Session1 2010 fmhs_recognising language functions

S 1_10_1_Recognising
LangFunctions
1
FMHS 2009
Recognising language functions in
academic texts

LangFunctions
2
Recent statistics show significant differences between
men and women in survival following a heart attack. For
example, 42 percent of women who have heart attacks
die within 1 year compared with 24 percent of men. The
reasons for these differences are not well understood.
We know that women tend to get heart disease about 10
years later in life than men, and they are more likely to
have coexisting chronic conditions. Research also has
shown that women may not be diagnosed or treated as
aggressively as men, and their symptoms may be very
different from those of men who are having a heart
attack.

LangFunctions
3
Recent statistics show significant differences between
men and women in survival following a heart attack. For
example, 42 percent of women who have heart attacks
die within 1 year compared with 24 percent of men. The
reasons for these differences are not well understood.
We know that women tend to get heart disease about 10
years later in life than men, and they are more likely to
have coexisting chronic conditions. Research also has
shown that women may not be diagnosed or treated as
aggressively as men, and their symptoms may be very
different from those of men who are having a heart
attack.

LangFunctions
4
The precipitated gutta percha is dried to constant weight
in a desiccator. The chloroform-insoluble precipitate is
washed with acetone and dried to constant weight. The
dried residue is then washed with hydrochloric acid,
separating the insoluble heavy metal salts (mainly
barium sulphate) from the soluble zinc oxide. The
insoluble salts are washed with distilled water and
acetone and dried to constant weight.
The percentage of zinc oxide is then calculated on the
difference between the original known weight, and the
sum of the measured weights of gutta percha,
waxes/resins, and heavy metal salts.

LangFunctions
5
The precipitated gutta percha is dried to constant weight
in a desiccator. The chloroform-insoluble precipitate is
washed with acetone and dried to constant weight. The
dried residue is then washed with hydrochloric acid,
separating the insoluble heavy metal salts (mainly
barium sulphate) from the soluble zinc oxide. The
insoluble salts are washed with distilled water and
acetone and dried to constant weight.
The percentage of zinc oxide is then calculated on the
difference between the original known weight, and the
sum of the measured weights of gutta percha,
waxes/resins, and heavy metal salts.

LangFunctions
6
Roxithromycin (14), an oxime derivative of erythromycin,
is an acid-stable orally administered antibacterial
macrolide. The conformational studies have established
that the drug exists as a single conformer in solution
(Gharbi-Benarous et al., 1990; Gharbi-Benarous et al.,
1991). Roxithromycin is active against Gram-positive
and Gram-negative cocci, Gram-positive bacilli and
some Gram-negative bacilli. Atypical pathogens like
Mycobacterium avium and Helicobacter pylori are also
affected but it has no significant effect on the
predominant faecal flora (Bryskier, 1998).

LangFunctions
7
Roxithromycin (14), an oxime derivative of erythromycin,
is an acid-stable orally administered antibacterial
macrolide. The conformational studies have established
that the drug exists as a single conformer in solution
(Gharbi-Benarous et al., 1990; Gharbi-Benarous et al.,
1991). Roxithromycin is active against Gram-positive
and Gram-negative cocci, Gram-positive bacilli and
some Gram-negative bacilli. Atypical pathogens like
Mycobacterium avium and Helicobacter pylori are also
affected but it has no significant effect on the
predominant faecal flora (Bryskier, 1998).

LangFunctions
8
Table 3 shows a comparison of patients clustered by DNA analysis
to those nonclustered according to various demographic and clinical
characteristics. Factors significantly associated with clustering were
HIV infection and birth in the United States. There was no difference
in proportion clustered by year. Patients with histories of prior
treatment and Asian patients were significantly less likely (odds ratio
[OR] = 0.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.17 to 0.98 and
OR=0.18, 95% CI-0.06 to 0.53, respectively) to be in a cluster.
Patients in clusters were 3 times more likely to have epidemiologic
links than those not in clusters. In a subanalysis that included only
non-U.S.-born patients who had a known date of entry to the United
States, clustering was significantly associated (OR=1.09, 95%
CI=1.02, l.16; p=0.01) with longer time of residence in the United
States.

