1. 1914-1918:
The World
at War
By: Jackie White
11th Grade
U.S. History II

2. Learning Objective
 Students will be able to identify the long
term causes of World War I (The Great
War).

4. K-W-L
 What do you already know about WWI?
 What do you want to know more about?
 What did you learn?

5. Long
Term
Causes
of WWI

6. What is Nationalism?
 A deep or extreme devotion to one’s own country.
 It can serve as a force to unify a country.
 However, it can cause competition between
nations seeking to over power each other.

7. How did Nationalism Lead to WWI?
 By the turn of the 20th century (1890’s) a
fierce rivalry developed between Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia,
Italy, & France.

8. What is Imperialism?
 A policy in which a strong nation seeks to
dominate other countries especially
politically, economically, or socially.

9. How did Imperialism lead to WWI?
The nations of
Europe
competed
fiercely for
colonies in
Africa and
Asia.

10. What is Militarism?
 glorifying military power and keeping an army
prepared for war.

11. How did militarism lead to WWI?
 In the 1890’s a
1910-1914 Increase
dangerous arms in Defense
race began due Expenditures
to the belief that France 10%
in order to be Britain 13%
truly great you Russia 39%
needed to have a Germany 73%
powerful
military. By 1914 all the Great Powers
had large standing armies except
for Great Britain, which had the
world’s largest navy.

12. System of Alliances
 Agreements between countries to aid or defend
each other in event of war/conflict.
 By 1907, there were two rival camps in Europe. A
dispute between any two rival countries would

13. System of Alliances
 In 1879, Bismarck formed the Dual Alliance
between Germany and Austria-Hungary. Three years
later, Italy joined to form the Triple Alliance.
 In 1904, Britain formed an entente or alliance with
France and Russia called the Triple Entente.

14. Alliance Game

15. System of Alliances
Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:
Great Britain Germany
France
Austria-Hungary
Russia Italy

16. Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers: Central Powers:

17. The Major Players: 1914-17
Allied Powers: Central Powers:
Nicholas II
[Rus]
Wilhelm II [Ger]
George V [Br]
Victor Emmanuel
II [It]
Enver Pasha
[Turkey]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Franz Josef [A-H]

18. The
“Spark”

19. The Balkan Peninsula, 1914
The
“Powder Keg”
of Europe

20. Assassination of Archduke
 Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne,
visited the Bosnian capital in Sarajevo.

21. Assassination of Archduke
 As his royal
entourage drove
through the city, a
Serbian nationalist,
Gavrilo Princip,
stepped from the
crowd & shot the
Archduke & his wife
Sophie.

22. The Assassin
 Gavrilo Princip was a
member of the Black
Hand, an organization
that promoted Serbian
nationalism.

23. Beginning of World War I
 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, who was
allies with Russia.
 Germany was allied with Austria-Hungary
declared war on Russia

24. Timeline Activity
 Read the following
events that led to
the outbreak of
WWI.
 Number each event
in order of which
happened first,
second, third, etc.
(1,2, 3)

25. Europe in 1915
 Complete the map activity

26. The Western
Front:
A “War of
Attrition”

27. S o ld ie r s M o b iliz e d
14
12
10
8
M illio n s
6
4
2
0
F ra n c e G e rm a n y R u s s ia B r it a in

28. Europe in 1914
http://mapsof.net/map/map-europe-alliances-1914

29. The Schlieffen Plan
WWI began by
Germany
attacking
France by
invading
through neutral
Belgium

30. What is the Western Front?
Two lines
of deep
trenches
developed
in France.
Allies on
one side &
Germans
on the
other.

31. Trench Warfare
“no man’s land”- area between opposing trenches

32. Trenches
“no man’s land”

33. A Multi-Front War

34. Verdun – February, 1916
 German offensive.
 Each side had 500,000 casualties.

35. The Somme – July, 1916
 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
 Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

36. Opposition to WWI
 Naturalized citizens:
because they had close
ties to their homeland
 Socialists: viewed the
war as an imperialistic
struggle for colonies
 Pacifists: believed that
all wars are evil
 Parents: didn’t want
their sons to
experience the horrors
of warfare & death

37. Britain
 Britain emphasized accounts of German
aggression in its news reports to the U.S.
 Gave the U.S. large orders for war materials and
took out large loans from the U.S.

