9. The lithosphere (or geosphere) The Earth's solid surface, including continental and oceanic crust as well as the various layers of the Earth's interior.

10. The hydrosphere (water) The hydrosphere is the sphere which includes all of the water on Earth. 71% of the Earth is covered by water

11. The atmosphere - Air The atmosphere is a gaseous layer that surrounds the Earth. It consists of a mixture of gases composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapour.

12. The biosphere (living things) The biosphere is all life on earth, including man, and all organisms (both plants and animals).

14. An ‘event’ may be climate change. For example the burning of trees (biosphere) will release carbon dioxide (into the atmosphere) which traps heat and changes climate patterns (atmosphere) that lead to melting of ice sheets and cause sea levels to rise (hydrosphere). This reduces the land (lithosphere) available for human occupation.