LangFunctions
9
Table 3 shows a comparison of patients clustered by DNA analysis
to those nonclustered according to various demographic and clinical
characteristics. Factors significantly associated with clustering were
HIV infection and birth in the United States. There was no difference
in proportion clustered by year. Patients with histories of prior
treatment and Asian patients were significantly less likely (odds ratio
[OR] = 0.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.17 to 0.98 and
OR=0.18, 95% CI-0.06 to 0.53, respectively) to be in a cluster.
Patients in clusters were 3 times more likely to have epidemiologic
links than those not in clusters. In a sub analysis that included only
non-U.S.- born patients who had a known date of entry to the United
States, clustering was significantly associated (OR=1.09, 95%
CI=1.02, l.16; p=0.01) with longer time of residence in the United
States

LangFunctions
10
There are many different autoimmune diseases, and
they can each affect the body in different ways. For
example, the autoimmune reaction is directed against
the brain in multiple sclerosis and the gut in Crohn's
disease. In other autoimmune diseases such as
systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), affected tissues
and organs may vary among individuals with the same
disease. One person with lupus may have affected skin
and joints whereas another may have affected skin,
kidney, and lungs. Ultimately, damage to certain tissues
by the immune system may be permanent, as with
destruction of insulin-producing cells of the pancreas in
Type 1 diabetes mellitus

LangFunctions
11
There are many different autoimmune diseases, and
they can each affect the body in different ways. For
example, the autoimmune reaction is directed against
the brain in multiple sclerosis and the gut in Crohn's
disease. In other autoimmune diseases such as
systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), affected tissues
and organs may vary among individuals with the same
disease. One person with lupus may have affected skin
and joints whereas another may have affected skin,
kidney, and lungs. Ultimately, damage to certain tissues
by the immune system may be permanent, as with
destruction of insulin-producing cells of the pancreas in
Type 1 diabetes mellitus

LangFunctions
12
Initially LiF:Mg,Cu,P was developed and used in powder
form until 1986 when Wang et al(24) at the Central
Research Laboratory in Bejing, China produced the first
LiF:Mg,Cu,P chips called GR-200A. Now it is possible to
produce the TLD in a variety of forms such as
polycrystalline hot pressed chips, sintered chips,
accurately machined, optically transparent disks, rods,
cubes, chips, as single crystals and as thin films on
kapton substrates as well as in powder form. There
have been several papers published in which the
composition of the TLD and the manufacturing
procedures have been discussed in great detail5

LangFunctions
13
Initially LiF:Mg,Cu,P was developed and used in powder
form until 1986 when Wang et al24 at the Central
Research Laboratory in Bejing, China produced the first
LiF:Mg,Cu,P chips called GR-200A. Now it is possible to
produce the TLD in a variety of forms such as
polycrystalline hot pressed chips, sintered chips,
accurately machined, optically transparent disks, rods,
cubes, chips, as single crystals and as thin films on
kapton substrates as well as in powder form. There
have been several papers published in which the
composition of the TLD and the manufacturing
procedures have been discussed in great detail5

LangFunctions
14
Ambient temperature has also been shown to affect lung
function. When investigating the effects of various
environmental factors on children's lung function, Kagawa and
Toyama demonstrated that ambient temperature highly
affected respiratory function tests (Kagawa and Toyama,
1975). An increase in temperature was related to an increase
in airway resistance. One explanation for their findings might
relate to the effects of ozone which correlates highly with air
temperature. In our study change in air temperature
confounded the relationship between FVC (Forced vital
capacity) and change in NO2 but was not significant itself. No
effect of O3 on FVC was observed when the analysis was
performed for those 217 children where O3 measurements
were available.

LangFunctions
15
Ambient temperature has also been shown to affect lung
function. When investigating the effects of various
environmental factors on children's lung function, Kagawa and
Toyama demonstrated that ambient temperature highly
affected respiratory function tests (Kagawa and Toyama,
1975). An increase in temperature was related to an increase
in airway resistance. One explanation for their findings might
relate to the effects of ozone which correlates highly with air
temperature. In our study change in air temperature
confounded the relationship between FVC (Forced vital
capacity) and change in NO2 but was not significant itself. No
effect of O3 on FVC was observed when the analysis was
performed for those 217 children where O3 measurements
were available.

LangFunctions
16
Standard protocol AP radiographs were taken of all
patients who were in the supine position and slightly
turned to the image side (20°), with the arm in external
rotation and palm facing forward.23 The film focus
distance was measured at 115 cm, and a 15°
craniocaudal tilt was used to project the undersurface of
the acromion perpendicular. This created a true AP
projection 90° toward the shoulder (Fig 1). All
radiographs were taken in a clinical setting in the
presence of the principal investigator (MS) who
controlled for image quality and positioning.29

LangFunctions
17
Standard protocol AP radiographs were taken of all
patients who were in the supine position and slightly
turned to the image side (20°), with the arm in external
rotation and palm facing forward.23 The film focus
distance was measured at 115 cm, and a 15°
craniocaudal tilt was used to project the undersurface of
the acromion perpendicular. This created a true AP
projection 90° toward the shoulder (Fig 1). All
radiographs were taken in a clinical setting in the
presence of the principal investigator (MS) who
controlled for image quality and positioning.29

