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Tour of the Cell 2 2010-2011
Cells gotta work to live!  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Making Energy 2010-2011 ATP
Cells need power!  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],ATP
Lysosomes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],only in  animal cells synthesized by rER, transferred to Golgi Where  old organelles go to die !
Lysosomes  white blood cells attack & destroy invaders = digest them in lysosomes 1974 Nobel prize: Christian de Duve Lysosomes discovery in 1960s 1960  |  1974
Cellular digestion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],vacuole ,[object Object],[object Object]
Lysosomal enzymes  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
When things go bad…  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
But sometimes cells need to die… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fetal development 15 weeks 6 weeks syndactyly
Apoptosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Making Energy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],ATP ATP +
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mitochondria ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mitochondria ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Why 2 membranes? increase surface area for membrane-bound enzymes that synthesize ATP
Mitochondria
Membrane-bound Enzymes glucose + oxygen    carbon + water + energy dioxide C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 O ATP  + + +
Dividing Mitochondria Who else divides like that? What does this tell us about the evolution of eukaryotes?
Mitochondria ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],What cells would have a lot of mitochondria? active cells: •  muscle cells  •  nerve cells
Mitochondria are everywhere!! animal cells plant cells
Chloroplasts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Chloroplasts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Why internal sac membranes? increase surface area for  membrane-bound enzymes that synthesize ATP
Membrane-bound Enzymes + water + energy    glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide 6CO 2 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 light energy  + + +
Chloroplasts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Who else divides like that? bacteria!
Chloroplasts  ,[object Object]
 
Mitochondria & chloroplasts are different ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Who else has a circular chromosome not bound within a nucleus? bacteria
Endosymbiosis theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Lynn Margulis U of M, Amherst 1981  |  ??
Endosymbiosis theory Evolution of eukaryotes
Compare the equations Photosynthesis Respiration glucose  +  oxygen    carbon  +  water  +  energy dioxide C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 O ATP  + + + +  water  +  energy    glucose  +  oxygen carbon dioxide 6CO 2 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 light energy  + + +
The Great ENERGY Circle of Life sun ATP Photosynthesis Respiration O 2 glucose sugar CO 2 H 2 O + + plants animals & plants ATP
Food & water storage plant cells central vacuole  contractile vacuole  food vacuoles  animal cells
Vacuoles & vesicles ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Vacuoles in plants ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Peroxisomes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
2010-2011 Any Questions??

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Ch06organelles2

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. lysosomes create a space where cell can digest macromolecules safely rupturing a few lysosomes has little impact on a cell (pH of cytosol affects functionality of the lysosomal enzymes), but massive leakage from lysosomes can destroy cell why evolve digestive enzymes which function at pH so different from cytosol? digestive enzymes won’t function well if leak into cytosol = most times don’t want to digest yourself! low pH = acid environment cause oxidation (removing electrons) & promotes hydrolysis
  2. Feedback mechanism There are sensors in the cell that monitor growth. They trigger self-destruct when they sense processes. Brown spots on leaves too. Virus infected plant cell auto-destructs and even cells around it to wall off virus.
  3. Feedback mechanism There are sensors in the cell that monitor growth. They trigger self-destruct when they sense processes gone awry. Brown spots on leaves too. Virus infected plant cell auto-destructs and even kills cells around it to wall off virus.
  4. Lynn Margulis From hypothesis to theory! Paradigm shifting ideas in evolutionary biology.