1. 1) The Prokaryotes:
Eubacteria and Archaea
2) Protista
3) Fungi
4) Plantae
5) Animalia
6) ???
The Kingdoms of Life: A 6-part Series

2. Fungi Are Delicious
Shiitake mushrooms,
are a popular delicacy.
Yeast is used to make bubbles and
alcohol in leavened bread and beer.
Blue
cheese is
marbled
with fungi.
Truffles are prized fungi
used in gourmet foods.

3. Fungi Are Dangerous
Fly amanita (Amanita muscaria)
is common toxic mushroom. "Magic mushrooms"
(Psilocybe cubensis) are
abused as psychedelic drugs.
Mycosis (plural: mycoses): Any fungal
disease in animals.
Athlete's foot is one of many mycoses.

4. Fungi Are Useful
Penicillin, the first known
antibiotic, is produced by bread
mould (genus Penicillium).
Fungi are decomposers.
Lichens are used to
produce natural dyes.

5. Fungi
Because they are sessile (immobile), many people believe fungi
and plants are closely related. As consumers, fungi are actually
more closely related to animals.

6. Fungus Structure
The structure of a fungus is commonly in two parts:
(1) Mycelium
(2) Fruiting Body
Mycelium
Fruiting
Body

7. Fungus Structure
The mycelium anchors the fungus in place and is often the bulk of
its structure and mass.
The mycelium and a portion of the fruiting body is composed of
many thin, branching filaments called hyphae.
Mycelium
Fruiting
Body
Hyphae

8. Fungus Structure
Fungus grows on and into its surface by expanding its mycelium
through newly growing and branching hyphae.
Hyphae
in the
mycelium
That fuzzy
mould texture
on berries is
from hyphae
Fungal spore lands in a
nutrient-rich location.
It grows.
And branches.
And grows some more.

9. Fungus Structure
Extracellular digestion:
The hyphae of the mycelium
secrete digestive enzymes
into its food source to break
it down. The nutrients are
then absorbed by the fungus.

10. Fungus Structure
Hyphae are long tubes of cells, connected end-to-end.
They are separated by septa (singular: septum) with pores that
allow the sharing of cytoplasm. Some species don't even have
septa; just interconnected cells.

11. Reproduction - Fragmentation
Fungi can reproduce either sexually or asexually.
Asexual reproduction is done either by fragmentation or budding.
Fragmentation: A piece of mycelium that broken away from the
fungus is able to form a new individual.

12. Reproduction - Budding
Budding: The cell begins growing a clone that remains attached to its
membrane. Once the new cell reaches maturity, it separates.

13. Reproduction – Spores/Sexual
The lifecycles of sexual fungi vary, but they all include hyphae
developing into fruiting bodies when conditions are favourable.
The fruiting body contains sporangia
(singular: sporangium) or similar
structures that produce spores.
Sporangium
Fruiting
Body

14. Reproduction – Spores/Sexual
A spore is a small haploid (n) reproductive cell. The fruiting body
(also called mushroom or sporocarp) releases many spores that are
dispersed by the air current or other organisms that they stick to.
Spores are produced
in the gills of many
mushrooms.
The puffball mushroom forcefully
ejects its spores up into the air
when it is disturbed.

15. Reproduction – Spores/Sexual

16. Reproduction – Spores/Sexual
Spores that find a suitable location to germinate (begin growing)
develop into haploid mycelium.
germination
Sexual
Lifecycle of
a Fungus
(haploid nuclei fuse,
then new spores are
made by cell division)
(haploid)
(haploid)
(1 cell with 2 haploid nuclei)
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]

17. Reproduction – Spores/Sexual
The mushroom is developed, then the sporangia produce spores.
germination
Sexual
Lifecycle of
a Fungus
(haploid nuclei fuse,
then new spores are
made by cell division)
(haploid)
(haploid)
(1 cell with 2 haploid nuclei)
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]

18. Yeasts
Most unicellular fungi are yeasts. They reproduce asexually by mitosis
and budding.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae of phylum
Ascomycota is often just called "yeast". It
is the anaerobic fungus that we use to
make alcoholic beverages and leavened
breads.
A yeast infection is a common
mycosis in humans. Caused by
Candida albicans of phylum
Ascomycota, it mainly causes
oral and genital diseases.

19. Lichens
Lichens are a mutual symbiosis between fungi and a producer such as
green algae (kingdom Plantae) or Cyanobacteria (kingdom Bacteria).

20. Lichens
The fungus surrounds the other species in its mycelium to protect it
and supply water and nutrients.
In return, the other
organism supplies the
fungus with food.
This makes lichens robust
enough to survive harsh
climates; they are often
the first organisms to
grow somewhere.

21. Mycorrhizae
Mycorrhizae (singular: mycorrhiza) are another mutual symbiosis
some fungi form with plants.
The Fungus surrounds the roots of the plant to aid with nutrient and
water absorption while the photosynthetic plant provides food.
Plant
root
Fungal
hyphae

22. Summary of symbiotic relationships
Symbiosis - relationships between 2 organisms; there are 3 kinds
of symbiosis

23. Summary of symbiotic relationships
What type of symbiotic relationship is represented?
Barnacles on jaws of
whale.
Barnacles eat food
filtered by whale. No
effect on whale
Commensalism

24. Summary of symbiotic relationships
What type of symbiotic relationship is represented?
E. Coli in human
intestine
E. Coli receive food /
shelter
Humans receive
vitamins
Mutualism

25. Summary of symbiotic relationships
What type of symbiotic relationship is represented?
Heartworms in a dog’s
heart.
Heart worms receive
food.
Dog becomes
weakened and sick.
Parasitism

26. Summary of symbiotic relationships
What type of symbiotic relationship is represented?
Mistletoe grows on
trees.
Mistletoe gets nutrients.
Tree is deprived of
nutrients.
Parasitism

27. Summary of symbiotic relationships
What type of symbiotic relationship is represented?
Squirrels gather acorns.
Squirrels have food.
Acorns are planted in
other places and grow
to become new trees.
Mutualism