binary coded information
Kilobyte—210
– 1024 bites
Megabyte—1024 times1024bites
Performance parameters
Pixel: Smallest complete sample of an image. Has a varied
set of tones in shades of white/ black/grey.
Expressed in binary codes (bits).
Size of the pixel : Smaller the size , better
resolution.
CR- 50 to 200 microns, DR- 100 to 200 microns, DM- 50 to
100 microns.
Gray Scale: Shades of Gray in between pure black and pure
white.
Bit Depth: No of shades to define each pixel ,measured as
no of bits. Larger the depth, incr gray scale and large file
size.
Spatial Resolution: finer details, diff objects in an
image. Depends on sampling frequency and no of
pixels.
expressed in lp/mm.
Contrast Resolution: Color or gray scale differentiation.
Indicate the no of shades of grey that a detector can
capture.
File Size.
Performance Parameters(contd..)
DIGITAL PROJECTION RADIOGRAPHY
COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY (CR) DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY (DR)
11011101
CR
X-RAYS
CR PLATE
SCANNER
DETECTORS
11011101
DR
X-RAYS
Computed Radiography (CR)
Been around since 1980-81
Uses same radiographic equipment
No change in X-ray machine
Uses an imaging plate
Contains a photostimulator phosphor
Need a cassette reader
Images can be sent to a PACS
Computed Radiography (CR)
Re-usable metal imaging plates replace
film & cassette
Uses conventional bucky & x-ray
equipment
                                                                 
CR SYSTEM COMPONENTS
CASSETTES (phosphor plates)
ID STATION
IMAGE PREVIEW STATION
DIGITIZER
VIEWING STATION
CR PLATE
CASETTE CONSTRUCTION
LIGHTWEIGHT ALUMINUM
PLASTIC
STEEL FRAME
FRONT PANEL MADE OF LOW ATTENUATION
CARBON FIBER
PROTECTIVE LAYER
PHOSPHOR LAYER
ANTI-HALO & REFLECTIVE LAYER
BASE
BACKING LAYER
PHOSPHOR LAYER BASE
Ba FX: Eu +2 PET- POLYETHYLENE
TERAPHTALATE
PROTECTIVE LAYER
FLUORINATED POLYMER MATERIAL
PROTECTS PHOSPHOR LAYER
ANTI-HALO LAYER + REFLECTIVE
LAYER
PREVENTS LASER FROM PASSING THROUGH.
REFLECTED LIGHT FROM PHOSPHOR IS ALLOWED TO
PASS.
BACKING LAYER
PROTECTS THE BASE FROM DAMAGE.
SCATTER
REMOTE OPERATOR PANEL
CR Operation
Add module code number and lesson title 29
Add module code number and lesson title 30
The principle of PSP
Excitation Storage Emission
CB
Trap
ADC
PMT
Higher Energy
Electron
State
Lower Energy
Electron
State
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X-Ray
Photon
-
Photon pumps
electron to
higher energy state
Add module code number and lesson title 36
(Images courtesy of AFGA)
PSP digitizer Casette and PSP
Workstation
Reading Imaging Plate
Reader scans plate with
laser
Laser releases
electrons trapped in
high energy
states
Electrons fall to low
energy states
Electrons give up
energy as visible light
Laser Beam
Higher Energy
Elect ron
St at e
Lower Energy
Elect ron
St at e
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Lower Energy
Electron State
Reader scans plate
with laser light using
rotating mirror
Film pulled through
scanner by rollers
Light given off by
plate measured by
PM tube &
recorded by
computer
Reading Imaging Plate
Conventional CR Scanning
25% OF STORED
ENERGY
WITHIN 8 HOURS
CR PLATE
CR SCANNER/READER
CR AFTER
EXPOSURE IS
INSERTED INTO
CR SCANNER
CR Exposure & Readout
PM TUBE
AMPLIFIER ADC
LASER
LIGHT
GATE
PLATE & F-CENTERS
LASER 633 nm
PHOTOSTIMULABLE LUMINESCENCE
390-400 nm
After read-out, plate erased using a bright light
Plate can be erased virtually without limit
Plate life defined not by erasure cycles but by
physical wear
IMAGE DISPLAY
Typical image plate can be
reused thousands of times
CR Resolution
Small cassettes have better spatial
resolution
Smaller pixels
More pixels / mm
IMAGE CHECK-INDEX
IMAGE MANIPULATION-WINDOWING
PICTURE DESTINATION -PACS
CR CHARACTERISTIC CURVE
VERY WIDE LATITUDE
CR SYSTEMS
LESS RADIOGRAPH REPEATS
Much greater latitude
than screen/film
Plate responds to many
decades of input exposure
under / overexposures unlikely
Computer scale inputs
exposure to viewable
densities
Unlike film, receptor separate
from viewer
CHARACTERISTIC CURVE
LATITTUDE OF CR
LATITTUDE OF FILM
IMAGE CAN BE SALVAGED WITH CR
500% OVEREXPOSURE
80% UNDEREXPOSURE
USE ADEQUATE KVP
HARD COPY GENERATED IN
LASER PRINTER
CR SYSTEM EFFICIENCY CHARACTERISTIC
QDE- QUANTUM DETECTION EFFICIENCY
NO NEED FOR SCREENS
QDE:
THE MEASURE OF THE EFFICIENCY OF CR SYSTEM TO
CONVERT REMNANT X-RAYS TO USEFUL IMAGE
SIGNAL
QDE PATIENT DOSE
Receptor provides direct digital output
No processor / reader required
Images available in < 15 seconds
Much less work for technologist
69
72
PACS and DICOM
 THE ROLE OF PACS :
A Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) aims to replace
conventional analogue film and paper clinical request forms and reports with a
completely computerized electronic network whereby digital images are viewed
on monitors in conjunction with the clinical details of the patient and the
associated radiological report displayed in electronic format.
 The ROLE OF DICOM:
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) is a standard for
handling, storing, printing, and transmitting information in medical imaging. It
includes a file format definition and a network communications protocol.
DICOM enables the integration of scanners, servers, workstations, printers, and
network hardware from multiple manufacturers into a
picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The different devices come
with DICOM conformance statements which clearly state the DICOM classes
they support. DICOM has been widely adopted by hospitals .
?
Cr & dr
Cr & dr

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