38. The British Blockade
 Britain blocked the German coast to prevent weapons and
other military supplies from getting through, however they
expanded their definition of contraband to include food.
 Germany had difficulty importing food by 1917 famine
stalked the country.
 750,000 Germans starved to death as a result of the
blockade.

39. Germany’s Response
 Counter blockade with German U-Boats
(Unterseeboot, German word for submarine) would
sink any ship in British waters (not always possible
to warn passengers of an attack)

40. German’s Attack Lusitania
 May 7, 1915 Germany U-Boat sank British
merchant ship the Lusitania killing 128 Americans.
 Germans argued that the liner was carrying
ammunitions. (which was true)
 Americans were outraged.

41. The Sinking
of the Lusitania
Notice! Travelers intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a
state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her allies;
that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the British Isles; that, in
accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German Government, vessels
flying the flag of Great Britain or of any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those
waters and that travelers sailing in the war zone on ships of Great Britain or her allies
do so at their own risk. Imperial German Embassy

42. The Zimmerman Telegram
What did Germany
intend to begin on
February 1 1917?
What did
Zimmermann
propose if the
United States went
to war with
Germany during
WWI?
If this telegram
wasn’t intercepted,
what do you think
might have
happened?

43. Zimmermann Note
 A telegram from the German foreign
minister to the German ambassador in
Mexico that was intercepted and decoded
by the British.
 Proposed an alliance between Mexico and
Germany in the event that the U.S. joined
the war on the Allied side.
 In return Germany promised to help Mexico
gain back the lost territories of Texas,
Arizona, and New Mexico.

44. America
Joins
the
Allies

45. Bellwork:
 Imagine the year is 191. A bitter war is raging in
Europe-a war that has been called a threat to
civilization. At home people are urging America to
get involved while others are calling for the country
to isolate itself and avoid the fight. Do you think
America should join the war?
 When should the U.S. intervene in the affairs of
another country?
 When American lives are threatened, how should the
government respond?
 How would you react if the U.S. entered a World
War? Would you volunteer to serve in the military,
protest the nation’s involvement, or refuse to go?

46. American Power Tips the
Balance of Power
Learning Objective: Understand how U.S. entry & new
technologies impact the war and be able to describe the effects of
mechanized war.
Main Idea: Why It Matters Now: Terms & Names:
The United States During World War I, the Eddie Rickenbacker
mobilized a large army & United States military Selective Service Act
navy help the Allies evolved into the Convoy system
achieve victory. powerful fighting force it American Expeditionary
remains today. Force
Conscientious objector
armistice

47. Woodrow Wilson Declares War
 “Property can be paid for; the lives of peaceful
and innocent people cannot be. The present
German submarine warfare against commerce is
a warfare against mankind.
 …We are glad…to fight… for the ultimate peace
of the world and for the liberation of its
peoples…The world must be safe for
democracy…We have no selfish ends to serve.
We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no
indeminities… It is a fearful thing to lead this
great peaceful people into war…But the right is
more precious than peace.”

48. The Yanks
Are Coming!

49. How does the U.S. Raise an
 U. S. Army not
Army?
prepared for.
 200,000 men in
service few with
combat experience
 U.S. passed Selective
Service Act in 1917
required men to
register in order to be
randomly selected for 24 million men registered
military service 3 million were called up
2 million went to Europe
1.5 million actually saw combat

50. U.S. Army
 1 out of 5 soldiers were
foreign born
 Most had not attended
high school
 Trained for 17 hours/day
 Target practice, bayonet
drills, kitchen duty,
grounds maintenance
 Real weapons were in
short supply so soldiers
trained with fake
weapons (rocks for and
grenades, wooden poles
instead of rifles)

51. How did US Soldiers help win
the war?
 Allied forces exhausted and demoralized after 2
½ years of fighting
 U.S. troops provided energy and enthusiasm
 American Expeditionary Force (AEF) arrived
in France as reinforcements but operated as an
independent fighting force that helped to stop
the German advance led by General John J.
Pershing
 “dougboys” nickname given to American
infantrymen because the belts they wore were
polished with pipe clay or dough.