LangFunctions
18
Although it is often thought of as a single disease diabetes can in
fact be subdivided into two main diseases. Traditionally diabetes
has been classified into IDDM or Insulin Dependent Diabetes and
NIDDM for Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes. Although this
classification has been in use for many years it is not the most
correct as many people that suffer from what was known as NIDDM
are also dependent on insulin for survival and management of their
disease. This has led to a recent re-classification of the disease into
type 1 (previously IDDM) and type 2 diabetes (previously NIDDM).
Type 1 is mainly a disease of young age of onset, and is due to the
destruction by the immune system of the insulin secreting ß-cells in
the pancreas …… ……. Type 2 diabetes is the most common of
these two diseases accounting for 90-95% of all diabetes cases
diagnosed worldwide. It is mainly characterised by …..

LangFunctions
19
Although it is often thought of as a single disease diabetes can in
fact be subdivided into two main diseases. Traditionally diabetes
has been classified into IDDM or Insulin Dependent Diabetes and
NIDDM for Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes. Although this
classification has been in use for many years, it is not the most
correct as many people that suffer from what was known as NIDDM
are also dependent on insulin for survival and management of their
disease. This has led to a recent re-classification of the disease into
type 1 (previously IDDM) and type 2 diabetes (previously NIDDM).
Type 1 is mainly a disease of young age of onset, and is due to the
destruction by the immune system of the insulin secreting ß-cells in
the pancreas …… ……. Type 2 diabetes is the most common of
these two diseases accounting for 90-95% of all diabetes cases
diagnosed worldwide. It is mainly characterised by …..

LangFunctions
20
In the literature there is good evidence of an association
between various sports and postural deviations. Among
athletes who experience asymmetrical load on the trunks
and the shoulders, such as tennis players (Sward et al.,
1990), hurling players (Watson, 1983), javelin throwers
(Helstrom et al., 1990) and rowers (Woynarowska and
Bojanowska, 1979), scoliosis has been detected. Becker
(1986) reported the results of a study carried out by
Krahl and Steinbruk between 1974 and 1978 on 571 top
athletes, in which they found a 33.5% incidence of
functional scoliosis and a 1.6% incidence of idiopathic
scoliosis.

LangFunctions
21
In the literature there is good evidence of an association
between various sports and postural deviations. Among
athletes who experience asymmetrical load on the trunks
and the shoulders, such as tennis players (Sward et al.,
1990), hurling players (Watson, 1983), javelin throwers
(Helstrom et al., 1990) and rowers (Woynarowska and
Bojanowska, 1979), scoliosis has been detected. Becker
(1986) reported the results of a study carried out by
Krahl and Steinbruk between 1974 and 1978 on 571 top
athletes, in which they found a 33.5% incidence of
functional scoliosis and a 1.6% incidence of idiopathic
scoliosis.

LangFunctions
22
A number of possible future studies using the same
experimental set up are apparent. It would be interesting
to assess the effects of mood altering drugs such as
alcohol, amphetamine and cocaine on performance and
brain activation patterns of subjects playing Pac-Man.
Furthermore, it would be interesting to compare the
results of subjects who were playing for a performance-
related financial reward with the results of subjects
playing the game under normal conditions.

LangFunctions
23
A number of possible future studies using the same
experimental set up are apparent. It would be interesting
to assess the effects of mood altering drugs such as
alcohol, amphetamine and cocaine on performance and
brain activation patterns of subjects playing Pac-Man.
Furthermore, it would be interesting to compare the
results of subjects who were playing for a performance-
related financial reward with the results of subjects
playing the game under normal conditions.

LangFunctions
24
There is no published data in Western Australia to
indicate on what demographic basis doctor dispensing
licences have been granted. Further, there is no
research to indicate whether residents of towns receiving
pharmaceutical care through the doctor are receiving the
same level of service as residents with access to a
pharmacy in their town. Nor is there any data as to the
level of patronage of doctor dispensing services relative
to pharmacy services in rural areas.

LangFunctions
25
There is no published data in Western Australia to
indicate on what demographic basis doctor dispensing
licences have been granted. Further, there is no
research to indicate whether residents of towns receiving
pharmaceutical care through the doctor are receiving the
same level of service as residents with access to a
pharmacy in their town. Nor is there any data as to the
level of patronage of doctor dispensing services relative
to pharmacy services in rural areas.

Session1 2010 fmhs_recognising language functions

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Session1 2010 fmhs_recognising language functions