This document provides a history of stained glass art from its origins in early Christianity to modern times. It discusses important periods such as the Gothic era where advances in architecture allowed for larger stained glass windows. Influential artists featured include Frank Lloyd Wright, Louis Tiffany, and Dale Chihuly. The document also covers the Renaissance/Reformation period which saw a decline in stained glass, and revivals in the Gothic and contemporary eras where new techniques and styles emerged.

1. Arts & CraftsArchitectural Design(Stained Glass)c.1100- present Hope Helmer Art Appreciation 1301

2. Influential Artists Frank LLoyd Wright Louis Tiffany Ludwig Schaffrath Johannes Schreitter Ed Carpenter Brian Clarke Dale Chihuly

3. History: Early Glass Stained Glass began as an Christian art form. It’s not possible to pin down the origins of stained glass art. Early glass artists had been inspired by the developments of the goldsmith, the cloisonné enameller, and the tradition of tile mosaics While there are records of colored glass being used by St. Gregory in St. Martin of Tours in the sixth century the evidence of stained glass windows is very scarce. The spread of Christianity throughout Europe, however, would make stained glass the prominent art form of the new millennium.

4. Early glass Saint Cecelia

5. Gothic Era Innovations in architecture came to be known as Gothic. Gothic Architecture made it possible for a large portion of the wall space of the cathedral to be filled with glass. St. Denis was consecrated June 11, 1144,and served as a standard for new designs in stained glass that would eventually replace those of the smaller Romanesque windows. The windows of St. Denis were mostly destroyed during the French Revolution The fragments and entire windows, however can be found throughout Europe in churches and private collections.

6. Gothic Era The explosion of Gothic architecture soon after St. Denis would serve as the foundation of the art of stained glass. Gothic architecture was a experiment that lead Europe out of the middle ages and allowed medieval glaziers to produce visions of paradise with their glass. Northern Europe inevitably became the backdrop for the development of large walls of glass in cathedrals.

7. Gothic Era Baptism of Christ, Wimpfenim Tal , 1270

8. The renaissance & Reformation During the first three decades of the fifteenth century, as the Middle Ages began to wane, the high Gothic style of stained glass continued to grow By the mid 1400's, however, the new realism in painting by people like Jan Van Eyck, and eventually the great Renaissance painters, led to a decline of traditional stained glass. Painters now became glass designers, and their attempts to portray minute details did not translate into the Gothic style with its bold lead lines and strong figures. Glaziers began to imitate fresco and easel painting, which gradually began to obscure the beautiful translucency of the glass, the reason of Gothic windows.

9. The renaissance & Reformation The development of linear perspective is evident in the use of architectural settings with receding columns and decorative detail. Secular scenes became more prominent, and with a disdain for the Gothic cathedral architecture Lead lines that interfered with the natural designs of the painter were eliminated, until windows became paintings on glass. Advances in enamel paints made bright and colorful scenes possible, but the power of the glass itself was lost. Because of the unaesthetic appeal of too much paint on glass, painters turned their eyes elsewhere, the quality of glass painting declined, and stained glass basically became a lost art.

10. The renaissance & Reformation

11. Opalescent Glass, Tiffany and La Farge Opalescent glass reflects as well as refracts light. The milky and swirling mixture of colors in opalescent glass was a perfect compliment to the marble and stone interiors of most neo-classical structures. While opalescent windows let in less light than traditional windows, electricity provided the key for lighting the dark neoclassical interiors filled with finely carved statuary and elaborate fixtures. The opalescent glass designers relied heavily on statuary forms with figures standing in niches or surrounded by columns.

12. Opalescent Glass John La Farge was the first designer to incorporate opalescent glass into a window and received a patent for his new product on February 24, 1880. Red and White Peonies by John LaFarge, c. 1885

13. Gothic Revival With a renewed interest in Gothic architecture came a new appreciation of stained glass. the art of the windows was a curious combination of the old and the new. the medieval technique of constructing a window out of a mosaic of small pieces of colored glass and using enamel paint only as shading for the drawing became more accepted

14. Gothic Revival The Gothic Revival was a movement that enveloped many styles. While many designers labored over recreating medieval motifs most glass artists infused their work with a combination of Renaissance and contemporary ideals that produced a wholly new art form. Most importantly, the rediscovery of the power of glass during this time revived the "lost art" of stained glass and inspired glass artists to experiment with new forms of glass and design.

15. Gothic Revival Window With Coat of Arms, English c.1845 Lady With Fruit by William Morris, c. 1870

16. Contemporary Stained glass of the twentieth century is best characterized by a lack of any distinctive style Many artists simply copied the windows and styles that had already existed, but by mid-century bold innovations were carried out by famous artists whose themes were often secular in nature. Matisse, Braque, Leger and others broke the traditional figurative mold of earlier times with their abstract and semi-abstract designs, works that would become art in their own right.

17. contemporary The small stained glass studios of today, often dependent upon restoration commissions for survival, continue to experiment with new techniques and designs. Similar in scope to the Romantic Movement of the nineteenth century, a longing for transcendence from an impersonal, mechanical world has begun to take place in modern society. With a desire to travel beyond the average-everydayness of contemporary life, stained glass will again provide both the saint and sinner with a vision and a refuge.

18. Contemporary

19. Frank LLoyd Wright Prairie circle

20. Louis Tiffany Autumn Landscape, 1923–24 Magnolias and Irises, ca. 1908

21. Ludwig Schaffrath Public Swimming Pool,1973 Labyrinth - 1994

22. Johannes Schreiter Church, Langen,W. Germany, 1985 Visionsfenster Prof. Dr. 1997

23. Ed Carpenter Golden Springs,2004

24. Brian Clarke Spindles,2007

25. Dale Chihuly Baskets Persians

26. Works Cited http://www.chihuly.com/ http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/Tiffany/index.html Moor, Andrew. Architectural Glass. 1st. 1. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1989. Print. http://riceflan.home.mindspring.com/The_History_of_Stained_Gla.html