52. American Troops Offensive
U.S. helped stop the German advance and throw
back the Germans
Alvin York- famous American war hero, killed 25
Germans with only a revolver and rifle

53. How did the U.S. Build a Naval
Force?
U.S. had to transport men, food, and
equipment overseas
 U.S. government needed to expand its
fleet:
 1. Exempted shipyard workers from
the draft
 2. Created a PR campaign that
emphasized the importance of
shipyard work
 3. Used prefabrication techniques
where standardized parts were built
elsewhere and assembled in the yard,
reducing construction time
 4. Government took commercial and
private ships and converted them

54. How did U.S. Navy Help Turns
the Tide?
 German U-Boat attacks on
merchant ships threatened
the war effort.
 Created the convoy
system in which a group
of heavily guarded
destroyers escorted
merchant ships across the
Atlantic.
 Broke German blockade
by cutting shipping losses
in half

55. New
Technologies

56. Poison Gas
Invented by a German
Chemist originally to
fertilize farmlands,
later used during
warfare, caused
blinding, blistering,
and choking
Machine Gun
Fires ammunition
automatically, wiped
out waves of
attackers. Fired up to
600 rounds per minute

57. Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

58. French Renault Tank
Armored combat vehicle introduced by the British in
the Battle of Somme in 1916, slow and clumsy at
first.

59. British Tank at Ypres

60. The Airplane
First used for reconnaissance (spying) taking pictures behind enemy lines.
Later planes began carrying mounted guns and dropping bombs
Dogfights- individual air combats where pilots sat in open cockpits and
shot at each other with pistols

61. Video The Flying Aces of WWI
Eddie Francesco Eddie “Mick”
Rickenbacher, US Barraco, It. Mannoch, Br.
Rene Pauk Manfred von
Willy Coppens de
Fonck, Fr. Richtoffen, Ger.
Holthust, Belg.
[The “Red Baron”]

62. Submarines
Introduced by the Germans in 1914
Known as U-Boats from the German word
Unterseeboot (Under Sea Boat)
Primary weapon was a torpedo, a self-
propelled underwater missile,
Unrestricted warfare

63. U-Boats

64. Curtis-Martin
U. S. Aircraft Plant

65. The Zeppelin

66. Flame
Throwers
Grenade
Launchers

67. New Hazards of War
 mechanized warfare- began
during WWI with the
introduction of machine
guns, tanks, & airplanes led
to horrific injuries
 “shell shock” soldiers
nervous systems were
shattered by noisy shelling
(Called PTSD today)

68. New Hazards of War
Trench throat-a painful infection of the gums and throat
 Trench foot- caused by standing in trenches with wet
socks caused toes to turn blue or red, become numb, and
start to rot. Treatment include amputation.

69. War Is
HELL !! Doctors learned more
about how to treat
injuries and wounds,
especially fighting
infection.
Soldiers with gunshot wounds to
the face were helped by a French
surgeon who used skin graft
techniques to heal wounds,
helped found the field of plastic
surgery

70. Sacrifices in War
How does war impact veteran’s physical
or emotional conditions?
What challenges if any does the soldier
face returning to civilian life?
What is the attitude in the community
the veteran returns to?

71. Anticipation Guide
 Complete the anticipation guide individually and
record your responses on your sheet.
 Share one response with a neighbor.
 Select 2 questions to discuss as a class.
 Move around the room to indicate level of agreement
with each statement.
 Discuss as a group the reasons for your decision.
 Select a spokesperson to share the groups reasoning
with the class.

72. Wilfred Owen
Wilfred Owen was born in England, on
March 18, 1893. He worked as a student
teacher at Wyle Cop School while preparing
for his matriculation exam for the University
of London. After failing to win a scholarship
he found work as a teacher of English in the
Berlitz School in Bordeaux.
Although he had previously thought of
himself as a pacifist, in October 1915 he
enlisted in the Artists' Rifles. Commissioned
as a 2nd Lieutenant, he joined the
Manchester Regiment in France in January,
1917. While in France Wilfred Owen began
writing poems about his war experiences.

