1. Clouds and precipitation
http://www.richhoffmanclass.com/chapter
4.html

2. Adiabatic Temperature Changes and Expansion
and Cooling
 Temperature change
 Dry adiabatic rate
 Heating or cooling of saturated air
 Wet adiabatic rate
 Slow cooling by the adding of latent heat
http://www.physicscentral.
com/experiment/physicsat
home/bottle.cfm
http://www.kidsgeo.com/geography-
for-kids/0070-adiabatic-temperature-
changes.php

3. Orographic Lifting
 Land masses makes air flow over it
 Rainiest places are the cause of this
 Most moister is lost by the time the air reaches the
other side
http://www.waterencyclopedia.co
m/Ce-Cr/Climate-Moderator-
Water-as-a.html
https://earthscience-in-the-
nationalparks.wikispaces.com/Death+Vall
ey

4. Convergence
 Collision of different air masses to make air rise
 Causes
 Cloud development
 Precipitation
http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/n
otes/chapter6/lift_converge.html
http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/gui
des/mtr/cld/dvlp/cnvrg.rxml

5. Localized Convective Lifting
 Unequal heating
 Pockets warming
 Particles rising called Thermals
http://www.richhoffmanclass.com/chapter
4.html

6. Stability
 Stabile air stays
 Unstable air rises
 Clouds will not form there is unstable air
http://keithrogershome.com/Chap6Stabili
tyInstability.html

7. Condensation
 Saturated air
 It forms in dew, fog, or clouds
 Occurs when air reaches dew point
http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/idm3020
/tut_folder/nick_tutorial/
http://www.scottslum
ber.com/services/win
dow-condensation-
are-my-windows-
defective/
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/atmos
/hydro.htm

8. Types of Clouds
 Cirrus clouds wispy, slim, and high clouds
 Cumulus clouds round, individual air masses middle and low altitude
 Classified on the basis of formation and height
http://eo.ucar.edu/webweather/cloud3.ht
ml

9. High Clouds
 Cirrus, cirrostratus, and cirrocumulus clouds
 Slim, whitish clouds
 Made of ice crystals
 Cirrus clouds are sometimes followed by a storm
http://www.weatherreport.com/Local-
weather-forecasts-Cloud-Reading.asp
http://eo.ucar.edu/kids/sky/clouds3.htm

10. Middle Clouds
 Altocumulus clouds
 2,000 to 6,000 meters high
 Big dense curved clouds
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Altocum
ulus_clouds2_-_NOAA.jpg
http://www.ifimages.com/public/imag
39051/view.html
http://www.our-earth.net/Altocumulus-
Clouds.asp

11. Low Clouds
 Stratus, stratocumulus, nimbostratus clouds
 Sometimes includes light precipitation
 Fog like layer
http://urbanext.illinois.edu/kalani/18.cfm
http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/
Atmosphere/clouds/stratocumulus.html

12. Clouds of Vertical Development
 The category where that
clouds don’t fit
 Low elevation range
 Sometimes ascend up to
mid and high altitudes
http://www.free-online-private-pilot-
ground-school.com/Aviation-Weather-
Principles.html

13. Fog
 Similar to a cloud
 A cloud with its base at or near the ground
 The denser the tougher to see
http://www.brainharmonycenter.com/brai
n-fog.html
http://outofthefog.net/

14. Cold Cloud Precipitation
 Two physical processes
 Suppercooling- when precipitation freezes when it
touches a solid surface
 Supper saturated – when relative
humidity surpasses 100%
https://www.meted.ucar.edu/sign_in.php
?go_back_to=http%253A%252F%252Fww
w.meted.ucar.edu%252Fhydro%252Fbasic
_int%252Fflash_flood%252Fnavmenu.php
%253Ftab%253D1%2526page%253D2.2.2

15. Warm Cloud Precipitation
 Collision-coalescence process makes rainwater
 Salt particles absorb water vapor taking it out of the
air
 Often big droplets form.
https://www.meted.ucar.edu/sign_in.php
?go_back_to=http%253A%252F%252Fww
w.meted.ucar.edu%252Fhydro%252Fbasic
_int%252Fflash_flood%252Fnavmenu.php
%253Ftab%253D1%2526page%253D2.2.2

16. Rain and Snow
 Rain means water that falls from a cloud
 Snow made of individual crystals
http://aumusiclibrary.wordpress.com/201
1/02/28/rain-helens-picks-for-a-rainy-
afternoon/
http://blog.thomaslaupstad.com/2008/01
/09/picture-of-snow-falling-and-a-lonely-
tree-in-northern-norway/

17. Sleet, Glaze and Hail
 Sleet- The fall of small translucent ice partials
 Glaze- Raindrops becoming supercolled as they fall
through subfreezing air near the ground
 Hail- Water vapor that go through a processes of
freezing then pushed up making it bigger every time
it goes through
http://www.kidsgeo.com/geography-for-
kids/0117-sleet.php
http://strangefunnyworld.com/amazing-
hail-the-size-of-baseballs-and-the-
http://www.kidsgeo.com/geography-for-
kids/0118-freezing-rain.php