73. In the summer of 1917 Owen suffered from a
concussion at the Somme after a shell landed
just two yards away. After several days in a
bomb crater with the mangled corpse of a fellow
officer, Owen was diagnosed as suffering from
shell-shock.
While recovering at Craiglockhart War Hospital
he met the poet Siegfried Sassoon. Owen
showed Sassoon his poetry who advised and
encouraged him. So also did another writer at the
hospital, Robert Graves. Over the next few
months Owen wrote a series of poems, including
Anthem for Doomed Youth, Disabled,
Dulce et Decorum Est and Strange Meeting. He
was urged to return to the front to find more
material for his poetry. He returned to the front in
September of 1918 and was killed on November
4, 1918, one week before the armistice that
ended the war. He was 25 years old.

74. Disabled by Wilfred Owen
Listen & Watch the video clip of the poem “Disabled” by Wilfred Owen
being read.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qEeo6tU4jZA&feature=related
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2D0vI7VasXE&feature=related
 Listen and look for answers to the following questions:
 How does war impact veteran’s physical or emotional conditions?
 What challenges if any does the soldier face returning to civilian life?
 What is the attitude in the community the veteran returns to?

75. Disabled by Wilfred Owen
 Count off by 5’s. All the 1’s to the first stanza, 2’s do the 2nd stanza,
3’s the third stanza, etc.
 Write on the paper what about the stanza:
 Strikes you, moves you, stands out to you?
 What associations does a specific word or phrase bring?
 What challenges does he face?
 What can you observe about the veteran’s physical or emotional
conditions?
 What challenges if any does the soldier face returning to civilian life?
 What can you infer about the attitude of the community the veteran
returns to?
Each group can present their stanza to class or groups can rotate around
the room to other stanzas and read what other students wrote and add
more comments.
Go back to the anticipation guide and you initial reactions. Did you
change your original thoughts? Explain why or why not by using
information from the poem to support your position.

76. Activity
 Write another stanza to the poem or create your
own poem about veteran/s experiences during
WWI.
 The stanza/poem must should refer to one of the
following:
 the veteran/s physical and emotional condition
 challenges the veteran/s faced in returning to civilian
life
 the attitude of the community the veteran returned to.

77. What is the American Red Cross?
 Red Cross -American
volunteers cared for
the sick and wounded

78. Russia Withdraws
 1917 civil unrest in Russia-due to lack of fuel &
food forces the Czar Nicholas II to abdicate his
throne & the government to collapse
 1917 5.5 million Russian soldiers wounded,
killed, or taken prisoner, war weary they refused
to fight any longer
 1917 Communist leader Vladimir Lenin seized
power
 1918 Lenin signed a truce with Germany, Treaty
of Brest-Litovsk, ended war btw them

79. Collapse of Germany
 July 1918 The Allies &
Germans clashed at the
second Battle of Marne
 2 million American troops
helped the Allied forces
began to advance steadily
toward Germany
 Central Powers crumbled
November 3, 1918 Austria-
Hungary surrendered to the
Allies

80. Allied Victory
Germany agreed to a
cease-fire and signed an
armistice, or truce, that
ended the war.
The armistice is signed on
November 11, 1918 at
11:00 am ending World
War I
Armistice- agreement to
stop fighting
11th day of the 11th
month at the 11th hour
later becomes Veterans
Day

82. World War I Casualties
10,000,000
9,000,000 Russia
8,000,000 Germany
7,000,000 Austria-Hungary
6,000,000 France
5,000,000
4,000,000 Great Britain
3,000,000 Italy
2,000,000 Turkey
1,000,000 US
0

83. 9,000,000 Soldiers Dead

84. Final Toll of WWI
 World War I
bloodiest war in
history up to that
time
 9 million military
 11 million civilians
 20 million injured
 10 million refugees
 Cost $338 billion
 U.S. lost 48,000
men in battle and
62,000 from disease

85. The Somme American
Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died

86. Opposition to War Effort
 Conscientious objector-
a person who opposes
warfare on moral
grounds. “Thou shall not
kill.”
 3,500 men obtained
legal objector
exemptions
 500 objectors were court
marshaled and
imprisoned

87. America in WWI
 US entered WWI in 1917, 3 years after the
war started
 Total war- countries devoted all of their
resources to the war effort.
 Government took control of the economy,
told factories what & how much to
produce
 Every able bodied civilian was put to work

88. America in WWI
 Many goods were
in short supply
 Rationing- the
limiting of the
amounts of goods
people can buy
imposed by the
government when
goods are in short
supply

89. Free Speech During Wartime
 Should students have the right to find fault
with or speak out against the school? Why?
 Do students have the right to oppose the
school rules? Why?
 Should American citizens have the right to
find fault with, speak out against, or oppose
government actions? Why? What about
during wartime?

90. Espionage & Sedition Acts
 June 15, 1917 Congress passed a law the
prohibited any attempt to cause
insubordination (unwillingness to accept
orders from authority) among military
personnel or for interfering with military
draft or recruitment.
 Should citizens be allowed to refuse the
military draft? Why or why not?

91. Espionage & Sedition Acts
 Congress forbade Americans to use,
“disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive
language” about the US government, flag,
or armed forces during wartime. It also
allowed the Postmaster General to refuse
to deliver mail to dissenters of government
policy.
 Do you think the Sedition Act is
unconstitutional? (Does it violate the First
Amendment right to freedom of speech?)
Why or why not?

92. Schenck v. United States (1919)
 Charles Schenck distributed leaflets
that called the military draft a, “deed
against humanity” & compared the
draft to slavery. He urged draftees to
assert their rights. Schenck was accused
of violating the sedition act (actions or
words intended to provoke or incite a
rebellion against government
authority.) Is he innocent or guilty?

93. Freedom of Speech During
Wartime
 Are some limits on freedom of speech
necessary or should anyone be allowed to
say anything they want whenever they
want?
 Can you think of any reasonable examples
of limitations on freedom of speech at
school, during war, etc.?

94. Espionage & Sedition Acts
 Government suppressed anti war activity
& censored news about the war
 People feared honest reporting about the
war would turn people against it

95. African Americans in WWI
 400,000 African Americans served in segregated
units and were assigned non combat duties
 369th infantry was an all black regiment that saw
more fighting than any other regiment
 Henry Johnson and Needham Roberts received
France’s Croix de Guerre “cross of war”

96. Women in WWI
 Could not
enlist
 Joined the
Army Corps of
Nurses
 Were denied
rank, pay, &
benefits
 Served as
nurses,
secretaries, &
phone
operators

97. Women & the War
 Thousands of women
replaced men in
factories, offices, &
shops
 Women built tanks, &
munitions, plowed
fields, paved streets,
and ran hospitals
 Supplied troops with
food, clothing, &
weapons

98. Propaganda
 Propaganda- One
sided information
designed to persuade
to keep up morale and
support for the war
 In nations throughout
Europe, striking,
colorful posters urged
for support for the war
by painting the enemy
as monsters and the
allies as heroes.

99. WWI Propaganda Posters

100. The Allies Meet at
Versailles
January 18, 1919

101. The Big Four
 Woodrow
Wilson US
 Georges
Clemenceau of
France
 David Lloyd
George of
Britain
 Vittorio Orlando
of Italy

102. Georges Clemenceau (France)
 Determined to
disarm and weaken
Germany
 Punish Germany
 Occupy both sides
of the Rhine River
 Germany to pay for
the suffering the
war caused

103. David Lloyd George (Britain)
 Wanted to maintain
Britain’s naval
superiority
 Opposed Wilson’s
freedom of the seas
 Wanted to crush
Germany’s navy

104. Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
 Wanted to gain
territory in Austria
that was secretly
promised to Italy in
1915

105. Woodrow Wilson (US)
 Wanted to
establish a just and
long lasting peace
through the
implementation of
his Fourteen Point
Plan

106. Wilson’s Fourteen Points
 The first 4 points were designed to
remove the cause of conflict
 1. End to secret treaties
 2. Freedom of the seas
 3. Free trade
 4. Reduce size of national armies &
navies
 5. Adjustment of colonial claims with
fairness toward colonial people

107. Wilson’s 14 Points
 The 6-13 points were specific suggestions
for changing borders and creating new
nations.
 The guiding idea behind these points was
self determination
 Self determination- allowing people to
decide for themselves what type of
government they wished to have

108. Fourteenth Point
 “a general association of nations” that
would protect “great and small states
alike.”
 Wilson hoped for an organization that
could peacefully negotiate solutions
to world conflicts.
 League of Nations- an organization
that could peacefully negotiate
solutions to world conflicts.

109. Treaty of Versailles
 Agreement
between
Germany & the
Allied Powers
was signed on
June 28, 1919
 Ended WWI

110. Treaty of Versailles
 Called for the creation of a League of
Nations
 League of Nations- international
association whose goal would be to keep
peace among nations
 Representatives from 32 Allied & neutral
nations
 Germany & Russia were excluded
 Russia’s early withdrawal from the war &
its revolutionary leadership made it an
outcast

111. Treaty of Versailles
 Punished Germany!!
 Germany lost substantial territory
 Germany had severe military restrictions
 Article 231 “war guilt clause” Germany had
to accept sole responsibility for causing war
 Germany had to make reparations (pay for
the cost of the war) to the Allies $33 billion
 All of Germany’s territory in Africa &
pacific were declared mandates &
administered by the League of Nations

112. Europe Before WWI

113. Europe After WWI
 Which Central
Powers nation
appears to have
lost the most
territory?
 On which
nation’s former
land are most
of the new
countries
created?

115. Creation of New Nations
 Treaty of Versailles was just one of 5 treaties
negotiated by the Allies
 Western powers signed separate treaties with each
of the defeated nations: Austria-Hungary,
Bulgaria, & the Ottoman Empire
 Huge land losses for Central Powers
 Several new countries were created out of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire
 Austria, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, &
Yugoslavia were recognized as independent
nations
 Ottoman Empire forced to give up almost all of
their former empire

116. Creation of New Nations
 Palestine, Iraq, &
Transjordan formerly
apart of the Ottoman
Empire came under
British control
 Finland, Estonia,
Latvia, & Lithuania
formerly apart of
Russia became
independent nations
 Romania & Poland
gained Russian
territory

117. Ottoman Empire 1919

118. Treaty of Versailles
OUTCOMES:
 “A Peace Built on Quicksand”
 Did little to build a lasting peace
 US rejected the treaty, objected League
of Nations (stay out of European affairs)
worked out a separate treaty w/ Germany
 “war guilt clause” left a legacy of
bitterness in Germany
 Other countries in African & Asia felt
cheated & betrayed because the Allies
disregarded their desire for independence

119. Treaty of Versailles
OUTCOMES:
 Japan & Italy entered war to gain territory,
got less land then they wanted
 In a little more then two decades the
treaties legacy of bitterness would plunge
the world into another catastrophic war
 WORLD WAR II

120. Legacy of World War I in US
 U.S. emerges as world’s greatest industrial
power
 Strengthens U.S. military
 Expanded power of federal government
 Movement of African Americans into
northern cities
 Entrance of 1 million women into the
workforce
 Intensifies anti-immigrant and anti-radical
sentiments among Americans

121. Legacy of WWI in Europe
 Massive destruction and loss of life in Europe
 Political instability and violence for decades
 First Communist state established in Russia
 Militant fascists seize power in Germany, Italy,
& Spain
 “It cannot be that two million (Germans) should
have fallen in vain…we demand vengeance!’
Adolf Hitler

122. COST OF WAR
 8.5 million soldiers died
 21 million were wounded
 Civilians died of starvation & disease
 War cost European countries $338 billion
 Destroyed acres of farmland, homes,
villages, & towns

123. How to Prepare for Final Exams
 Resources: textbook, notes, worksheets,
quizzes, & tests
 Don’t cram the night before, spread out
studying
 Stay organized
 Get a good night’s sleep
 Have a healthy breakfast
 Be on Time
 BRING YOUR TEXTBOOK!!

124. Mandatory Essay
 Both the Vienna Settlement & the Treaty
of Versailles were peace treaties that ended
significant European and world conflicts.
 Describe TWO ways in which these
treaties were similar in goals or outcomes.
 Describe TWO ways in which theses
treaties were different in goals or
outcomes.
 Explain which of the two treaties resulted
in a longer lasting peace.

125. Decision Makers
 CONGRESS OF  TREATY OF
VIENNA VERSAILLES
 Representatives of the  32 countries
5 “Great Powers” represented
 Prussia, Austria,  Led by the “Big
Britain, France, & Four”
Russia  David Lloyd George
 Led by Klemens von  Georges Clemenceau
Metternich  Vittorio Orlando
 Woodrow Wilson

126. GOALS
 CONGRESS OF  TREATY OF
VIENNA VERSAILLES
 Prevent future
 Wilson-achieve a
FRENCH
aggression long lasting peace
 Restore balance of  Clemenceau/Georg
power in Europe e-punish Germany
 Restore royal and strip it of its
families to their war making power
thrones

127. War Guilt/Reparations
 CONGRESS OF  TREATY OF
VIENNA VERSAILLES
 Fearing revenge  Allies forced
the victorious Germany to sign
nations were easy articles 231 & 232
on France (war guilt &
reparations)
 France was given
the Saar coal fields
as compensation

128. Military Restrictions
 TREATY OF
 CONGRESS OF VERSAILLES
VIENNA  Limited the size of
 France was allowed Germany’s army to
to keep a standing 100,000 soldiers &
army officers
 Prohibited Germany from
importing or
manufacturing war
materials
 The building of warships,
aircraft, & tanks was
forbidden

129. Territorial Changes
 CONGRESS OF  TREATY OF
VIENNA VERSAILLES
 To balance power, the  Germany lost its
weaker countries territories in Africa &
around France were Asia
strengthened/created  Ottoman Empire lands
 Switzerland gained were declared mandates
Independence and controlled by
 German Confederation Britain
  Independent Nations
United Kingdom of
the Netherlands were created Finland,
Latvia, Estonia, Poland,
Austria, Hungary

130. Legacy/OUTCOMES
 CONGRESS OF  TREATY OF
VIENNA VERSAILLES
 Created an age of  Left a legacy of
peace in Europe bitterness, betrayal, &
through the Concert of hatred that would erupt
Europe Europe into WWII
 Diminished the power  The Germans were not
of France allowed to discuss these
 Increased the power of terms but had to
Britain & Prussia sign/agree to them

131. “Art”
of
World
War I

132. “A Street in Arras”
John Singer Sargent, 1918

133. “Oppy Wood” – John Nash,
1917

134. “Those Who Have Lost Their
Names”
Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

135. “Gassed and Wounded”
Eric Kennington, 1918

136. “Paths of Glory”
C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

137. German Cartoon:
“Fit for active service!”, 1918

138. Wartime
Propaganda
Posters

139. Australian Poster

140. American Poster

141. Financing the War

142. German Poster
Think of Your Children!

143. Women
and the
War
Effort

144. Financing the War

145. For Recruitment

146. Munitions Workers

147. French Women Factory
Workers

148. German Women Factory Workers

149. Working in the Fields

150. A Woman Ambulance Driver

151. Red Cross Nurses

152. Women in the Army Auxiliary

153. Russian Women Soldiers

154. Spies
 “Mata Hari”
 Real Name:
Margareetha
Geertruide
Zelle
 German Spy!

155. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

156. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western
1914 1922
Armenia in Turkey
Erzerum 215,000 1,500
Van 197,000 500
Kharbert 204,000 35,000
Diarbekir 124,000 3,000
Bitlis 220,000 56,000
Sivas 225,000 16,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites
in Turkey
Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000
European Turkey 194,000 163,000
Trapizond District 73,390 15,000
Total 2,133,190 387,800